climate smart agriculture
TRANSCRIPT
Advisory Committee
Chairperson :Dr.J.Meenambigai, Asst.Prof (Agrl.Ext)
Members:Dr.Santha Govind , Professor & Head (Agrl.Ext)Dr.G.Tamil Selvi, Professor (Agrl.Ext)Dr.P.Karuppaiah, Professor ( Horticulture)
Climate Smart Agriculture – Opportunities and Challenges
Introduction
.
Definition -Global Warming
Defined as an increase in the average
temperature of the Earth's atmosphere,
especially a sustained increase great enough
to effect changes in the global climate’.
Climate
The climate is defined as’ the general or average weather conditions of a certain region, including temperature, rainfall, and wind’.
Climate Change Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time.
It could show up as a change in climate normal's for a given place and time of year, from one decade to the next.
Why the Climate change?
Natural Causes
2. Volcanoes
1. Continental drift
4. Ocean currents
3. The earth's tilt
Man made Causes
1. The Industrial pollution
2. The burning of fossil fuels
3. Deforestation
4. Agriculture
Green House effect
The earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation.Mediated - presence in the atmosphere of gases.Carbon dioxide, water vapor & methane Sunlight to pass through, but absorb the heat radiated back from the earth's surface.
Climate and Indian Agriculture
Considerably dependant on changes in weather.
Contribution of agriculture to GDP is decreasing, yet large population dependent on this for livelihoods.
Need to understand the impacts of increasing climatic risks and possible adaptations.
Impact of Climate Change on Food Supply
Items Production (million tons)
Demand of food (million tons)
2015 2020
Rice 104.80 122.1
Wheat 88.94 102.8
Coarse grains 41.75 40.9
Total cereals 235.49 265.8
* Source: Commodity India 2016
What is climate-smart agriculture?
Sustainably increases productivityResilience (adaptation)Reduces/Removes greenhouse gases (mitigation)Enhances achievement of national food security
History of CSA 2009: Term Climate-Smart Agricultural development 2010: 1st Global Conference on Food Security, Agriculture and
Climate Change in The Hague - the concept of CSA was presented. 2012: At the 2nd Global Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam: Climate-
Smart Agriculture Sourcebook advanced the CSA concept intending to benefit primarily smallholder farmers and vulnerable people in developing countries.
2013: 3rd Global Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, discussions began on a climate smart agriculture alliance.
2014: Climate Summit in New York, the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture Action plan was presented.
Definition - CSA
Is a relatively new approach to developing the technical, political and financial conditions for the achievement of sustainable development goals.
- FAO 2015
CSA - Concept An integrated approach to developing technical, policy
and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change.
It integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges.
CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes, which are unfamiliar to farmers.
CSA - three pillars
Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity
and incomes.
Adapting and building resilience to climate
change.
Reducing and/or eliminating GHG emissions.
Objectives of CSA
“Climate-Smart” -Agriculture
• Developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change.
• Population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 % to meet demands by 2050.
Cont…..Climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity.
Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals.
Climate-smart practices
Crop managementLivestock managementSoil and water managementAgroforestryIntegrated food energy Systems
Crop management
Intercropping with legumes.
Crop rotations.
New crop varieties. (e.g. drought resistant)
Improved storage and processing techniques.
Greater crop diversity.
Livestock management
• Improved feeding strategies (e.g. cut ’n carry) • Rotational grazing • Fodder crops • Grassland restoration and conservation• Manure treatment• Improved livestock Health • Animal husbandry improvements
Soil and water management
• Conservation agriculture (e.g. minimum tillage) • Contour planting• Terraces and bunds• Planting pits• Water storage (e.g. water pans)• Alternate wetting and drying (SRI rice)• Dams, pits, ridges • Improved irrigation (e.g. drip)
Agroforestry
• Boundary trees and Hedgerows • Nitrogen-fixing trees on farms• Multipurpose trees • Woodlots• Fruit orchards
Integrated food energySystems
Biogas
Production of energy Plants
Improved stoves
Dimension - Climate Smart Agriculture
Water smartWeather smartNutrient smartCarbon smart Energy smartKnowledge smart
Water smart
Direct seeded riceRaised bedMaize bedSRI technologyDrip Irrigation
Weather smartWeather forecast Index based insurance Seeds
Nutrient smart
Nutrient expert decision support tool for agriculture.
