climate change adaptation guidelines for coastal protection and management in india...

V O L U M E 2 : A P P E N D I C E S

APPENDICES TO THE MAIN DOCUMENT

1. Acronyms 2. Glossary of Coastal Terms Regulatory Framework 3. Existing Regulations for the Indian Coastal Zone 4. Strategic Planning of Coastal Zone and Shoreline in India Coastal Systems 5. Indian Coastal Scientific Literature and Institutions 6. Coastal Processes Interventions for Coastal Practitioners 7. Design of Sand-based Climate Resilient Solutions for

Coastal Protection 8. Seawalls- their Limitations in Climate Change Scenario 9. Groyne Design under Climate Change 10. Offshore Reefs, Breakwaters and Islands- Design

Considerations for Climate Resilient Coastal Protection

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION

APPENDICES TO THE MAIN DOCUMENT

Project Planning 11. Data Collection and Modeling for Coastal Protection 12. Environmental Impact Assessment of Coastal

Protection 13. Climate Change Projections for Indian coast 14. Using the WRIS Database for Climate Resilient

Coastal Protection and Management 15. Economics and Life-cycle Costing for Coastal

Protection Schemes 16. Island Case Studies 17. Calculating the Minimum Floor Level 18. Training Module for Climate Resilient Coastal

Protection and Management

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELEINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION


Regulatory Framework

APPENDIX 3 EXISTING REGULATIONS FOR THE INDIAN

COASTAL ZONE

• Environment Protection Act 1986

• Coastal Regulation Zone Notification – 2011

• Island Regulation Notification – 2011

• Environment Impact Assessment Notification - 2006


APPENDIX 4: STRATEGIC PLANNING OF COASTAL ZONE AND SHORELINE IN INDIA

• Environmental Guidelines for Develop-ment of Beaches

• CRZ Notification

• EIA Notification

• Guidelines / Manuals for Coastal Protection

• Draft National Strategy for Coastal Protection

• Shoreline Management Plans (SMP)

The existing regulations provide a good basis for developing guidelines for climate change resilience.

Understanding effectiveness of each of the coastal protection measure is a must.

New guidelines to accommodate climate change impacts need to be followed.

There is a need to make some amendments in the existing CRZ and other regulatory regimes in India.



Coastal Systems

APPENDIX 5 : COASTAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN INDIA

Coastal Scientific Research in the following fields reviewed and key gaps identified providing a research direction for the future.

A. Coastal Processes – Waves, Tides, Currents, Cyclones and Storm Surge

B. Coastal Processes – Sediment and Shoreline Dynamics

C. Coastal Ecological Processes

D. Coastal Processes- Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

E. Coastal Protection – Hard Options

F. Coastal Protection –Soft Options

G. Coastal Management


APPENDIX 6 : COASTAL PROCESSES

• How are waves generated?

• Where do waves in India come from?

• How are tides generated?

• How are currents generated?

• Climate change and extreme events

• Tsunami

• Beach responses

• Sediment cell and Sediment pie

• Stable (“Happy”) vs. Unstable (“Hungry”) Beach

• Over-topping

• Design water level

• Coastal Processes in Climate Change Scenario



Interventions for

Coastal Practitioners

1. Dune Care: nurturing existing or artificial sand dunes, focussing on methods to enhance the dunes

2. Nourishment: Introduction of new sand to the beach system

3. By-passing: Sand trapped near a structure or river is moved past the blockage

4. Back-passing: Sand which travels along a beach is moved back to its starting point

APPENDIX 7 : SAND-BASED SOLUTIONS

FOR COASTAL PROTECTION


APPENDIX 8 : SEAWALLS- THEIR LIMITATIONS IN CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO

• Engineering Design of Seawalls

• Effectiveness and Impacts of Seawalls in India

• Limits to Adaptation for Seawalls

• Case Studies

• Discussion

CASE STUDIES

• D1 Visakhapatnam

• D2 Puducherry

• D3 Digha, West Bengal

• D4 Valiathura, Kerala


APPENDIX 9 : GROYNE DESIGN UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

