climate change and peacebuilding in africa

7/28/2019 Climate Change and Peacebuilding in Africa

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Climate Change Adaptationand Peacebuilding in Arica

AdaptationPartnership No 1 - No 2, 2012An Adaptation Partnership Workshop

Co-sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson International Center or Scholars, Institute or Security

Studies, U.S. Agency or International Development (USAID), and U.S. Department o State


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About theAdaptationParternship

Climate Change Adaptation and Peacebuilding in Arica 1

T

he Adaptation Partnership is a global platorm developed to catalyzeaction and oster communication among institutions and actors engaged

in the eort to scale up climate change adaptation and resilience aroundthe world. The Partnership was created during the Petersburg DialogueMinisterial Conerence in May 2010. It is co-chaired by the United States, Spain,and Costa Rica, and includes the participation o more than 50 developed anddeveloping countries.

The Partnership is designed to deliver through three main elements: (1) a rapidreview o adaptation action in Asia and the Pacic, Arica, and Latin America andthe Caribbean; (2) regional workshops to acilitate participatory action planningand knowledge-sharing; (3) the strengthening o Communities o Practice(CoP) to support implementation and learning. The Eective AdaptationPolicy and Programming in Crisis, Confict and Transition Contexts workshopsare undertaken with the partnership and support o the U.S. Department oState and the U.S. Agency or International Development.

For more inormation please visit

www.onrnr.or


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change adaptation (CCA) and peacebuilding in Arica. The

primary goal o the workshop was to provide an opportunity

or leading Arican scholars and practitioners to engage

with 30-40 U.S.-based experts rom multiple levels o theclimate change, adaptation, humanitarian, and peacebuilding

communities in order to identiy and debate both challenges

and opportunities presented by climate change adaptation.

This wide-ranging group worked together over the course

o two days to better understand one anothers priorities,

objectives, and needs, and began identiying ways to work

collaboratively around climate change adaptation and

peacebuilding eorts.

The workshop objectives were:

1) To identiy synergies between climatechange adaptation and peacebuildingcommunities that can be harnessed toassist governments, communities, NGOs,and international organizations in makingprogress in both areas.

2) To provide opportunities to share lessonslearned rom integrated eorts in the eld,initial eorts to develop tools and guidingprinciples or capturing co-benets throughcooperation, and ostering dialogue and

collaboration among a diverse group opolicy stakeholders.

3) To establish preliminary concrete stepsto support eective climate changeadaptation eorts in ragile and confict-aected countries, turning awareness intoaction.

In order to achieve these objectives, the workshop was

comprised o plenary discussions, small group exercises and

a role play simulation that was developed specically or

this meeting. Day One provided an overview o the currentacademic research and practitioner perspectives on potential

linkages between and implications o climate change, security,

and peacebuilding. Day Two ocused on operationalizing

inormation gathered throughout the previous day in order to

begin to build CoPs and oer suggestions on specic activities

and next steps that could be pursued to advance eorts o

Climate change and security have been linked in multiple

ways, although some sets o linkages have garnered

more attention than others. This workshop ocused

on three areas o linkage that have dominated discussions oclimate and security links in developing country contexts. This

list is not meant to be exhaustive but acilitates a ocus on what

topics would benet rom more sustained research and policy

attention.

Much attention has been ocused on the possible roles climate

change may have on contributing to confict and instability.

These confict links may come rom direct or indirect impacts

o climate change or rom policy responses to those impacts.

Arica has been a primary geographical ocus or this academic,

policy, and media attention. This topic remains hotly debated

within these diverse communities throughout Arica and the

international community. Many o these debates have included

climate/environment, humanitarian development, confict/

security, and peacebuilding communities, but rarely with all o

these communities in active dialogue or collaboration.

A second area o ocus, drawing less attention, has been the

impact climate change will have on confict-aected countries.

In these settings, states and societies are already challenged

by the legacies o past, ongoing, or anticipated confict.

Climate change is anticipated as an additional stressor on

economic, political, and social structures, making it more

dicult or countries to successully address the burdens o a

history o confict.

Much less scholarly and policy attention has ocused on yet a

third area: the peace and security threats and opportunities

presented by eorts to adapt to climate change. How can

adaptation eorts address climate change and peacebuilding

challenges in confict aected areas? Are there climate change

adaptation and peacebuilding synergies that can be harnessed

to assist governments, communities, non-governmental

organizations (NGOs), and international organizations make

progress in both arenas? How can the respective climate,

development, and peacebuilding communities come together

to pursue separate goals with common or collaborative steps?