Carbon smart & Energy smart
Residue management No tillage or zero tillage
Knowledge smart
ICTs
Gender empowerment
Capacity
Ex- Knowledge SmartMobile APP for Pest and Disease
Management of crops
(PEAT) – ICRISAT (ICM)
Examples – climate smart production systems
The production, processing and marketing of agricultural goods are central to food security and economic growth.
Products derived from plants and animals include foods .
Fibers
Fuels
Ex- Soil and nutrient management
This can be done through composting manure and crop residues, more precise matching of nutrients with plant needs, controlled release and deep placement technologies or using legumes for natural nitrogen fixation.
Ex- Improving soil nutrient content
This can be partially resolved by the use of legumes as green manures, planted in intercropping systems, as part of a scheme of crop rotation or in agro-forestry systems.
Ex- Water harvesting and use Improved water harvesting and retention & water-use efficiency
are fundamental for increasing production and addressing increasing irregularity of rainfall patterns.
Today, irrigation is practiced on 20 percent of the agricultural land in developing countries but can generate 130 percent more yields than rain-fed systems.
The expansion of efficient management technologies and methods, especially those relevant to smallholders is fundamental.
Ex- Resilient Ecosystems Sustainable systems that may also contribute to
reducing or removing greenhouse gases.
Services include, control of pests and disease, regulation of microclimate, decomposition of wastes, regulating nutrient cycles and crop pollination.
Enabling and enhancing the provision of such services can be achieved through the adoption of different natural resource management and production practices.
Ex- Harvesting, processing and supply chains
Reduce post-harvest losses and preserve food quantity, quality and nutritional value of the product.
It also ensures better use of co-products and by-products, to produce renewable energy in integrated systems or to improve soil fertility.
To ensure increased shelf life, retain quality and reduce carbon footprints.
CSA - Conservation agriculture
Minimum soil disturbance
Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover
Use of crop rotations
Minimum soil disturbance
Zero tillage is ideal, but the system may involve controlled tillage in which no more than 20 to 25% of the soil surface is disturbed.
Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover
CA use 30% permanent organic soil cover as
the minimum, but the ideal level of soil cover
is site-specific.
Use of crop rotationsReduce build-up of weeds, pests and diseases.
Where farmers do not have enough land to rotate crops, intercropping can be used.
Legumes are recommended as rotational crops for their nitrogen-fixing functions.
CA - Key messagesIncrease resilience to climate change and has
the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation.
The benefits of CA are highly site specific.
Innovative approaches are needed to overcome barriers for uptake of CA by smallholders
Benefits of CA
Stable yieldsDrought bufferingReduced field preparation costsReduced soil erosionClimate change mitigation
Climate change mitigation
Under certain conditions, CA may contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration and reduced GHG emissions.
But climate change adaptation rather than mitigation should be the main policy driver for its promotion.
Challenges to CA adoptionAppropriate soil typeSufficient availability of crop residues
or other mulchAffordable access to fertilizer and
herbicidesWeed controlDelayed yield benefits
CSA- Millets Millets are climate change compliant crops
that resist the challenges.
Such as global warming, water scarcity, recurring droughts and malnutrition posed to us in the coming era of climate change through their capacity to withstand these challenges.
Cont…..Demand is slowly increasing for
various types of millets that require very little water to grow.
Scientists say that millet cultivation needs to be further encouraged to adapt to global warming that leads to losses in crop yields.
Cont…..Millets are increasingly being included in
the food basket of rural and urban households.
