climate and terrestrial biodiversity chapter 7. 7.1
TRANSCRIPT
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Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Chapter 7
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7.1
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The Earth Has Many Different Climates
Weather – local area’s short-term temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, etc.• Measured over
hours or days
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The Earth Has Many Different Climates
Climate – area’s general pattern of atmospheric or weather conditions• Measured over
long periods of time
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The Earth Has Many Different Climates
Climate - varies over different parts of the earth• Uneven heating of
the earth’s surface by the sun
• Rotation of the earth on its axis
• Properties of air, water, and land
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Earth’s Atmosphere
Tropics – air is warmEquator – 30o N/S
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Earth’s Atmosphere
Polar regions – air is cold60o - 90o N/S
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Convection Currents
Up-and-down movement of air due to temperature differences
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Convection Currents
Rule: Hot air rises and cold air sinks.
Equator• Hot air rises and heads toward the poles
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Convection Currents
Rule: Hot air rises and cold air sinks.
Poles• Cold air rushes in to fill the space at the
equator
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Figure 6.5
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Wind
Horizontal movement of air
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Convection Currents + Earth’s Rotation
Equator
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Coriolis Effect
Earth rotates and causes circulating air to be deflected
Causes things thrown in straight line to move to the right or left (depends on hemisphere)
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Imagine a merry-go-round…
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Suppose you (represented by the dark blue circle) and a friend (represented by light blue circle) are on a merry go round.
You gently toss a ball towards your friend
The ball doesn’t actually get there!
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Coriolis Effect Summary
Causes moving objects on Earth to follow curved paths• Northern Hemisphere – follows a path to
the right of its intended target• Southern Hemisphere – follows a path to
the left of its intended target Acts on all moving objects
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Your Turn!
Deflected Activity Global Wind Patterns
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Prevailing Winds
Major wind patterns on the Earth
Direction caused by:1. Convection currents2. Earth’s rotation from west to east3. Air pressure
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Global Air Circulation
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Wind Belts
Doldrums• Between 5
degrees North and 5 degrees South latitude
• Winds are calm
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Wind Belts
Trade Winds • Historically: Used
by ships traveling between Europe and the Americas
• 5o-30o North and South of the Equator
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Trade Winds
Northern Hemisphere• Warm air around
the equator rises and flows north toward the pole• Earth’s rotation
deflects air toward the right
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Trade Winds
Southern Hemisphere• Similar pattern• Winds blow from
the southeast toward the northwest
• Descend near 30 degrees South latitude
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Wind Belts
Westerly Winds • Remaining air (air
that does not descend at 30 degrees North or South latitude) continues toward the poles
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Wind Belts
Polar Easterlies• Cool air sinks and
moves towards the equator
• Air is deflected by Earth’s rotation
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Winds Drive Surface Ocean Currents!
Global winds drag on the water’s surface• Cause water to
move and build up in the direction that the wind is blowing
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Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate Zones
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Your Turn!
Coastal Upwelling
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Climate and Biomes
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors• Biological (living)
influences on an organism within an ecosystem• Predators• Prey
Abiotic Factors• Physical (non-living)
factors that shape ecosystems• Temperature• Precipitation• Humidity
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What is a biome?
Terrestrial community that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions • Particular assemblages of plants and animals.
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Biomes
Variations in plants and animals help different species survive under different conditions in different biomes.
Tolerance - ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions
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Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical savanna
Tundra
Temperate grassland
Desert
Temperate woodlandand shrublandMountains and ice caps
Boreal forest(Taiga)
Northwesternconiferous forest
Temperate forest
60°N
30°S
0° Equator
60°S
30°N
The Major Biomes
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Biomes
Large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals• Location irrelevant
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Biomes
Not uniform; consist of a mosaic of patches with different biological communities
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Generalized Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and Biomes
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Natural Capital: Average Precipitation and Average Temperature as Limiting Factors
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Your Turn!
Biome Jigsaw Biome Bags
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Global Air Circulation, Ocean Currents, and Biomes
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Energy Transfer by Convection in the Atmosphere
Heat is absorbed and released more slowly by water than by land• Moderate weather
and climate of nearby lands
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Biomes and Climate
The climate of a region is an important factor in determining which organisms can survive there. • Temperature and precipitation
can vary over small distances.• Microclimate - the climate in a
small area that differs from the climate around it
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The Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates
Cities• Microclimates
• More haze and smog• Higher temperatures• Lower wind speeds
• Causes • Bricks, asphalt, and
concrete absorb and hold heat
• Buildings block wind flow
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The Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates
Mountains• Rain shadow effect: moist air blowing inland is forced
upward; cools and expands• Loses most of its moisture as rain or snow on the
windward slope• Air dries and warms over leeward side; increases
ability to hold moisture and dries ecosystem
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Climate Terms
Tropical – warm; receives direct or nearly direct sunlight year round
Desert - dry Temperate – moderate
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Climate Graphs of Three Types of Deserts
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Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Grasslands
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Chaparral Vegetation in Utah, U.S.
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Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Forests
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Stratification of Specialized Plant and Animal Niches in a Tropical Rain Forest
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Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
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Tundra
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Taiga
See Clip
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Tropical Rain Forest
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Temperate Forest
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Temperate Grassland
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Desert
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Chaparral