On Thursday, November 1 and Friday November 2, 2012,

USAID and the U.S. Department o State, in partnership

with the Woodrow Wilson International Center or Scholars,

Institute or Security Studies (Arica Program, Project on

Leadership and Building State Capacity and the Environmental

Change and Security Program), and IRG/Engility, convened a

select group o experts, practitioners, and policymakers rom

both the United States and Arica in Washington, DC or a

conerence ocused on the third area o concern climate

2 Climate Change Adaptation and Peacebuilding in Arica

Workshop Overview


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OutcOmes aNd RecOmmeNdatiONs

There were a number o observations, outcomes, and

recommendations that emerged by the end o the workshop.

For a ull list, as well as specic recommendations or the ollow-

on workshop, scheduled to take place in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

in 2013, please see the end o this report. Here is a snapshot:

1) Several overlapping concepts, terms,challenges, and opportunities exist in theelds o climate change and peacebuilding.Participants recognized that the topic oclimate change adaptation and confictimplied multiple distinct and relatedconcepts and areas o inquiry:

2) Participants identied the need orsignicant new case study work andcollaboration across humanitarian,development, climate, and peacebuildingcommunities to engage in policy innovationin the eld and analysis o eectiveness.

3) There was strong interest amongparticipants to build a new Community oPractice that would ocus on sub-SaharanArica and connect with other initial eorts

ocusing on Arica and other parts othe world. Members suggested utilizingonline communications network to enableollow-on collaboration among workshopparticipants and providing resources orother interested parties. In order or suchan eort to be successul, partnershipso dierent stakeholders would needto contribute to the discussion anddevelopment o Communities o Practice.

4) Participants were enthusiastic about apotential climate change and peacebuildingtoolkit modeled ater the USAID ConfictManagement and Mitigation (CMM)series or as part o that series. It wouldprovide practical steps or integratingconfict analysis models and climate change

adaptation.

These specic deliverables could be pursued in a two-step

process o building out a network and engaging policy/donor/

government/community ocials through existing institutions,

such as the Arican Union. The ClimDev-Arica meetings are

another opportunity. Participants saw value in continued

eorts to raise awareness or policy audiences, using examples

and case studies.


a. Climate change exacerbating existing confictdynamics

b. Climate change leading to newconfictdynamics

c. Confict reducing communities resilience toclimate change

d. Climate change and confict interacting todeepen complex emergencies and crisis

e. Activities related to climate change adaptationbeing leveraged to help build peace

. Activities related to peacebuilding being usedto improve the outcomes o climate changeadaptation eorts

g. Activities related to other development areasbeing adapted to be more climate- and confict-resilient.

Kevin Urama, Executive Director o the Arican Technology PolicyStudies Network


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During the two-day workshop a number o issues were

raised on the impact o climate change in Arica, with

special emphasis placed on the Horn region. At times,

there were intense discussions about whether evidence evenexisted to support the claim that climate change has an impact

on confict or i it could be proven, with some participants

strongly suggesting there was such research and others

questioning the causational or correlational direction o that

research. It was also pointed out that there is a tendency to

think about Arica in terms o one singular, homogenous place.

One participant poignantly stated,

This discourse led participants to recognize that the challenge

o ormulating national, regional, or even continent-wide

policy towards climate change, adaptation, and peacebuilding

in order to support sustainable and resilient societies was

daunting. I the researchers and scientists themselves cannot

reach agreement on whether climate change is a causal actor

o confict, how could they expect policymakers to take them

seriously? Several participants voiced their rustration at how

the inormation they collect is packaged and presented,

and ound it dicult to make concrete policy suggestionsdue to the speculative and relative nature o the inormation

contained within. It is not very helpul to keep telling society

we dont know, someone said. They called or a new public

relations strategy to support the language, methods, and

inormation or evidence utilized by this new CoP that began to

take shape over the course o the workshop.

day ONe: climate adaptatiON,develOpmeNt, aNd secuRity

The rst day o the workshop was ocused on developing a

baseline understanding o the various concepts, terminology,and linkages among and between the elds o climate

change adaptation, environmental security, peacebuilding,

and humanitarian assistance. Ater introductory remarks by

Steve McDonald, Director Arica Program, and the Project

on Leadership and Building State Capacity, H.E. Olesegun

Akinsanya, Regional Director, Institute or Security Studies,

Addis Abeba and John Furlow, Climate Change Specialist,

USAID, participants shared experiences and expertise on both

the causal connections between climate change and confict,

as well as the implications o climate change in ragile and

confict-aected areas.

TERMINOLOGY SOUP

The rst content exercise o the day, acilitated by Steve McDonald, was

called Trmy Sp, which had the objective o identiying and

presenting various terminologies in participants respective elds in

order to develop a comprehensive working knowledge o vocabulary.