They cost less than rice or wheat, and keep you healthier.
They also need less water to grow and can tolerate higher temperatures, crucial for farmers in this era of climate change.
Cont….. Millets are highly tolerant to increased temperatures,
droughts and floods.
millets are generally resilient to pests
Millets are rich in nutrients
Suitable for mixed and intercropping, crops like maize and broad bean, grown with millets, offer food and livelihood security to farmers
Millets – Climate ChangeClimate Change bonus for being low
carbon crops.
Help us fight the carbon crisis
Ability to sequester carbon
As millets have more tillers or branches than corn and sorghum, they provide better fodder too.
Millet crops also have a good ability to sequester carbon and so help climate adaptation, considering the water needs and methane emission of rice fields.
Millets - Water Conservation
Millet farmers grow their crop without irrigation.
Thus every acre of millet farm saves the country up to six million liters.
This is the “root print” of millets that needs state recognition and acknowledgement.
Millets - Nutrition• Millets crops are storehouses of nutrition For
the impoverished populations residing in the dry land areas of India.
• Millets offer a huge nutrition solution during the climate change years when India will face a nutritional emergency.
Climate Smart Agriculture with Gender Perspective
Gender Socio cultural differences between the
males and females.
Biological process does not discriminate between man and woman.
Gender Status in Agriculture
As farmers, agricultural workers and women form the backbone of agricultural rural economy.
Women farmers represent more than a quarter of the world’s population.
Women comprise, on an average, 43 % of the agricultural work force in developing countries.
Cont…..Yet women have less access than men to
agriculture related assets, inputs and services.
Had they enjoyed the same access to productive resources as men, women could boost yield by 20-30 %.
Also raising the overall agricultural output by 2 ½ to 4%.
Share of crops produced by - FHH
Asian32%
Africa60%
Other8%
% of rural HH
Asian Africa Other0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of total value of food produced
% of total value of food pro-duced
Women in Agriculture allied sectors (World level)
livestock keepersfisheries and aquaculture
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
400
45
Women in Agriculture allied sectors (World level) Peoples (Mil-lion)
Gender- Climate Smart Perspective
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach.
FAO: developing countries, an average of 43 % of the agricultural labor force is made up of women; in many countries this proportion is much higher.
Policy Recommendations to Make CSA More Gender-Smart
Conduct gender analysis within all CSA projects, programs and policies to assess the implications and benefits of CSA technologies and practices on men and women.
Identify women’s groups and provide them with training and support for leadership, negotiation and communication skills, as well as business skills.
Cont….. Support women’s participation in decision making
related to climate change, particularly at the local level.
Provide training to both men and women on CSA technologies and practices and awareness related to gender.
Facilitate women’s access to land and credit through transforming laws and local practices.
Economic benefits of CSA practices CSA intervention
% change intotal production
% change intotal input cost
Change inyield (t/ha)
Change in inputcost (INR ha)
Net return(INR ha)
Improved seeds (IS)
19 52 1.03 1,402.00 15,712
Laser land leveling (LLL)
10 9.5 0.33 3,037.00 8,119
Zero tillage (ZT)
6 -41 0.36 -1,577.00 6,951
IS + LLL 17 63 0.87 1,752.00 14,194IS + ZT 16 6 0.94 234.00 15,303
*Source: FAO report 2015.
Economics & Policy Innovations for CSA
Identifying the synergies and tradeoffs between food security, adaptation and mitigation that may arise in transforming .
Identifies the local institutions needed to support the transition to CSA systems.
Provides assistance for strategic planning that integrates climate change, agricultural development and food security policy objectives and investments.
Builds mechanisms and investment plans to combine climate finance with agricultural investment finance to support the transition to CSA.
