climate change, the steel industry and the race to the...
TRANSCRIPT
Climate Change, the Steel Industry and the Race to the
MoonMoon
Lawrence Kavanagh
January 8, 2008
Goal is relatively clear…but not how to get there
•Reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 20502050
•Believed to result in temperature increase of < 2 degrees
Energy use
R & D into new processes
R & D into new processes opens up large energy savings and CO 2
mitigation opportunities
1990 2006
Lowest energy/CO 2possible today’s processes
2020
Lowest energy/CO 2possible tomorrow’s processes
Energy consumption per ton shipped in U.S. steel industry
60
M B
TU
/Ton
29% reduction29% reduction29% reduction29% reduction
Energy consumption per ton shipped inU.S. steel industry [MBTU]
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M B
TU
/Ton
29% reduction29% reduction29% reduction29% reduction
Energy use
R & D into new processes
R & D into new processes opens up large energy savings and CO 2
mitigation opportunities
1990 2006
Lowest energy/CO 2possible today’s processes
2020
Lowest energy/CO 2possible tomorrow’s processes
CO2 Breakthrough Program
• Two projects ready for Phase 2:– Molten Oxide Electrolysis—MIT
– Hydrogen Flash Smelting—Univ. of Utah
• Two still under study– Sequestration using Steelmaking Slags—UMR
– Steel Works as Sequestration Works—Columbia University
Hydrogen Flash Smelting
• Develop an ironmaking process based on:
– Hydrogen
– Without coke– Without coke
– Without pelletization/sintering
• Main goal:
Significant reduction in energy consumption
and CO2 generation in the steel industry
CO2 Emissions
BF[kg/tonHM]
Prop'd (Using
H2)[kg/ton
Prop'd (Using CH4)
[kg/ton
Prop'd (Using Coal)
[kg/ton
Calculated CO2 Emissions
HM] [kg/tonHM]
[kg/tonHM]
[kg/tonHM]
CO2Emission 1671* 71 650 1145
Bench-Scale Flash Furnace
Hydrogen Flash SmeltingPhase Two
• Comprehensive tests of various gaseous reducing agents & fuels
• Pilot Scale Research
� Complete material and energy balances; economics; scale-up factors
• Design & cost estimation of the industrial test facility
Molten Oxide Electrolysis-Objectives
� Assess the technical viability of the
production of iron by molten oxide
electrolysiselectrolysis
� Identify inert anode and its ability to sustain oxygen evolution
� Develop a fully functional laboratory-scale electrolysis cell that produces metallic iron along with by-product oxygen
Environmental Impact & Energy Savings
� COCOCOCO2222 emissions reduced from 1750 emissions reduced from 1750 emissions reduced from 1750 emissions reduced from 1750
kg/tonne liquid steel for benchmark blast kg/tonne liquid steel for benchmark blast kg/tonne liquid steel for benchmark blast kg/tonne liquid steel for benchmark blast kg/tonne liquid steel for benchmark blast kg/tonne liquid steel for benchmark blast kg/tonne liquid steel for benchmark blast kg/tonne liquid steel for benchmark blast
furnace technology to 345 kg/tonne liquid furnace technology to 345 kg/tonne liquid furnace technology to 345 kg/tonne liquid furnace technology to 345 kg/tonne liquid
steel: a fivesteel: a fivesteel: a fivesteel: a five----fold reductionfold reductionfold reductionfold reduction
Electrolytic production of molten iron
iron
Steelmaking by Molten Oxide ElectrolysisBuild Pilot Cell
10,000 Amp
2.3 Volts
~ 180 kg/day Fe
~ 77 kg/day O2
Anode Area 2 m2
(FeOx) Fe+2(llll) + ½ O2
Current density 5A/cm2
1800oK
Variables to Measure:
Efficiency
Vary Temperature
Vary Voltages
Process Operating Costs
Process Parameters
Fe+2+2e Feo
100
120
140
160
180
Mic
rogr
ams
per
Cub
ic M
eter
Top 20 Particulate Matter Cities per World BankPlus Top U.S. City (Los Angeles #66)
Red = ChinaOrange = IndiaPink = EgyptYellow = IndonesiaPurple = ThailandGreen = USA
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Cal
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Luck
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Kan
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Jaka
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She
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Tai
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Ahm
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Che
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Ans
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Wuh
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Nan
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Har
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Ban
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Cha
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Sha
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Ang
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Mic
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eter
The Race to the Moon
Call to action: May 25, 1961
Apollo 11 launch: July 16, 1969
Eight Years to Success•Eight years
•$23 billion
•National Goal
•Coordinated approach
Man lands on Moon: July 20, 1969
•Coordinated approach
The Solution to Global Climate Change….
• is based on technology, e.g., new process development [energy supply, cars, ind.]• should be a national program based on a • should be a national program based on a national goal [50% by 2050?]• linked to a global program
Follow the Space Program model…