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TRANSCRIPT
Climate change aspects of fog/smog occurrences
across IGP with special emphasis on Delhi IGI
Airport Fog: Temporal changes and Spatial changes
within Region and Airport
R. K. Jenamani Scientist-F and Head
Meteorological Watch Office for IGI Airport and Delhi Region
IGIA, New Delhi-110037
21 JAN 2010 0535
DELHI 28.4 LAT/77.1 LONG HAD DENSE FOG FOR HOURS ON THIS DAY
255 million hectare fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the
eastern
parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh and houses 500milion population.
Fog layer extends 1500-2000km at east west and 400-700km
at north south parallel to Himalayas in Great IGP Region across Pak-India-Bangaldesh
with Lahore to Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Delhi, Lucknow, Allahabad,
Varanasi, Patna, Gaya, Kolkata, Dhaka, etc.
such fog events may be the fastest in
formation, largest in areas and longest in
duration , if compared to any other fog
areas of the world and, so also in terms of
magnitude of its severe impact as it
spreads over such world’s mostly densely
populated region
Aqua/MODIS
2012/309
10/31/2012
07:45 UTC-HIGH RESOL
Objectives How bad is fog spells across IGP (Intensity and duration
based)
Assessment of the Fog Severity and impact
Finding temporal and spatial variability of fog days and duration (Inter seasonal, Intra-seasonal, Monthly at airports and Spatially Region-wise to RWY-wise) using longer period data
• IGIA Delhi(1964-2017)
• Other 3 IMD and 12 IAF airports of North India
• RWY-Wise IGIA DELHI -1989-2017
Onset and lifting timing variability within the Longer dense fog spell and how fast is its process
Some causes and impacts
Scale of Fog and Event classification • Scale Meso-scale Fog
Synoptic scale fog
Large-scale fog
• Physical Process Radiation fog
Advection
Advected Fog
Steam fog/evaporation fog
Lowering Cloud base
Blocked Flow Fog/Stratus
Valley fog
Upslope Fog
• Intensity based Shallow fog
Moderate fog
Dense fog/thick fog
Very dense/Very thick fog
Fog type Vis type
Shallow <1000m
Moderate <500m
Dense <200m
Very Dense <50m
General visibility ranges with fog types
Sharp Fall of RVR Values during LVP
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
Very fast fog formation at North India
23-24 Dec 2014 AMT FOG
24-25 Dec
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1 6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
10
1
10
6
11
1
11
6
12
1
12
6
13
1
13
6
14
1
14
6
15
1
15
6
16
1
16
6
2015 longest persistant Fog covere at North was at AMT which was remained all day and night for 8 days 23 1400UTC till 31Dec 1000UTC
TIME IN UTC Delhi airport jaipur lucknow Date/Time PLM JPR LKN Amritsar
051000 300 2500 1100 1200 051100 300 2500 1100 1500 051200 250 3000 900 2000 051300 150 2000 800 2500 051400 100 1000 800 2500 051500 0 900 700 3500 051600 0 0 700 3500 051700 0 0 600 3500 051800 0 0 500 3000 051900 0 0 100 3000