CSA IN INDIA
1800
1300
800
300
-2002010 2012 2014 2016
Num
ber
of C
limat
eSm
art
Villa
ges
End of2016
Climate Smart Villages In India
Source: Pramod aggrawal (2015), CIMMYT-CCAFS
Key Interventions - CS Village
In XII Plan period, the vision is to develop at least 50 CSVs by 2016-17.These villages should act as hubs for upscaling climate smart practices under NMSA.Vision is to have all these villages fully comply with climate resilience practices like:
1. Utilization of complete surface water harvesting potential
2. Mandatory ground water recharge structures
3. Fertilizer use only based on soil testing
4. Nitrogen application based on better products
5. Use of energy efficient pumps for water lifting
6. No burning of crop residues; mandatory greening of waste lands with tree cover
7. Green and brown manuring to the extent feasible
8. Water saving paddy cultivation practices (direct seeding, AWD etc.)
9. Mandatory vaccination of livestock for seasonal diseases
10. Livestock feeding, housing and manure management that emit least methane
11. All farmers to have access to agro advisories through mobiles
12. Appropriate weather insurance packages identified
Towards Developing Climate Smart villages
National Solar
MissionNational
Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency
National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat
National Water Mission
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
National Mission for Sustaining
the Himalayan Ecosystem
National Mission for a Green India
National Mission on Strategic
Knowledge for Climate Change
National Action Plan INDIA
To make agriculture productive, sustainable, remunerative and climate resilient
To adopt comprehensive soil health management practices based on soil fertility status
To optimize utilization of water resources through efficient water management
To conserve on-farm resources through appropriate resource conservation technologies
To develop capacity of farmers & stakeholders in the domain of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures
To pilot models in select blocks by mainstreaming rainfed technologies and leveraging resources
To establish an effective inter and intra Departmental/Ministerial co-ordination for accomplishing key deliverables .
National Action Plan Objectives
Newly launched CSA related schemes in India
•To enhance resilience of Indian agriculture (including crops, livestock and fisheries) to climatic variability and climate change •To demonstrate site specific technology packages on farmers’ fields to cope with current climatic variability •To enhance the capacity of scientists, farmers and other stakeholders in climate resilient agricultural research and awareness of impacts
Project Components • Strategic Research • Technology Demonstrations • Capacity Building • Sponsored / Competitive
research grants
Program areas •Rainfed crop production systems •Irrigated crop production systems •Horticultural production systems •Soil, water and nutrient management •Monitoring of GHGs •Resource use efficiency in agriculture •Improved machinery for adaptation and mitigation •Livestock and Dairy sector •Fisheries including Aquaculture
National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
Objectives
Implementationframework
Plan of Work
PRAICAR
FGDNRM Div.
Extn. Div.
Baseline
CRIDA ATARIAction plan
KVK Interventions
Impact & up-scalingNICRAvillage
ZMC for Monitoring& Third party
evaluation
Village level Climate Risk Management Committee
(VCRMC)(10-20 villagers)
1. Water conservation and water harvesting.2. Drought proofing including afforestation and tree plantation .3. Irrigation canals.4. Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by SC, ST/beneficiaries under
IAY.5. Renovation of traditional water bodies.6. Land development .7. Flood control and protection works including drainage in water logged areas.8. Rural connectivity to provide all weather access.9. Agriculture related works10.Livestock related works 11. Fisheries related works12.Works in coastal areas13.Rural drinking water related works14.Rural sanitation related works15.Any other work notified by the GOI
MGNREGA INTERVENTION FOR CSA
CSA Project - TN
On going project Tamil Nadu
ClimaAdapt
V- KVK SMS Advisory Community Radio
Weather Information Hiring Agricultural Implements
New initiatives in KVK
Supporting & Funding Institutions
Climate Smart
Agriculture
Producing and sharing technical knowledge
Providing financial services, credit and access to markets
Supporting the co-ordination of collaborative action
help people translate CSA information into knowledge.
• credit, • insurance, • social safety
nets, • payments or
rewards for environmental services.
networks and knowledge-sharing platforms).