The participants were separated into our small groups based on

their proessional background and allotted approximately 30 minutes

to develop a list o key phrases or terms with denitions that their

cadre o experts utilizes on a daily basis. The groups reconvened to

the plenary to present their ndings. While there was some expected

variation, the overlap o terms that emerged was enlightening. Termssuch as mitigation, resilience, vulnerability, and sustainability were

noted in all our groups, albeit with some dierentiation in denition.

For example, the term mitigation in the context o climate change

typically reers to eorts to reduce the level o greenhouse gases in the

atmosphere, whereas confict mitigation generally reers to eorts

to mitigate the causes and drivers o armed confict, or occasionally its

eects. The exercise resulted in serving an additional purpose to that

o its original intention, which was to underscore the similarities and

cross-cutting themes amongst the various elds that could contribute

towards harnessing potential collaboration and building a new CoP.


Summary of Proceedings

Arica is a large continent. It isa story ull o stories. Somethingcan be true somewhere and not in

other places.

Geo Dabelko, Proessor and Director o Environmental Studies in theGeorge V. Voinovich School o Leadership and Public Aairs at OhioUniversity, and Beakal Bisrat, Institute or Security Studies, Addis Ababa


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CAUSAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CLIMATECHANGE AND CONFLICT

The rst roundtable discussion was led by Drs. Geo Dabelko,

Proessor and Director o Environmental Studies in the George V.

Voinovich School o Leadership and Public Aairs at Ohio University

and Lulsegged Abebe, Senior Advisor to the Arican Union or

International Alert. The purpose o this session was to establish

what is currently understood in academic literature about linkagesbetween climate change and confict. Questions that were posed to

the discussion leaders were: 1) How do climate change and confict

interact? 2) Does one cause or ameliorate the other? 3) What are the

security implications o these linkages? and 4) What is the evidence

or this?

Dr. Dabelko provided an overall synopsis o current understanding o

climate change and environmental security, highlighting that the two

are oten misunderstood and sometimes disregarded as spurious. He

highlighted the act that the elds are not making the type o impact

that is necessary, in part because o the lack o succinct methodology

used to collect and analyze the data on the linkages and potential

causal actors o climate change on confict. He noted that climatechange does not need to take precedent over other important

issues, such as poverty or sustainable livelihoods, when determining

underlying actors o confict, but that it needs to be seen in the mix.

Dr. Dabelko concluded by stating the objective o this workshop is

nding ways to move rom a deductive argument to the overlap o

how we can address these issues together.

This provided a smooth transition into Dr. Abebes remarks, which were

more ocused on his current research in Mali, Niger, and Nigeria with

regard to a common riverbed that runs through the three countries.

He looked at how climate change has aected the dierent members

o society, such as shermen, pastoralists, and armers, and how

climate change and environmental stresses infuence human security.His ndings suggested that climate change, in combination with other

environmental changes, can create certain dynamics within a society

that contribute to confict. Dr. Abebe called or fexible policies that are

inclusive o adaptation mechanisms and geared towards resolving or

mitigating confict.

Dialogue anD DiScuSSion

While there was wide agreement that a link (or links) exist between

climate change and confict during open discussion, there was great

debate amongst participants about whether climate change was

a direct cause or an exacerbating actor on confict. The consensus

settled on the latter, as participants recognized that the causes o

confict are complex and multi-aceted, involving political, social,

environmental, and economic dimensions. Climate change, rather,

acts as a threat multiplier, potentially exacerbating social tensions

or instability in states that are already ragile and confict-prone, or

intensiying ongoing conficts. Participants highlighted the needor richer discussions about the stressors and drivers o confict, and

suggested that reraming the question rom Does climate change

cause confict? to How is climate change consequential to confict?

or Can I understand a particular confict without looking at climate

change? might be a way o acilitating more ruitul inquiry and action.

One example that illustrates how climate variability or change has the

potential to act as an exacerbating actor was with regard to pastoralist

and agriculturalist communities throughout sub-Saharan Arica. With

its high reliance on rain-ed agriculture or basic ood security and

characterized by highly spatial and temporal rainall distribution, sub-

Saharan Arica is experiencing the negative eects o climate change

as it is repeatedly exposed to droughts and foods that extend over

longer time periods than in the past. Water scarcity, ood insecurity,

climate-related migration, and poverty are constant threats to its

populations, making it a high risk region or potential confict. One

o the unintended consequences o these pressures is the changing

migration patterns o pastoralists. As drought tightens its grip on the


What climate change does is itchanges the game and we cantuse yesterdays problem or

todays issue that is going to betomorrows solution.