052000 0 0 50 2500
052100 0 0 0 2000
052200 50 0 0 2000
052300 50 0 0 1200
060000 50 50 50 1000 060100 50 50 400 1000 060200 50 50 700 800 060300 50 50 800 800 060400 50 50 900 500 060500 350 100 1000 500 060600 700 700 1000 500 060700 1200 1500 1100 150 060800 1500 1800 1200 200 060900 1500 1800 1200 300 061000 1300 1800 1500 300
Date 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 <1000 <500 <200 <50
1-2 Nov-
16
1300 1300 1200 900 900 800 800 500 500 400 400 350 300 300 300 300 350 350 350 350 400 400 500 400
21 14 0 0
2-3
350 300 300 300 250 250 250 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 150 300 400 500 700 800 1000 1100
22 19 10 0
3-4
1200 1200 1000 1000 1000 900 800 800 700 700 700 700 500 350 400 500 600 600 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 1100
14 2 0 0
4-5
800 700 700 600 400 350 350 350 300 300 300 250 250 250 300 350 500 600 500 500 600 700 700 600
24 12 0 0
5-6
500 500 300 250 2500 150 150 150 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 150 300 300 400 400 500 400 600 700
23 18 11 0
6-7
500 400 300 300 300 250 250 250 250 250 250 200 200 300 300 300 350 500 500 500 700 700 700 900
24 16 0 0
7-8
1000 900 800 700 500 500 500 500 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 300 400 600 700 800 800 900 1000 1000
21 7 0 0
8-9
900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 900 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 700 600 600 500 700 800 1000
17 0 0 0
9-10
1100 1100 1000 800 700 600 600 600 500 500 500 400 400 400 300 500 500 500 500 600 600 800 1000 700
20 4 0 0
10-11
800 1200 1000 1000 1000 900 900 900 900 1000 900 800 800 800 800 800 800 1000 1200 1300 1400 1200 1200 1200
12 0 0 0
11-12
1200 1200 1200 1200 1000 1000 900 800 800 800 700 700 600 500 500 600 600 800 1200 1200 1500 1500 1300 1200
12 0 0 0
0
5
10
15
15
-16
…
19
-20
24
-25
28
-29
2&
3
6&
7
10
&1
1
14
&1
5
18
&1
9
22
&2
3
26
&2
7
30
&3
1
3&
4
7&
8
11
&1
2
15
&1
6
19
&2
0
23
&2
4
27
&2
8
31
…
4-5
8-9
12
-13
16
-17
20
-21
24
-25
28
-…
4-5
Fog
Ho
urs
Date
Daily Dense Fog Hours for the period 15 Nov10--28 Feb11 (Vis<200m)
0
5
10
15
20
15
-16
No
v
19
-20
24
-25
28
-29
2&
3
6&
7
10
&1
1
14
&1
5
18
&1
9
22
&2
3
26
&2
7
30
&3
1
3&
4
7&
8
11
&1
2
15
&1
6
19
&2
0
23
&2
4
27
&2
8
31
Jan
&1
Feb 4-5
8-9
12
-13
16
-17
20
-21
24
-25
28
-1M
arch 4-5
Fog
Ho
urs
Date
Daily Dense Fog Hours for the period 15 Nov 09--28 Feb10 (Vis<200m)
0
5
10
15
No
v 1
&2
6&
7
10
&1
1
15
&1
6
20
&2
1
25
&2
6
30
…
5&
6
10
&1
1
15
&1
6
20
&2
1
25
&2
6
30
&3
1
4&
5
9&
10
14
&1
5
19
&2
0
24
&2
5
29
&3
0
3&
4
8&
9
13
&1
4
Fog
Ho
urs
Date
Total Fog Hours (Vis<200m) for the period from 1Nov 2011--15 Feb 2012
0
5
10
15
15
-…
19
-20
24
-25
28
-29
2&
3
6&
7
10
&…
14
&…
18
&…
22
&…
26
&…
30
&…
3&
4
7&
8
11
&…
15
&…
19
&…
23
&…
27
&…
31