Roles of Funding Institution
Weather Information Current weather
forecasts Seasonal forecasts Longer-term climate
trends
Available Options information Climate smart
technologies Climate smart practices
Services to Farmers
Research evidence
Figure : 1 knowledge level about climate change
Himachal Pradesh Sarkar and Padaria (2015)
n=100
Table 1 : major coping mechanism adopted by them to mitigate the impact of climate change
Sr. No. Coping mechanism Small
FarmersMedium Farmers
Large Farmers Total Farmers
A. Technological mitigation
1 Change in cropping pattern 60.00 40.00 26.67 42.22
2 Mixed/inter cropping 93.33 76.67 56.67 75.56
3 Cultivating tree crops 0.00 10.00 76.67 28.89
4 Soil organic matter enhancement 46.67 46.67 16.67 36.67
5 Drought resistant crops 13.33 43.33 20.00 25.56
6 Mixed farming system 93.33 76.67 43.33 71.11 B. Socio-economic factors 7 Reduced consumption expenditure 60.00 50.00 0.00 36.67 8 Shifting to other profession 80.00 50.00 20.00 50.00 9 Borrowing 86.67 50.00 10.00 48.89
10 Crop insurance 6.67 16.67 10.00 11.11 11 Selling of land and livestock 26.67 6.67 3.33 12.22 12 No response 6.67 23.33 23.33 17.78
Karnataka
n=250
Asha et al. (2012)
90
Adapted measures Yes (%) No (%) Don’t know (%)
1 Intercropping 92 08 00
2 Rain water harvesting 29 70 01
3 Mulching 95 05 00
4 Zero tillage 00 12 88
5 Improved varieties 52 40 08
6 ITK knowledge to control disease, insects and pests
95 05 00
7 Use of insurance 00 25 75
8 Agroforestry 69 29 02
9 Crop rotation 37 52 11
Table 2 : coping and adaptive strategies adopted by them to combat impact of climate change
Shukla et al. (2015)Sikkim
n= 300
Table 8: Impact of Agro Advisory Service in terms of their adoption of recommended practices
SrNo.
Adoption level
Before After % Change
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
1 Low(0 – 8)
263 34 70 9 -25
2 Medium(9 - 16)
364 47 473 61 14
3 High(17 - 24)
147 19 232 30 11
Total 775 100 775 100
Raipur Sushil et. al (2015)
n=775
CASE STUDY
93
Organization(s) Involved:• Centre for Development Informatics (CDI) • International Development Research Centre (IDRC) • University of Manchester, UK • Timeframe 2007 – 2011 Location/Region:• Adi tribal community, Siang river valley and foothills of the Eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh
State, North-East India Condition: • Smallholders and practice slash-and-burn cultivation for subsistence, and production is low.• 40 % of the population live below the poverty line.• The environmental conditions are hard: mountainous terrain, regular natural catastrophes and
irregular rainfall during the wet season. Primary Objective:• To provide better information about climate-smart agriculture in order to raise awareness and adoption
of practices that are sustainable. • The aim of such practices is to increase productivity, resilience, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions
and enhance food security and development. Expected Results:• The adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices by the beneficiaries is the main expected result.
eArik : Using ICTs to Facilitate "Climate Smart Agriculture" among Tribal Farmers of North East India
(Saravanan, R. 2011. http://www.niccd.org)
95
Results To Date:• 44 % of farmers implemented climate-smart practices on rice • 92 % of farmers implemented climate-smart practices on mandarin • 42 % of farmers reported increased production of rice • 29 % of farmers reported increased production of mandarin • 55 % of farmers moved from slash-and-burn to settled cultivation • Increase of income
Success Factors:• It is estimated that the e-Arik approach is 3.6 times cheaper than a conventional
agricultural extension system and that farmers can access information 16 times faster.• each farmer is saving – on average – Rs.2,400 (US$53) per year in fuel costs due to
journeys to the agricultural extension office that would previously have had to be made, but which can now be foregone. (Saravanan 2008a).
