climate change and conservation. atmospheric inputs
TRANSCRIPT
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Climate Change and Conservation
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Atmospheric Inputs
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All Atmospheric Inputs
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Sea Surface Temperature
Levitus et al. 2000
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Sea Surface Temperature
Levitus et al. 2000
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Sea Level Rise
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Consequences
• Sea levels will increase – Low lying areas will be flooded– Coral reefs may drown if sea level rise is faster than
coral growth rates– Barrier islands may be changed
• Loss of pack ice habitats in Antarctic and Arctic– Declines of pinnipeds/penguins dependent on edge of
pack ice • Ocean circulation patterns will change
– Upwelling may be reduced– Coastal areas may have increased primary productivity– Increased CO2 may also increase plant production
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UV Radiation
Rozema et al. 2002
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UV Radiation
Rozema et al. 2002
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UV Radiation
Cummings et al. 2002
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Global Climate Change Increased Ultraviolet Radiation
• Increases in ultraviolet radiation are thought to have large impacts on the photosynthetic functioning of algae
• Studies such as Neale et al. (1998) have investigated UVB on microalgae have been investigated in Antarctic systems
• One study suggests a 6-12% drop in primary productivity due to photoinhibition of phytoplankton
• Reduction of primary productivity decrease CO2 uptake
• UVB may also inhibit development or increase mortality of eggs and larvae
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Impacts in the Antarctic
Weimerskirch et al. 2003
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Impacts in the Antarctic
Weimerskirch et al. 2003
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Changing Ice Area
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Changing Ice Area
Gaston et al. 2005
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Changing Ice Area
Jenouvrier et al. 2005
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Impacts in Temperate Areas
McGowan et al. 1998
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El Nino and PDO
McGowan et al. 1998
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El Nino and PDO
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El Nino and PDO
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Global Climate Change in the Pacific Ocean
• McGowan et al. (1998) have analyzed patterns of global climate change and correlations within and among sites in the Pacific Basin
• Large warming episodes in the California Current System are linked to equatorial El Ninos
• The coastal California El Ninos result in lower nutricline, deep chlorophyl maximum layer and lower secondary production of zooplankton
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Global Climate Change in the Pacific Ocean
• They also note that there is a longer-term interdecadal trend associated with an intensification of the Aleutian low and westerly winds
• This has resulted in increased SST and physical stratification in the eastern North Pacific
• This results in shallower depth of mixing, less nutrients in the euphotic zone, and decreased primary (phytoplankton) and secondary production (zooplankton, sea birds, fishes)
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Global Climate Change in the Pacific Ocean
• They find different patterns for the Gulf of Alaska where interannual variation in SST and zooplankton have not been related to El Nino events
• However large interdecadal increases in SST, zooplankton, and fish landings are reported
• The intensification of the Gulf of Alaska circulation (and weakening of California Current) has accompanied a shallowing of the mixed layer depth
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Impacts in Tropical Areas
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Impacts in Tropical Areas
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Impacts in Tropical Areas
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Impacts in Tropical Areas
Hoegh-Guldberg1999
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Impacts in Tropical Areas
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Impacts in California
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Impacts in California
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Long-Term Trends
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Changes in Calcification
• Increasing CO2 can lead to changes in the oceans concentration of calcium carbonate
• Increased CO2 will increase the amount dissolved in ocean water
• This will increase carbonic acid and lower the ocean’s pH
• This will reduce the amount of aragonite in the water possibly to below saturation
• This will make it more difficult for corals and other organisms that use calcium carbonate
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Changes in Calcification
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Changes in Calcification
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Changes in Calcification
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Bond et al.2001
Millenial Cycles
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Decadal Cycles
Fligge and Solanki2001
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Decadal Cycles
Larsen 2005
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Decadal Cycles
Larsen 2005