…
4-5
8-9
12
-13
16
-17
20
-21
24
-25
28
Fe…
Fog
Ho
urs
Date
Daily Dense Fog Hours for the period 15Nov08--28 Feb09 (Vis<200m)
0
10
20
15
-16
…
20
& 2
1
25
& 2
6
30
No
v -…
5&
6
10
&1
1
15
&1
6
20
&2
1
25
&2
6
30
&3
1
4&
5
9&
10
14
&1
5
19
&2
0
24
&2
5
29
&3
0
3&
4
8&
9
13
&1
4
18
&1
9
23
&2
4
Daily Dense Fog Hours for the Period 15 Nov.2012—Feb 2013 (Vis <200m)
0
10
20
25
-Oct
29
.10
.2…
3&
4
8&
9
13
&1
4
18
& 1
9
23
& 2
4
28
& 2
9
3&
4
8&
9
13
&1
4
18
&1
9
23
&2
4
28
&2
9
2&
3
7&
8
12
&1
3
17
&1
8
22
&2
3
27
&2
8
1&
2…
6&
7
11
&1
2
Dense fog hours <200m 2013-2014
0
2
4
6
8
1&
2 N
ov
200
7
5&
6
9&
10
13
&1
4
17
&1
8
21
&2
2
25
&2
6
29
&3
0
3&
4
7&
8
11
&1
2
15
&1
6
19
&2
0
23
&2
4
27
&2
8
31
Dec
&01
…
4&
5
8&
9
12
&1
3
16
&1
7
20
&2
1
24
&2
5
28
& 2
9
1&
2 F
eb 2
00
8
5&
6
9&
10
13
&1
4
17
&1
8
21
&2
2
25
&2
6
2007-2008
0
5
10
15
1-2
Dec 3-4
5-6
7-8
9-1
01
1-1
21
3-1
41
5-1
61
7-1
81
9-2
02
1-2
22
3-2
42
5-2
62
7-2
82
9-3
03
1 D
ec -
01 J
an2
-3 J
an 4-5
6-7
8-9
10
-11
12
-13
14
-15
16
-17
18
-19
20
-21
22
-23
24
-25
26
-27
28
-29
30
-31
Jan
1-2
Feb
-20
16
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-1
0 F
ebDai
ly D
en
se f
og
du
rati
on
du
rin
g 1
20
0U
TC t
ill n
ext
dat
e
12
00
UTC
Daily Dense fog hours of Visibility<200m for recent 2015-16
0
10
20
1 3 5 7 9 111315171921232527293133353739414345474951535557596163656769
Dai
ly D
en
se f
og
du
rati
on
du
rin
g 1
20
0U
TC t
ill n
ext
d
ate
12
00
UTC
Dense fog of 2014-15
0
5
10
15
1-2
…
7-8
13
-14
19
-20
25
-26
1-2
De
c16
7-8
13
-14
19
-20
25
-26
31
Dec
-1…
6-7
12
-13
18
-19
24
-25
30
-31
5-6
11
-12
17
-18
23
-24
FOG HOURS 1 NOV 16 TO 28 FEB 2017 IGIA (VIS<200m)
Year Date
1982-83 29-30th Dec
1984-85 31-1 Jan 1985
1985-86 14-15th Dec
1986-87 7-8th Dec
1987-88 12-13th Dec
1988-89 18-19th Dec
1989-90 24-25th Dec
1990-91 10-11th Dec
1991-92 17-18th Dec
1992-93 No data
1993-94 25-26th Dec
1994 4-5th Dec
1995 No data
1996 20-21st Dec
1997 1st Dec
1998 15-17th Dec
1999 24-25th Dec
2001 11-12th Dec
2002 24-25th Dec
2003 17-18th Dec
2004 12-13th Dec
2005 21-22nd Dec
2006 11-12th Dec
2007 13-14 Dec
2008 21-22nd Dec
2009 1-2nd Jan 2010
2010 24 -27th Dec
2011 18-19 Dec
2012 22-23 Dec
2013-14 15-16 Dec
2014-15 15-16 Dec
2015-16 11-12 Dec
2016-17 01 Dec
Table :Dates of start/ Onset of main CAT-III Dense Fog season of Vis<200m more than 2-hours at the IGIA for each winter for 1982-2017
% of hours per Date V < 200M
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Dec. 1 5 9
13
17
21
25
29
Jan. 2 6
10
14
18
22
26
30
DATES
% O
F H
OU
RS
Very Dense Fog - % of Total Hours per day
02468
10121416
Dec.
1 3 5 7 9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
Jan.
2 4 6 810
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Dates
% o
f H
ours
% of Total Hours per
dayPented Average
1-10 Dec.
856, 83%
144, 14%
6, 1%
20, 2%11-20 Dec.
1172,
72%
239, 15%
49, 3%
156, 10%
21-30 Dec.