• General Theory

• Computer Modelling of Groynes

• Case Studies

• When and Where Should Groynes be Used

• Designing a Groyne Field

• Conclusions

Case Studies

Groyne Pairs at Puducherry

Groynes North of Chennai Port, Tamil Nadu

Groin Pair at Panathura coast, Thiruvananthapuram

Groyne, Gold Coast, Australia

Groyne field, Bournemouth, England

Low-Crested Groynes, Point Lonsdale, Victoria, Australia


APPENDIX 10 : OFFSHORE REEFS, BREAKWATERS AND ISLANDS- DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR CC SCENARIO

• Theory of Offshore Reefs

• Salients in the Tropics

• Case Studies

Gold Coast, Australia

Borth, Wales, United Kingdom

Kovalam, Kerala

• Discussion



Project Planning

APPENDIX 11 : DATA COLLECTION AND MODELLING

Discusses the requirements for Data Collection and Modelling for planning and implementing coastal protection measures.

Important parameters: • Bathymetry • Wind • Sea Level • Hydrodynamics • Sediment Dynamics • Beach Morphology • Grain Size • River Flow • Water quality parameters

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELEINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION

APPENDIX 11 (contd..) : DATA COLLECTION AND MODELLING

The Power of Models

• Modelling provides a vehicle by which coastal engineers can illustrate complex interactions, test theories and project future situations and outcomes.

• Capable of reproducing all relevant coastal physical processes.

• Rapid growth in the quality and ability of models


APPENDIX 12 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL PROTECTION

The EIA Process

• Project Proposal, Scoping and Consideration of Alternatives

• Impact Prediction and Assessment of Alternatives

• The EIA Report

Structure of EIA Report • Introduction • Project description • Description of environment • Anticipated environmental

impacts & mitigation measures • Analysis of alternatives • Environmental

monitoringprogram • Additional studies • Project benefits • Environmental Cost - Benefit

analysis • EMP • Summary & Conclusion


APPENDIX 13 : CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS FOR INDIAN COAST

• Climate & Climate Change • Climate Change Studies by

Indian Institutes • Climate Change Projections o Cyclonic Storms o Storm Surges o Storm Surge Projections o Waves o Wave Projections o Sea Level Rise o Sea Level Trends o Sea Level Projections


Proposed Data Presentation in India-WRIS


SLR trend from historic data


SLR Proje-ction 2100


Significant wave height projections 2050 & 2100

APPENDIX 14: USING THE WRIS DATABASE

• India-WRIS • CRCPMP Data

Development o IIT Bombay o IIT Delhi o NIO, Goa o IITM, Pune o Climsystems, NZ

• Quality Assurance Process

• Coastal Data Proposed to Port in WRIS as Part of the CRCPMP

• Data Format in WRIS


APPENDIX 15 : ECONOMICS AND LIFE-CYCLE COSTING FOR COASTAL PROTECTION SCHEMES

• Cost Benefit Analysis • Assessing Costs • Assessing Benefits • Assessing When Benefits

Occur • Probability Matrix • Economic Analysis

Template • Not Quantified Costs and

Benefits • Methods of Valuing

Economic Environmental Values

Methodology Discount rate

Comment

Nourishment 1% Longlived, beneficial for full sediment cell

Offshore reefs

3% Widen beach; sediment stored in the salient

Offshore breakwaters

5% Requires more maintenance

Low-crested groynes

8% Can only slow sediment losses

Groynes 10% Needs maintenance, impact on downstream beaches

Seawalls 20% Beach is lost. Long term costs are high


APPENDIX 16 : ISLAND CASE STUDIES

Lakshadweep islands • Coastal Erosion and

Protection • Understanding the

Islands • Kavaratti Island • Shore Protection and

sand sources Andaman and Nicobar Islands Conclusions


APPENDIX 17 : CALCULATING THE MINIMUM FLOOR LEVEL

• Introduction

• Physical Environment

• Finding the Minimum Floor Level

• Description and Equations for Finding MFL


APPENDIX 18 : TRAINING MODULE FOR CLIMATE RSILIENT COASTAL PROTECTION &

MANAGEMENT

• Introduction

• Schedule and Outline of Instruction Material

• Brief Outline of Instruction Material

• Feedback and Evaluation


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