- Lulsegged Abebe, Senior Advisor to theArican Union or International Alert

Alred Omenya, Associate Proessor o Architecture and Head o Schoolo the Built Environment at the University o Nairobi


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region, killing pastoralists cattle and intensiying pressure over scarce

resources, such as water and grass land, pastoralists are orced to

settle in areas that consist o predominantly agricultural communities.

This has heightened tensions between the two populations, which, i

not prevented, could end up in open confict.

Climate change is also consequential to confict in that confict could

impact the ability o countries and communities to adapt to climate

change. For example, parts o Somalia are experiencing severedroughts, which lead to negative agricultural output and orced

migration in order to survive. Somalia has also experienced decades

o political and violent confict that has led to the deterioration o

the state. Without addressing and resolving the non-climate-related

drivers o the confict within the country, the chance or long-term

progress on adaptation can be undercut.

Policy responses to climate change, such as land management

policies, could also contribute to the risk o confict. For example,

countries may shit rom using land or ood production to energy

production, and there is a risk o land being taken away rom the

hands o local communities to that o larger global corporations. For

those livelihoods that depend on the land, policies that exclude theirparticipation and equitable distribution o the resources could lead to

potential confict.

Providing hard evidence to support policy suggestions is a constant

challenge that needs to be addressed i climate change adaptation

is going to infuence policymakers in regular and productive ways.

Some participants expressed a desire to repackage and restructure

knowledge on climate change and its linkages with confict in order

to have larger, more substantial impact with greater legitimacy.

Opportunities exist to bring communities together or a common

overarching goal in order to address potential uture conficts, such as

water scarcity in the Nile River Basin.

IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN FRAGILEAND CONFLICT-AFFECTED AREAS

The second roundtable discussion was led by Dr. Kevin Urama,

Executive Director o the Arican Technology Policy Studies Network,

and Nisha Krishnan, Doctoral Candidate at the University o Texas.

The objective o this session was to consider how climate change

may contribute as an additional stressor in ragile, crisis- or confict-

aected areas. How will the eects o climate change impact these

environments? What are some o the hypotheses or outcomes o

current research indicating or this area o study? What steps, i any,

are being taken to oresee this impact? Is climate change adaptation

a actor or consideration when ormulating policy in post-confict

situations?

Dr. Urama ocused his remarks on how to address vulnerability to

climate change in ragile or confict-aected societies. He argued that

i a society lacks the ability to provide basic services to its population,

and/or poorly manages its natural resources, then that society will be

prone to weak governance and increased potential or confict. He

called or the development o confict-sensitive adaptation methods

in order to manage these actors (or reduce potential stressors),

and suggests looking at a number o indicators when doing so

vulnerability, poverty, governance, migration, geopolitical location,

and availability o natural resources. Even though confict is a human

decision and climate change may be but one trigger or confict,

vulnerability to climate change will increase the more triggers exist

within a society. He proposed several ways to address vulnerability

through climate change adaptation, but three main ideas/themes

emerged:

Providing an example o one tool available to help distinguish and

assess vulnerability levels within ragile or confict-prone areas, Ms.

Krishnan discussed her work on mapping with the Climate Change

and Political Stability in Arica (CCAPS) project. CCAPS collects and

analyzes how climate change, confict, governance, and aid intersect

to impact Arican and international security, and examines where and

how climate change poses threats to stability in Arica through the use

o geographic inormation system (GIS) maps. Ms. Krishnan explained

that the program allows users to select and layer any combination

o CCAPS data onto one map in order to visualize how climate

change impacts and responses intersect with confict, as well as aid

disbursement. Currently, they are trying to take data and apply it to

policy decisions or a timerame that is sooner than 2100. However,

she cautioned that CCAPS maps and GIS maps in general are not

denitive and there are various ways to interpret data that is collected.

The next important step is to ensure that the development o tools,

like mapping, is transdisciplinary and inormation is provided in

laymans terms in order to encourage local participation.


1. The policy goal must be to build resilientcommunities through climate-prooed peacebuildingstrategies that sequence activities appropriately andeectively.

2. The approach or action should be holistic in natureand strive to enhance institutional fexibility, as well asgovernment accountability.

3. Enhancing the knowledge base so that it does notonly fow rom the Global North to the Global South,but also encourages South-South inormation sharing,as well as South-North.

Climate science is based on a uturisticocus we can plan and take actionbeore a catastrophe happens. It is acommon sense issue and we need tosell it to the politicians in this way. Forexample, everyone has re insurance,even i there is a small probability a rewill happen because you are hedgingyour bets. It is about security, risk analysisscenarios and making inormed decisionsto spend resources to prevent possiblenegative occurrences.