463, 21%
166, 8%
308, 14%
1256,
57%
31 Dec-9 Jan
1151, 52%
455, 20%
162, 7%
459, 21%
10-19 Jan
968, 59%
299, 18%
106, 6%
280, 17%
20-29 Jan
831,
71%
163,
14%
57, 5%
121,
10%
S_Fog V<1000M and
V>500M
M_Fog V<500M and
V>200M
D_Fog V< 200M and
V< 50M
V_D_Fog V< 50M
Jenamani, 2007a
Why a peak at panted daily of 15 Dec. to Jan end
Role of intraseasonal variation of met features(Ta, RH, RAIN, Wind)
“Extra Building up of Surface Moisture Fluxes at Boundary layer” when water accumulations at surface due to Massive Irrigation and water loss from leaves reached at its peak (say after Dec. 10) plays a role in Fog (Haryana and Punjab) Surface Moisture Fluxes from Irrigation and Change in land use pattern
8
9
10
11
12
13
Dec. 1-5 Dec. 6-10 Dec.11-15 Dec. 16-20 Dec. 21-25 Dec. 26-31 Jan.1-5 Jan.6-10 Jan.11-15 Jan.16-20 Jan.21-25 Jan.26-31
5 Day Average of Daily Average of Dry Bulb Temp. (03Z)1981-2003
70
75
80
85
90
95
Dec. 1-5 Dec. 6-10 Dec.11-15 Dec. 16-20 Dec. 21-25 Dec. 26-31 Jan.1-5 Jan.6-10 Jan.11-15 Jan.16-20 Jan.21-25 Jan.26-31
5 Day Average of Daily Average of Relative Humidity(03Z) 1981-2003
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Dec. 1-5 Dec. 6-10 Dec.11-15 Dec. 16-20 Dec. 21-25 Dec. 26-31 Jan.1-5 Jan.6-10 Jan.11-15 Jan.16-20 Jan.21-25 Jan.26-31
5Day Average of Wind Speed of 03 UTC 1981-2003
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Dec. 1-5 Dec. 6-10 Dec.11-15 Dec. 16-20 Dec. 21-25 Dec. 26-31 Jan.1-5 Jan.6-10 Jan.11-15 Jan.16-20 Jan.21-25 Jan.26-31
5 Day Average of total daily rainfall 1981-2003
• ONSET TIMINGS OF VARIOUS FOG
• DISPERSAL TIMINGS
• Deterioration, Improvement of Visibility
Jenamani, 2007b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Time taken
Nu
mb
er
of
oc
cu
ren
ce
sDET. 1500 TO 800
DET. 800 TO 400
DET. 400 TO 200
IMPROV. 200 TO 400
IMPROV. 400 TO 800
IMPROV. 800 TO 1500
Occurrence of Fog Using Longer Period Data 1981-2017
Fog/Dense Fog at IGIA
Nov Dec Jan Feb Seasonal
Fog
Days 10 24 25 15 74
Hours 85 246 243 110 684
Dense Fog
Days 1 6 10 3 20
Hours 2 34 52 11 99
Aaverage Fog Hours ( Vis.<200M ) in December Aaverage Fog Hours ( Vis.<200M ) in January
10.3
6.1
12.8
6.4
8.5
7.7
6.5
5.9
11.4
4.16.3
13.6
11.0
7.211.7
10.012.1
9.3
10.410.5
KNPKNPGWL
GWL
HN8.3 10.0
HND
Aaverage Fog Hours ( Vis.<200M ) in December Aaverage Fog hours ( Vis.<200M ) in January
88.9
39.5
80.6
35.0
40.5
39.7
43.5
35.0
61.3
27.740.4
84.5
69.7
48.365.9
62.575.3
69.1
76.374.7
KNPKNPGWL
GWL
HN40.1 68.9
HND
Table 4: Fog occurrences in total hour based upon shallow/Moderate/dense fog at various visibility ranges
Station
Name Month
Averaging
Years
Average
<1000 <500 <200 <50
Hours Days Hours Days Hours Days Hours Days
BBT DEC 2000-2009 147.3 22.3 66.1 10.8 39.5 6.1 24.1 4.4
JAN 2000-2009 179.2 20.5 104.1 12.9 74.7 10.5 48.6 7.7
LKN DEC 2000-2009 115.5 17.3 60.8 10.6 39.7 7.7 0.0 0.0
JAN 2000-2009 140.3 17.7 93.5 13.0 62.5 10.0 9.9 1.5
AMR DEC 2000-2009 84.7 13.6 51.1 7.9 40.4 6.3 34.3 5.4
JAN 2000-2009 113.0 15.8 80.6 12.7 65.9 11.7 57.5 10.7
BAM DEC 2000-2006 143.7 20.9 52.9 10.1 35.0 6.4 30.3 6.0
JAN 2000-2006 201.7 22.4 101.9 14.3 76.3 10.4 70.9 9.9
KNP DEC 1999-2006 165.6 24.8 67.9 14.0 40.5 8.5 34.6 7.0
JAN 2000-2006 182.4 21.7 98.0 12.9 69.1 9.3 63.9 8.6
AGR DEC 2000-2005 193.5 24.2 69.8 12.0 43.5 6.5 41.3 6.5
JAN 2000-2006 212.3 24.1 111.3 12.8 88.9 10.3 82.3 9.8
AMB DEC 1999-2008 167.8 23.2 84.4 13.8 61.3 11.4 54.7 10.6
JAN 2000-2008 204.1 19.2 98.1 13.7 69.7 11.0 64.1 10.7
BGD DEC 2000-2006 18.4 4.6 5.1 1.3 4.3 1.1 3.3 0.6
JAN 1999-2006 106.8 16.4 55.3 7.9 43.3 7.1 36.3 6.1
CNG DEC 2000-2008 70.7 8.3 39.6 4.8 27.7 4.1 22.2 3.7
JAN 2000-2008 135.5 17.7 68.6 9.3 48.3 7.2 44.1 7.1
GKP DEC 1999-2008 313.7 27.6 124.4 18.4 80.6 12.8 71.4 11.4
