climate change and biodiversity - iced
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Climate Change and Biodiversity
Climate change It refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be
identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or
the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended
period, typically decades or longer.
It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity.
Climate in a wider sense also includes not just the mean conditions,
but also the associated statistics (frequency, magnitude, persistence,
trends, etc.), often combining parameters to describe phenomena
such as droughts.
This usage differs from that in the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), where climate change
refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly
to human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods.
It is different from weather…
Weather describes the conditions of the atmosphere at a certainplace and time with reference to temperature, pressure,humidity, wind, and other key parameters (meteorologicalelements); the presence of clouds, precipitation; and theoccurrence of special phenomena, such as thunderstorms, duststorms, tornados and others.
Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather, ormore rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the meanand variability of relevant quantities over a period of time rangingfrom months to thousands or millions of years.
The relevant quantities are most often surface variables such astemperature, precipitation and wind.
Classically the period for averaging these variables is 30 years, asdefined by the World Meteorological Organization.
Causes of climate change
Natural Causes
Human Causes
Short lived and long lived climate forces
Natural causes
Climate is influenced by external natural factors such as changes in
volcanic activity, solar output, and the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Of these, the two factors relevant on timescales of contemporary
climate change are changes in volcanic activity and changes in solar
radiation.
Volcanic eruptions are episodic and have relatively short-term
effects on climate.
Changes in solar irradiance have contributed to climate trends over
the past century but since the Industrial Revolution, the effect of
additions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere has been about
ten times that of changes in the Sun’s output.
Anthropogenic causes Burning of fossil fuels
Conversion of land for forestry and agriculture.
Agriculture
Industrial Revolution (CFC…)
Greenhouse gases
Livestock: responsible for 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas
emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents and 65% of human-
induced nitrous oxide
GJJ99 3Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
The greenhouse effect
SUNSome solar radiation is
reflected by the earth’s
surface and the atmosphere
ATMOSPHERE
Solar radiation
passes through the
clear atmosphere
EARTHMost solar radiation is absorbed
by the surface, which warms
Some of the infrared
radiation is absorbed
and re-emitted by the
greenhouse gases.
The effect of this is to
warm the surface
and the lower
atmosphere
Infrared radiation
is emitted from the
Earth’s surface
Changes in the
atmosphere,
land, ocean,
biosphere and
cryosphere
(both natural
and
anthropogenic)
can perturb the
Earth’s
radiation
budget,
producing a
radiative forcing
that affects
climate.
Rising temperature
Global average temperatures have increased ~0.6°C (1°F) in last 100 years
Temperatures at poles have increased by up to 9°F
Over last 30 years, annual average Arctic sea ice has decreased 8% (1 million km2)
Global sea level has risen ~10-25cm due to melting glaciers and permafrost and due to thermal expansion of oceans
2006, 2005, 2004, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2001, 1997 are hottest years on record
Global-average surface temperature projected to increase by 1.4 ºC to 5.8 ºC by 2100
Increasing CO2 level
Effects of climate change
Increased sea level
Rapid sea ice loss
Increased temperature
Increased extreme events
Ocean Acidification (The average pH of ocean surfacewaters has fallen by about 0.1 units, from about 8.2 to 8.1(total scale) since 1765 )
Hurricane Intensity Increases
Reduced agricultural productivity
Increased threat to biodiversity
What’s about sea level rise?
Source: R. Nicholls, Middlesex University in the U.K. Meteorological
Office. 1997. Climate Change and Its Impacts: A Global Perspective.
So
urc
e: I
PC
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001
TEN MILLIONS OF PEOPLE MUST MOVE AWAY WHEN Sea level rise IS
HIGH
Kilimanjaro 2000
Ice on Kilimanjaro
0
5
10
15
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
Are
a (
km
2)
Effect on ecosystem
Climate change is projected to occur at a rapid rate relativeto the speed at which forest species grow, reproduce and re-establish themselves (past tree species’ migration rates arebelieved to be on the order of 4–200 km per century). Formid-latitude regions, an average warming of 1–3.5°C over thenext 100 years would be equivalent to a pole-ward shift ofthe present geographic bands of similar temperatures (or“isotherms”) approximately 150–550 km, or an altitude shiftof about 150–550 m.
Therefore, the species composition of forests is likely tochange; in some regions, entire forest types may disappear,while new assemblages of species and hence new ecosystemsmay be established.
(AR5)”
Effect on water sources
Changes in climate could exacerbate periodic and chronic shortfallsof water, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas of the world.
Developing countries are highly vulnerable to climate changebecause many are located in arid and semi-arid regions, and mostderive their water resources from single-point systems such asbore holes or isolated reservoirs.
These systems, by their nature, are vulnerable because there is noredundancy in the system to provide resources, should the primarysupply fail. Also, given the limited technical, financial andmanagement resources possessed by developing countries,adjusting to shortages and/or implementing adaptation measureswill impose a heavy burden on their national economies.
There is evidence that flooding is likely to become a larger problemin many temperate and humid regions, requiring adaptations notonly to droughts and chronic water shortages but also to floodsand associated damages, raising concerns about dam and leveefailures.
• Ecosystem services: mountains influence rainfall patterns and
mountain forests prevent erosion & floods
• Mountain communities are marginalised, with little access to
urban resources and limited agricultural land
• Language diversity in mountains is high, and threatened
languages are common in mountain regions
The Importance of Mountain
Environments
Mountain Watch
The first global assessment of mountain ecosystems
Scale of Change
20% of the world’s
coral reefs were lost
and more than 20%
degraded
35% of mangrove
area has been lost in
the last several
decades
Wood fuel is the only source of fuel for one third of the world’s population
Wood demand will double in the next 50 years
Forest management will become more difficult due to an increase in pests and fires
One third of the world’s population is now subject to water scarcity
Population facing water scarcity will more than double over the next 30 years
Climate change is projected to decrease water availability in many arid- and semi-arid regions
Indian scenario wrt climate change
Effects on rainfall in India
Source from presentation of Dr. R. K. Bhatt, Principle Scientist CAZRI Jodhpur
Atmosphere
Rainfall
Rise in
Temperature
Change in
Rainfall
Living organisms
Changes in plankton
biomass
Wildlife Agriculture
Carbon,methane,nitr
ous oxide,
Cholorofluoro
carbons
Changes in behavior,
migration pattern,
Flowering time
Change in crop
biology
CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITY
How to protect biodiversity in changing climate In general, there are two different strategies when it comes
to dealing with climate change. We can try to stop futurewarming (mitigation of climate change) or we can findways to live in our warming world (adaptation to climatechange).
Adaptation involves developing ways to protect peopleand places by reducing their vulnerability to climate impacts.For example, to protect against sea level rise and increasedflooding, communities might build seawalls or relocatebuildings to higher ground.
Mitigation involves attempts to slow the process of globalclimate change, usually by lowering the level of greenhousegases in the atmosphere. Planting trees that absorb CO2from the air and store it is an example of one such strategy.
Mitigation to climate change
Organic farming
Use of chemical input will
reduce the biodiversity
Thank you