- Dr. Kevin Urama, Executive Director o theArican Technology Policy Studies Network


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day tWO: syNeRgies betWeeNclimate chaNge aNd peacebuildiNg:hOW caN cOmmuNities Of pRacticesbe stReNgtheNed tO suppORtimplemeNtatiON aNd leaRNiNg?

The second day began with a negotiation simulation exercise

designed by Tina Robiolle, Consultant, PhD Candidate, The Fletcher

School o Law and Diplomacy, Tuts University, that was acilitatedby John Katunga, Regional Technical Advisor or Peacebuilding and

Justice in East Arica, Catholic Relie Services. The purpose o the

exercise was to establish a scenario that was experiencing the early

eects o climate change and predicting potential confict between

dierent communities within that setting. The objective was to create

a situation, mirrored on current case studies, whereby the workshop

participants would experience how confict and climate change are

interconnected and attempt to address potential issues in a peaceul

and sustainable manner.

The setting took place in a ctional sub-Saharan Arican country where

climate varied rom the north to south and small-scale arming was the

primary source o livelihood or 80 percent o households. Participants

were assigned to one o our dierent roles a representative o

nomadic chies, an agriculture and water resources advisor to the

central government, a governor o the province that is experiencing

tension, and a village chie. It was noted in the background inormation

made available to all roles that part o the country was experiencing

longer periods o drought, aecting the traditional migration patterns

o nomadic tribes and exacerbating decreasing water and agricultural

resources on communities.

The participants broke into groups based on their allocated

roles in order to discuss, identiy, and dene their interests. Ater

approximately 45 minutes, they reconvened as a whole, butsent selected representatives to partake in a our-way simulated

negotiation. One o the key outcomes rom this exercise by all

participants was the realization that, while there may be dierences

between peoples, there are also signicant commonalities that can

be utilized as a starting point or any negotiation. The major common

thread that ran through the our roles was the necessity o security

security o person, community, ood, and livelihood. Once this

emerged, the entire room witnessed a change o tone and stance

among the negotiating representatives rom one that was sel-serving

to one o humanizing the other. The remainder o time was spent

collaboratively brainstorming inclusive, sustainable ways o resolving

the issues, taking into account shiting climate and associated impacts

on livelihoods.

HARNESSING AND IDENTIFYING SYNERGIESBETWEEN CCA AND PEACEBUILDING TO ASSISTGOVERNMENTS, COMMUNITIES, NGOS, ANDINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ORDER TOSTRENGTHEN COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE

The third roundtable discussion was led by Neil Levine, Director in the

Oce o Confict Management and Mitigation at the U.S. Agency or

International Development; Dr. Edna Wangui, Assistant Proessor o

Geography at Ohio University; Dr. Alred Omenya, Associate Proessor

o Architecture and Head o School o the Built Environment at the

University o Nairobi; and Ndey Bakurin, Director o the Intersectoral

Network, National Environmental Agency, The Gambia.

This session tasked participants with critically analyzing how the elds

o climate change adaptation, development, and peacebuilding

can better serve each others needs. Where can synchronizationoccur? What obstacles exist to synchronizing eorts? How can we

build a Community o Practice or climate change adaptation and

peacebuilding and work together to achieve multiple goals and

objectives? Are there lessons among the participants that could be

scaled to new areas or greater impact? What support could help

catalyze such collaboration?

Mr. Levine began his remarks by giving an overview o USAIDs eorts

and activities in confict resolution, including the recent launch o

Th nw D fr Fr Stts, which emerged rom the 4th High

Level Forum on Aid Eectiveness that took place in 2011 in Busan,

South Korea. He acknowledged that USAIDs confict work adheres

to the principles o Do No Harm and emphasized the importance ominimizing negative outcomes o development programs through

confict sensitivity. Mr. Levine noted that his oce has embraced the

nw Ds ocus on the ragility and resilience o the state-society

relationship, and they incorporated this perspective into their work

where appropriate. He asked the participants whether similar tools and

mechanisms exist within the climate change community, or whether

those utilized in the confict resolution eld can be adapted to support

the emergence o a new climate change and peacebuilding CoP.

The next three discussants presented on current eld projects they are

involved with. Dr. Wangui gave an overview o her current initiative, the

Local Knowledge and Climate Change Adaptation Project, which is

an international, inter-disciplinary research group made up o U.S. and

Tanzanian university researchers. The research examines the human-

environmental dynamics o local-level climate change adaptation

along highland, midland, and lowland areas in northern Tanzania

with the objective to understand the key interactions between local

knowledge systems and adaptive capacity to climate change. Dr.

Wangui highlighted obstacles they are nding in their research, which

eatures intensive eld research and participatory GIS (PGIS) tools.

Some o these obstacles are that:


Solutions are locally identied andlocally owned. This is no longer jargon,but now practice.