JAN 1999-2008 293.9 25.0 114.3 15.9 75.3 12.1 66.9 10.8
JRT DEC 1999-2008 88.3 23.7 43.7 14.1 35.7 11.6 29.8 10.4
JAN 2000-2008 111.0 23.0 44.6 11.6 35.3 9.6 30.3 8.6
HND DEC 1999-2007 241.1 27.3 81.6 15.3 40.1 8.3 31.3 6.7
JAN 2000-2008 251.0 25.9 110.8 14.0 68.9 10.0 57.6 8.9
21
13
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3
5
17
20
10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4
3
15
13
7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2
3
10
14
8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1
6
18
Jan
Feb
Mar
ch
Ap
ril
May
Jun
e
July
Au
g
Sep
t
Oct
No
v
Dec
Fog days of below 500m of Airports across IGP region
Amritsar
Delhi
Lucknow
Varansi
0
16
2
2
31
7
21
42
45
10
31
6
6 9
85
17
9
61
0
61
22
73
49
34
39
7
65
0
30
58
50
39
76
11
62
33
14
3
50
38
50
17
12
52
20
14
5
43
47
29
10
6
10
5
11
2
90
16
8
96
51
18
27
3
88
17
2
32
53
68
12
1
98
82
58
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
19
81
-82
19
82
-83
19
83
-84
19
84
-85
19
85
-86
19
86
-87
19
87
-88
19
88
-89
19
89
-90
19
90
-91
19
91
-92
19
92
-93
19
93
-94
19
94
-95
19
95
-96
19
96
-97
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-20
00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
20
11
-12
20
12
-13
20
13
-14
20
14
-15
20
15
-16
20
16
-17
Fog
Ho
urs
Years
Total Fog Hours Dec/Jan (1981-2017) (Vis<200m) at IGI Aiport Delhi
December January
71
75
12
4
64
13
7
24
4
32
2
23
8
23
9
17
9
16
6
27
7
21
6
23
6
33
3
41
9
34
7
22
9
32
8
29
9
27
8
20
5
32
7
24
1
20
5
32
6
26
8
35
4
38
0
19
2
30
4
29
2 3
35
33
5
12
2
22
0
10
6
18
1 2
22
27
5
17
1
16
8
13
6
25
1
89
70
25
2
37
3
25
8
31
3
28
4
28
8
34
4
45
9
26
7
12
5
29
7
26
0
16
6
36
0
44
5
25
1 3
05
30
0
45
1
39
5 4
36
36
8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
19
81
-82
19
82
-83
19
83
-84
19
84
-85
19
85
-86
19
86
-87
19
87
-88
19
88
-89
19
89
-90
19
90
-91
19
91
-92
19
92
-93
19
93
-94
19
94
-95
19
95
-96
19
96
-97
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-20
00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
20
11
-12
20
12
-13
20
13
-20
14
20
14
-20
15
20
15
-16
20
16
-17
Fog
Ho
urs
Years
Total Fog Hours Dec/Jan (1981-2017) (Vis<1000m)at IGI Aiport Delhi
December January
14.5
5 3
9.5
4.5
12.3 14.5
5
13
20
26
0
5 7
13
0 0
10
5
26
9
32
3
22
16
12
15
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Fog
Ho
urs
Year
Total Dense Fog Hours < 200m at IGI Aiport Delhi
Feb 1990-2014
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
Fog
Ho
urs
Year
Total Dense Fog Hours < 200m at IGI Aiport Delhi Nov 1989-2015
193 295
230 245 359
519 493 406 375
430
255
ND
529
0 0
609 591
732 631
517
672 758
545
330
624 501
371
686 713 605
685
492
755 687 771
703
0100200300400500600700800900
19
81
-82
19
82
-83
19
83
-84
19
84
-85
19
85
-86
19
86
-87
19
87
-88
19
88
-89
19
89
-90
19
90
-91
19
91
-92
19
92
-93
19
93
-94
19
94
-95
19
95
-96
19
96
-97
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-20
00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
20
11
-12
20
12
-13
20
13
-20
14
20
14
-20
15
20
15
-16
20
16
-17
Fog
Ho
urs
Years
Total Fog Hours During Dec-Jan peak Winter Seasons(Vis<1000m)
33 30 5
52 69 57
38 54
97
30 45 49 56
114
285
166
112
151
190 169
100
52 66
10
153 172
62
111 118
160 174
93 120
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
19
81
-82
19
82
-83
19
83
-84
19
84
-85
19
85
-86
19
86
-87
19
87
-88
19
88
-89
19
89
-90
19
90
-91
19
91
-92
19
92
-93
19
93
-94
19
94
-95
19
95
-96
19
96
-97
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-20
00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
20
11
-12
20
12
-13
20
13
-20
14
20
14
-20
15
20
15
-16
20
16
-17
Fog
Ho
urs
Years
Total dense Fog Hours (Vis<200m) at IGI
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
DECLKN
DecVNS
IGIDELHIDEC