Critical success factors :• Use of trusted local intermediaries between experts and farmers• Appropriate use of a wide variety of ICTs• Multi-stakeholder partnership
Scale-Up Potential:• A scale-up phase of the project is planned with further government funding. • The goal is to replicate the project in the other seven north-east states of India. • There, a greater emphasis will be on the use of mobile phones.
• Mrs. S. Meenakshi Ammal• Allikundam NICRA Village of Kovilpatti Centre• 8 acres of land under cotton cultivation. • SVPR 2 variety was grown during Rabi 2014-15. • series of AAS bulletins were issued which was followed as such by
the farmer.
Success story of a farm woman
Higher profit obtained by Mrs. Meenakshi Ammal is attributed to: She followed all the AAS issued and carried out all farm operations in time.
She avoided insecticide spraying two times due to rainfall forecast.
Comparison of BC ratio analysis between Meenakshi Ammal AAS and non-AAS farmers in rainfed cotton
Input details AAS Farmer Non-AAS FarmerField preparation cost (` ha-1) 1500 1500
Seed cost (` ha-1) 1900 1900
Seed treatment (` ha-1) 650 50
Fertilizer cost (` ha-1) 4850 7300
Labour cost (Weeding, Nipping, sprayingof fertilizers and pesticides) (` ha-1)
4750 4500
Cost of plant protection (` ha-1) 9500 14000
Harvesting (Transport and picking) 7500 5500
Cost of cultivation (` ha-1) 30650 34750Kapas yield (q ha-1) 25.5 21.25Price of cotton (` q-1) 2800 2800
Total income (` ha-1) 70,700 59,500
Net profit (` ha-1) 40,050 24,750
Benefit cost ratio 2.30 1.71
Supporting agricultural extension towards CSA
• Agricultural Advisory System
• Agro meteorological- tools for CSA
• FFS
• ATMA
• KVKs
Innovative Extension Approaches for CSA
• Digital Green’s model • ‘Festival of Agriculture’• ‘KRISHI MAHOTSAV’
Climate Smart Agriculture
Reducing or eliminating GHG emissions
Research Opportunity• Evaluating new and existing climate-smart and gender
sensitive agricultural options
• Understanding the barriers to adoption of different climate-smart agricultural practices
• Building evidence of the benefits of climate-smart agriculture
• Identification of socio-economic and institutional barriers for adopting climate-smart portfolio
Research Funding • International – FAO, ICRISAT, CCAF,S, IRRI, IFPRI,
World Bank etc.
• National – UGC, CISIR, MHRD, ICSSR, IARI, ICAR etc.
• State – TANSCHE, TEDA
• Regional – ICDP, DRDA
• NGOs – MSSRF, DHAN, CSE, CPRRF, OXFAM
• Corporate – RATAN TATA & Welcome Trust
• Publication – New India Publication
Upcoming Training Programme• “Impacts of drought and high temperature effects on
agriculture in present scenario”-Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology , Faizabad. Nov 1.
• Soil, air and water pollution and mitigation strategies, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana. Nov 2.
• Adoption of Suitable Conventional and Biotechnological Approaches for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management in Crops. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar. Feb 13.
Upcoming Seminar
International
Conclusion Developing countries must undergo a significant
transformation in order to meet the related challenges of food security and climate change.
Effective climate-smart practices already exist and could be implemented in developing country agricultural systems.
Adopting an ecosystem approach, working at landscape scale and ensuring intersectional coordination and cooperation is crucial for effective climate change responses.
Conclusions
Cont…..Considerable investment is required-
(knowledge gap, research and development of technologies).
Institutional and financial support
Strengthened institutional capacity
Cont…..
Available financing, current and projected, are substantially insufficient to meet climate change .
Synergistically combining financing from public and private sources
Extension functionaries were having medium level
awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They needs training on climate smart agriculture aspects.
Thank u