- Neil Levine, Director in the Oce o ConfictManagement and Mitigation at the U.S. Agencyor International Development

1.There is an inherent lack o synergy between policiesat the national level o government and local realitieson the ground.


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Dr. Omenya ollowed Dr. Wanguis remarks with a brie synopsis o

a research project he is working on, ocused on the Pokomo-Orma

confict, located by the Tana River in southeastern Kenya. He explained

that this confict is resource-based, primarily around availability o

water and arable land, between Orma pastoralists and Polomo

agriculturalists. While there are endless examples o community

solutions and strategic rameworks at the national, regional, and

continental levels, there remains a communication gap amongst

the multiple-level stakeholders in devising policy to determine what

approach would work best in which context. Dr. Omenya argued or

multi-sector engagement at all levels o policy planning in order to

address holistically climate change and confict resolution.

While working in the National Environment Agency o The Gambia,

Ndey Bakurin asserted that her country has seen maniestations o

climate change with regard to migratory patterns and the potential or

confict. She explained that The Gambia is experiencing an increase

in immigration, which, combined with its internal population growth,

is putting a strain on available resources such as water and land. She

said that several studies have indicated that the country has a high

vulnerability to climate change. Several national eorts to address

climate change and mitigate the risk or confict are the creation o anational climate change committee, with a regional integration oce

located in Senegal; an environmental action plan that disseminates

inormation related to environmental and livelihood issues; and a

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) National Adaptation

Programme o Action or The Gambia, which set up an early

climate warning system. However, Ms. Bakurin identied the main

challenge as synchronizing all o these eorts and integrating confict

resolution mechanisms with the various climate change mitigation

and adaptation activities at all levels o society. She also stressed the

importance o including women in these processes, as they are the

largest aected population group and can contribute valuable skills

and inormation when devising strategic approaches.


Dr. Edna Wangui, Assistant Proessor o Geography at Ohio University

2. Confict exists and is visible, even though there areno confict resolution practitioners on the project.

3. Access to technology is not gendered, but access totv technology may be skewed more towards menthan women because o the limited resources availableto charge batteries that power cell phones, computers,or other devices.

4. The principles o Do No Harm are imperative to

ensure the security o those participating in the project.


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There were several themes that emerged throughout the two-dayworkshop.

EMERGENT THEMES AND OBSERVATIONS:

1. There are several overlapping concepts, terms, challenges, and

opportunities in the elds o climate change and peacebuilding.

Participants recognized that the topic o climate change adaptation

and confict implied multiple distinct, related, concepts and areas o

inquiry:

2. Climate Change is a potential security risk acing Arica that should

be given serious priority, as it threatens to overburden states and

regions with coordinating and organizing policies in countries already

aected by conficts.

3. Climate change adaptation is crucial to achieving Aricas

aspirations or peace, security, and sustainable developments.

4. Currently, there is a huge gap between climate science,

policymakers, and the end-users, in terms o understanding climate

change and adaptation, and how that relates to confict or peace.

5. Participants identied the need or signicant new case study work

and collaborations across humanitarian, development, climate, and

peacebuilding communities to engage in policy innovation in the

eld and analysis o eectiveness.

6. With the emergence o this joint community comes the task o

developing a comprehensive theoretical ramework that can then be

implemented through policy and practice.

7. Although rameworks and strategic policy documents have beendeveloped in some cases, there is an urgent need to strengthen

coordination both vertically and horizontally, with specic emphasis

on the inclusion o end-users in the decision- and policy-making

process.

8. Currently, there exists a challenge in garnering both nancial

resources and political will to implement climate change adaptation

policy, particularly with a confict prevention or resolution component.

9. Responsibility and roles o the stakeholders and end-users, and

sustainability o those measures, are crucial to the success o climate

change adaptation policy.

RECOMMENDED FIRST STEPS

There was strong interest among participants to build a new

Community o Practice that would ocus on sub-Saharan Arica and

connect with other initial eorts ocusing on Arica and other parts o

the world. Below are several recommendations rom participants that

are rst steps towards establishing this new, inclusive community.

1. Utilize an online communications network or practitioners,

researchers, and policymakers rom the climate change and

peacebuilding elds to enable ollow-on collaboration among

workshop participants and provide resources or other interested

parties. In order or such an eort to be successul, partnerships odierent stakeholders would need to contribute to the discussion

and development o the CoP.

2. Practical steps would include helping develop competency in the

languages o each community. The Terminology Soup exercise

should be used to develop a new transdisciplinary glossary o terms.

3. Begin to develop a technical and theoretical ramework or the

new conjoined eld that can help clariy to donors and policymakers

its goals, objectives, and importance in supporting resiliency and

sustainability. Participants were enthusiastic about a potential climate

change and peacebuilding toolkit modeled ater the USAID CMM

series or as part o that series, which would provide practical steps or

integrating confict analysis models and climate change adaptation.