AMTDEC
Dec Variation of total fog hours at four airports
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
JANLKN
VNSJAN
IGIDELHIJAN
AMTJAN
Jan Variation of total fog hours at four airports
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
JAN LKN
VNS JAN
IGI DELHIJAN
AMT JAN
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
DECLKN
DecVNS
IGIDELHIDEC
AMTDEC
Dec and Jan Variation of total dense fog hours at four airports
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50Dense fog of <=200m Jan
Same but for Dec
Linear (Dense fog of <=200m Jan)
Linear (Same but for Dec )
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
General fog <=800m Jan
Same but for Dec
Linear (General fog <=800m Jan)
Linear (Same but for Dec )
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
Fair weather Vis of >5000m Jan Same but for Dec
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
< 200 M
< 400 M
< 800 M
< 1500 M
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
< 200 M
< 400 M
< 800 M
< 1500 M
Variability from RWY to Region wise and minute to decadal
Dates G.Vis.<200
RWY-29 RWY-28
RVR<300 MIN RVR
and Period
RVR<300 MIN RVR
and Period
13-14 Jan 1700-2000 NIL 450m
1800-1900 NIL
1200m
1700-1800
17-18 jan 0000-0500 0200-0500 100m
0300-0400 NIL
1100
0300-0400
8-9 Feb 2300-0400 0100-0300 50m
0200-0300 NIL
550m
0200-0300
9-10 feb 2300-0300 0000-0100 200m
0000-0100 NIL
900m
0200-0300
Table 5 DATES OF FOG WHEN DENSE FOG WAS uniform at all RWY and dates when it was AT ONE SIDE OF THE AIRPORT RWY-WISE HIGH FOG VARIBAILITY CASES
020406080
100120140160
CTA
HO
UR
S
YEAR
RVR TOTAL CAT-III VIS<350 Total hours of RVR<350m at RWY 28 Same but for RWY 29
1.25 1.15
1.35
1.98 1.96
1.33
1.63
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Rat
io o
f to
tal h
ou
rs o
f R
VR
29
td
z to
RV
R 2
8 t
dz
Fog Season
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160C
TA H
OU
RS
YEAR
RVR TOTAL CAT-III VIS<350 and <200m Total hours of RVR<350m at RWY 28 Total hours of RVR<200M at RWY 28
Same but forRVR<350 RWY 29 Same for RVR<200M but for RWY 29
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
CA
T H
ou
rs
Year
RVR CAT-IIIC VIS(49-0) (2008-17)
RWY-28
RWY-29
FOR LARGE-SCALE FOG OVER INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS: WHAT ARE ALL INGRADIENTS WHO MAY READILY
CONDITIONING UP, TO TRIGGER SUCH FOG FORMATION PROCESSES
Role of topography and Rivers
Inversion and large-scale subsidence
Role of irrigation, other Met Parameters and pollutions at climatic scale data since 1960s
From which side the large-scale fog formation processes starts-
either from east e.g. Jan—2010, Nov-2011 and Dec 2011 or from
west e.g. Dec 2010, Jan 2012
Role of three regimes of rivers corresponding to three most fog occurred
areas in the region
• Indus-Sutlej
• Ganges to Meghna
• Brahmaputra
ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST
• Inversion
• WINDS
• Min Temp and Fog
• Land use and increasing MOISTURES
• Pollution
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1981-
1985
1986-
1990
1991-
1995
1996-
2000
2001-
2005
2006-
2007
WIND S P E E D 0000UTC 0300 0600 0900
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2007
WIND S PEED 0000UTC
0300
0600
0900
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
<=-4 4-5.0 5-6.0 6-7.0 7-8.0 8-9.0 9-10.0 10-11.0 11-12.0 >=12
AIR TEMP FALLING TO A SPECIFIC RANGES FAVOURS FOG FORMATION IN DEC THAN JANDEC % OF TEMP DAYS OUT OF TOTAL DAY
DEC PERCENTAGE DENSE FOG DAYS OUT OF TOAL DENSE FOG DAYS
DEC DURATIN PER DAY
Net Area Irrigated, by Source in Punjab & Haryana
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
51964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Net
Are
a I
rrig
ate
d (
m
Ha
Punjab
Haryana
3 per. Mov.