4. Scale down climate inormation and orecasting at the community

level so that they can be prepared or adverse eects o climate

change.

5. Integrate the indigenous knowledge and practice into data

analysis; indigenous knowledge can also help mitigate the impact o

climate change.


Workshop Outcomes andRecommendations

a. Climate change xrbt existing confictdynamics

b. Climate change leading to wconfict dynamics

c. Confict reducing communities resilience to climatechange

d. Climate change and confict interacting to deepencomplex emergencies and crisis

e. Activities related to climate change adaptationbeing leveraged to help build peace

. Activities related to peacebuilding being used toimprove the outcomes o climate change adaptationeorts

g. Activities related to other development areas beingadapted to be more climate- and confict-resilient


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6. Eort should be made to increase coordination across ministries

and sectors, and to raise the issue o climate change to a higher

political priority.

7. There is also a need to mainstream climate change adaptation into

the rural development process, as well as gender streaming.

8. Adaptation should start with an inclusive participatory method o

data collection with stakeholders to understand vulnerability o

elements such as water, grazing land, and agriculture.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FOLLOW-ONWORKSHOP IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA:

Participants saw value in continuing eorts to raise awareness or

policy audiences on climate change adaptation and peacebuilding,

using select examples and case studies to support their message.

The specic deliverables listed below could be pursued in a two-

step process o building out a network and engaging policy, donor,

government, and community ocials through existing institutions,

such as the Arican Union.

1. Host two separate meetings one or policymakers, overlapping

with those who will attend the ClimDev conerence, and a second or

researchers and practitioners to move orward on the recommended

rst steps.

2. Identiy policymakers at the Arican Union and state levels, donor

community, international organizations, civil society organizations,

academics, and the end-users/local stakeholders to participate in the

meeting(s).

3. Devise eective strategies to infuence donors in order to raise

nancial and political support or this new eld o practice.

4. Align the researcher/practitioner meeting with the annual ClimDev

conerence, scheduled to take place in October 2013 at the Arican

Union.

5. Adapt and update simulation or streamlining purposes to be used

in CCA and peacebuilding trainings and seminars.

6. Propose new projects/activities related to CCA and identiy ways to

strengthen existing regional institutions ocused on adaptation.

7. Support eorts to capture co-benets between CCA and

peacebuilding and support eorts to systematically assess those

eorts.


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Climate Change Adaptation and Peacebuilding in Arica:An Adaptation Partnership Workshop Series

~Agenda~

November 1-2, 2012

5th Floor Conerence Room & 6th Floor Board Room

Woodrow Wilson International Center or Scholars

day 1 climate adaptatiON, develOpmeNt, aNd secuRity

8:45am-9:30am Breakast and Registration

9:30am-9:45am Welcome and Introductions

SteveMcDonald,Director,AfricaProgramandtheProjectonLeadershipandBuildingStateCapacity,TheWilsonCenter H.E.OlusegunAkinsanya,RegionalDirector,InstituteforSecurityStudiesAddis,andFormerNigerianAmbassadortoEthiopia

9:45am-10:00am The Adaptation Partnership Climate Change and Security: Overview and Objectives

JohnFurlow,ClimateChangeSpecialist:ImpactsandAdaptation,U.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment(reviewofworkshop objectives)

10:00am-10:30am Ice BreakerThis exercise will have participants break up into pairs to ask each other questions about each other(15 minutes), then reconvene and present tothe plenary group (15 minutes).

10:30am-10:45am Coee Break

10:45am-12:00pm Terminology Soup

This will be a small group exercise, with the goal to pull out various terminologies in participants respective elds in order to develop acomprehensive working knowledge o terms. Ater hal hour, reconvene to plenary in order to discuss and share terminology rom each group.

12:00pm-1:00pm Lunch

1:00am-2:45pm Roundtable One Causal Connections between Climate Change and Confict

Discussion Leaders: GeoffDabelko,ProfessorandDirectorofEnvironmentalStudies,GeorgeV.VoinovichSchoolofLeadershipandPublicAffairs,Ohio

University; and Senior Advisor, Environmental Change and Security Program, The Wilson Center LulseggedAbebe,SeniorAdvisorAU,InternationalAlert

The purpose o this session is to establish what we know about linkages between climate change and confict. How do climate change andconfict interact? Does one cause or ameliorate the other? What are the security implications o these linkages? What is the evidence or this?This session should provide all participants with a baseline o understanding o the topic.

2:45pm-3:00pm Coee Break

3:00pm-4:30pm Roundtable Two Implications o Climate Change in Fragile and Confict-Aected AreasDiscussion Leaders:

KevinUrama,ExecutiveDirector,AfricanTechnologyPolicyStudiesNetwork NishaKrishnan,UniversityofTexas

This session will consider how climate change may contribute as an additional stressor in ragile, crisis- or confict-aected areas. How will theeects o climate change impact these environments? What are some o the hypotheses or outcomes o current research indicating or this areao study? What steps, i any, are being taken to oresee this impact? Is climate change adaptation a actor or consideration when ormulatingpolicy in post-confict situations?

4:30pm-5:30pm Wrap-Up o Day 1: Conclusions, Conundrums, and Challenges ChristinaChan,ForeignAffairsOfcer,OfceofGlobalChange,U.S.DepartmentofState DebayTadesse,SeniorResearcher,ConictPreventionandRiskAnalysis,InstituteforSecurityStudiesAddis


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day 2 - syNeRgies betWeeN climate chaNge aNd peacebuildiNg:hOW caN cOmmuNities Of pRactices be stReNgtheNed tO suppORt implemeNtatiON aNd leaRNiNg?

8:00am-8:30am Breakast and Registration

8:30am-8:35am Welcome and Overview o the day SteveMcDonald,Director,AfricaProgramandtheProjectonLeadershipandBuildingStateCapacity,TheWilsonCenter

8:35am-10:00am Simulation Exercise: Zadinia

JohnKatunga,RegionalTechnicalAdvisorforPeacebuildingandJusticeinEastAfrica,CatholicReliefServices(Facilitator)

10:00am-10:10am Coee Break

10:10am-11:10pm Debrie o Simulation Exercise JohnKatunga,RegionalTechnicalAdvisorforPeacebuildingandJusticeinEastAfrica,CatholicReliefServices(Facilitator)

11:10pm-12:45pm Roundtable Three Harnessing and Identiying Synergies between CCA and Peacebuilding to assist Governments, Communities,NGOs and International Organizations in order to Strengthen Communities o PracticeDiscussion Leaders:

NeilLevine,Director,OfceofConictManagementandMitigation,U.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment EdnaWangui,AssistantProfessorofGeography,OhioUniversity AlfredOmenya,AssociateProfessorofArchitectureandHeadofSchooloftheBuiltEnvironment,UniversityofNairobi NdeyBakurin,Director-IntersectoralNetwork,NationalEnvironmentalAgency,TheGambia

This session will draw rom the simulation debrie session and critically analyze how the dierent elds working on either climate change,adaptation, confict, or peacebuilding can better serve each others needs. What opportunities and obstacles were identied in the simulation?Where can synchronization occur? What obstacles exist to synchronizing eorts? How can we build a community o practice or climate changeadaptation and peacebuilding and work together to achieve multiple goals and objectives? Are there lessons among the participants thatcould be scaled to new areas or greater impact? What support could help catalyze such collaboration?

12:45pm-1:30pm Lunch

1:30pm-2:30pm Breakout Group DiscussionThis will be a small group exercise, with the goal to operationalize inormation gathered throughout the day in order to begin to buildcommunities o practice. Groups will have hal hour to brainstorm creative ways to address climate change adaptation and peacebuilding, witha ocus on specic activities that could be pursued to advance eorts o mitigating risk o confict through adaptation eorts. How do we create

structures and communities o practice in order to let what was discussed throughout the day be turned into sustained action?

2:30m-3:00pm Report Back Session on Small Group Discussions

GeoffDabelko,ProfessorandDirectorofEnvironmentalStudies,GeorgeV.VoinovichSchoolofLeadershipandPublicAffairs,OhioUniversity; and Senior Advisor, Environmental Change and Security Program, The Wilson Center

3:00pm-3:15pm Coee Break

3:15pm-5:00pm Review o Workshop Accomplishments and Next Steps or Addis Workshop:

JohnFurlow,ClimateChangeSpecialist:ImpactsandAdaptation,U.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment DebayTadesse,SeniorResearcher,ConictPreventionandRiskAnalysis,InstituteforSecurityStudiesAddis ChristinaChan,ForeignAffairsOfcer,OfceofGlobalChange,U.S.DepartmentofState ChairedbyGeoffDabelko,ProfessorandDirectorofEnvironmentalStudies,GeorgeV.VoinovichSchoolofLeadershipandPublicAffairs,

Ohio University; and Senior Advisor, Environmental Change and Security Program, The Wilson Center

5:00pm-5:15pm Closing Remarks

SteveMcDonald,Director,AfricaProgramandtheProjectonLeadershipandBuildingStateCapacity,TheWilsonCenter


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climate change and peacebuilding in africa

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