Avg. (Punjab)3 per. Mov.
Avg. (Haryana)
AOD AVERAGE -MISR/Terra AOD Average at 557.5nm JAN (2001-2006)
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF LONGER DURATION AND LARGESCALE FOG ON
NORTH INDIA TEMP
Standardised Anamolies of a) Fog hours and Max. Temp. b) No Fog hours and Min. Temp. over IGI
Airport for the month of January (1981-2001)
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Years
Sta
nd
ard
An
am
oly
Vis. <200M
Max. Temp.
a)
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Years
Sta
nd
ard
An
am
oly
Vis. >5000M
Min. Temp.
b)
S.NO./ Station Name December January
S. STATION NAME Max. Temp.
Trend Min. Temp.
Trend Max. Temp.
Trend Min. Temp.
Trend
1 Agra 0.3 0.6 -2 no trend
2 Allahabad no trend 2.2 -1.7 1
3 Babatpur -0.7 0.9 -2 no trend
4 Bahraich -1.9 1.8 -3.2 0.5
5 Bareilly -0.7 1.7 -2.5 1
6 Gorakhpur -1 1.4 -3.4 0.2
7 Lucknow no trend 2.4 -2 1.2
8 IGI, Palam Delhi -0.4 2.6 -2.3 2
9 Safdarjung, Delhi -0.3 0.1 -1.5 -0.1
10 Hissar -1.7 2.4 -2.6 1.5
11 Amritsar -0.8 0.1 -2.6 no trend
12 Chandigarh* -0.2 -0.6 -2.4 -0.4
13 Ganganagar -0.8 1.4 -2.2 1
14 Pantnagar* -1.7 No Trend -3.1 0.7
Conclusions • Dense fog duration per day at vis <= 800m (200m) from 1960s for
Dec-Jan have increased by 20-30 times (6-10 times)
• It has the worst epochs of high duration in late 1990s(1994-2003) and re-occured again in 2009-2017
• The increase is more prominent and uniform during Jan than Dec
• With poor vis hours due to smog/fog increased, the trend of fair vis of >5000m which was 17-18 hours per day during 1960s has reached to zero hours-nil in 1990s.
• High regional variation with Delhi having highest duration and days upto 2 times for general fog compare to other airports while not much variation for dense fog hours
• Within the airport, stronger climate change signature in fog due to high urbanization at particular part or side of the airport
• At IGIA Delhi, dense fog hours of RVR <200m at new RWY 29-11 since its commissioned in Aug 2008 has increased to 2-3 times when compared for 2015-2017.
• For large scale fog, we find Low topography upto 200 to 250m asl along IGP has such high fog events and fog formed and shaped up accordingly
• It has three major riverine sources Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra
• They form at min temp of 5 to 12degC, STR anticyclonic subsidence inversion and calm winds
• Increase in fog events in 1989 to 2017 linked to significant increasing of moisture, fall of max temp by 2-4degc and weakening of airport surface winds and high increase of favourable pollutants.
• But minimum temperature shows a mixed and complicated response to such alarming rising of fog occurrences in the region.
• This result valid for data since 1969s available for all 14 stations
THANK YOU