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Climate Change Issues in MalaysiaClimate change is often mistakenly associated with the weather. But weather can change from day to day, whereas

the climate is measured over a long period. In other words, climate change is the long-term alteration of temperatureand regular weather patterns in a place. Climate change is often referred to as a specific location or globally (National

Geographic Society, 2019).

Based on a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the temperature increase of

1.5°C has distinguished Southeast Asia (SEA) as among the regions that would be heavily impacted by climate

change (EY, 2020). Malaysia’s 2018 climate change report to the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC) mentioned that the country’s temperature, rainfall and sea levels have been

increasing in the last four decades and are projected to continue rising by 2050. These events can bring added

vulnerability, particularly to the urban population who live in low elevation coastal areas (Lee, 2019). It is

estimated that up to 1 million urban populations in East Malaysia and up to 5 million urban populations in

Peninsular Malaysia are at risk from climate impacts in the 2050s (UCCRN, 2018).To change ingrained

behaviours and habits that are detrimental to the health of our planet, a significant understanding of climate

change and its impact is highly fundamental (Zalina et al, 2015). The subject of polar bears bearing

Malaysian Youth Representation:

P R E P A R E D B Y N U R U L H A M I Z A H B I N T I A F A N D I ( P R O J E C T L E A D ) , K O H H U I

H O N G , S O F I A H H A N I M B I N T I S H U H A I Z A N , L I N M I N G Y A O A N DA R I J E Y S U R A

CLIMATE CHANGE

PUBLICATION SOCIAL RESEARCH DEPT20/21

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a classic icon for climate change may be a problem in itself (Ong et al, 2020). Therefore, climate change issues

must be communicated effectively in a localised manner to ensure that relevant knowledge of local climate

change will lead to positive behavioural change in the general public (Zalina et al, 2015; Ong et al, 2020).

Climate change occurrence in Malaysiaa) Coastal erosion

Coastal erosion is one of the significant impacts of rising sea level. As one of the most concerning effects of

climate change, the rising sea level intensifies the severity of coastal erosion with the intermingled effects from

existing occurrences such as high spring tides and storm surges (Sofia Ehsan et al, 2019). From 1984 to 2013,

the total eroded area of 1878.5 hectares and total accretion area of 2447.4 hectares were recorded in Selangor

alone. In Johor, 85.84 % of Batu Pahat experienced extreme erosion phenomena in the span of only 3 years.

Further monitoring proves that strong ocean currents, waves, and winds damage the infrastructure near coastal

areas, which compromises the socio-economic livelihood of the island communities (Sofia Ehsan et al, 2019). In

Peninsular Malaysia, coastal erosion’s economic and social consequences include damages to the crops,

housing, and public facilities as most of the agricultural lands are severely endangered by invasive seawater that

further impacts the rural communities’ main source of income (Yanalagaran and Ramli, 2018).

b) Air pollution

Air pollution is a seasonal occurrence in Malaysia, with haze being the most common type of air pollution

happening in the country which impacts all Malaysians both from rural and urban communities. In 2020,

Malaysia was ranked 58th globally in air pollution which puts its yearly average into the moderately polluted

range (+IQAir, 2020). Even though Malaysia is placed in the moderately polluted range, there are months

throughout the year that experience rapid spikes in pollution, which usually happen during monsoon changes.

Although haze causes many health-related problems - mainly respiratory illnesses, the major contributors to air

pollution are human activities itself and industrialisation (The Star, 2020). Slash-and-burn activities, as well as

wild forest and peat soil fires that cause destruction to the forest, are the main factors of haze; therefore air

pollution is indeed a climate change issue as it threatens the protection of forests and peatlands which serve as

carbon sinks and natural habitats to the endangered species (Earth Hour, 2015).

c) Floods

Floods are often described as the most disastrous natural disaster in Malaysia. Apart from coastal erosion and

air pollution, climate impacts such as the increase in rainfall intensity had also caused flooding.


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For the past few decades, annual rainfall trends in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak have shown an

increase from 1990 onwards. This had led to the occurrence of major floods in 2010, 2012 and 2014

(MESTECC, 2018). According to the Malaysian Drainage and Irrigation Department, floods in Malaysia are

categorised into two; flash floods and monsoon floods. While flash floods take only a few hours to return to the

normal water level; meanwhile, monsoon floods can last up to a month to recover (Mohd Taib, Jaharuddin &

Dato’ Mansor, 2016). At the beginning of 2021, several states in Malaysia experienced flooding, which was

locally claimed as the worst flooding in half a century. The East Coast region recorded at least six deaths, with

nearly 50,000 people evacuated after monsoon rains pounded the region (ALJAZEERA, 2021). Around the same

time, Sabah and Sarawak were also experiencing flooding, and about 6,000 people were evacuated from the

affected areas (Davies, 2021). Despite plannings and flood prevention, our drainage and waterways are unable

to handle exceptional rainfalls, which will inevitably lead to flooding that consequently cause massive damage

to infrastructure and socio-economic losses. According to an assessment carried out in 2000, it is estimated

that the total flood-prone area in Malaysia is about 29,800 km2 which encompasses about 9% of the size of the

country, affecting 4.8 million people or 22% of the whole population (MESTECC, 2018:97). The inhabitants of

the East Coast states (Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang) as well as Sabah and Sarawak - especially the youth - are

more likely to have experienced and heavily affected by floods in comparison to other environment and

climate-related effects happening in Malaysia (UNDP, UNICEF and EcoKnights, 2020).

Figure 1: Projected Changes in Flood Areal Extent for the Selected 15 Flood Prone Basins in Peninsular Malaysia.(MESTECC, 2018)


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d) Landslides

According to Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (2020), landslides are impacted by climate

change as the changes in precipitation and temperature cause alteration to slopes and bedrock stability. In

Malaysia, the main factor that causes landslides is rainfall, stormwater activities and poor slope management,

which becomes a threat to infrastructure and people’s livelihoods. A research centre of the Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia (UTM) has identified 21,000 landslide hotspots in the country, most of which are located in Peninsular

Malaysia.


Figure 2: Landslide risk map of Peninsular Malaysia (Public Works Department, 2009)

Generally, the high-risk areas with a history of landslides include Ulu Klang in Selangor, which claimed many

casualties and losses. Additionally, a total of 1,740 slopes in Kuala Lumpur are vulnerable to landslides. Among

the 1,740 hill slopes, at least 620 were classified as very high risk while the rest were high risk (UNDRR & adpc,

2020). The impact of landslides in Malaysia has given rise to environmental and socioeconomic issues such as

loss of lives, damaged properties and infrastructures, psychological pressures among the victims, disputes on

land boundaries and also land degradation (Rahman & Mapjabil 2017).

e) Drought

Drought can be defined as a prolonged period of abnormal rainfall deficit leading to water scarcity, crop

damage, depletion of streamflow and groundwater or soil moisture reduction. The link between climate change

and drought is that as more greenhouse gas emissions are released into the air, air temperature increases which

will lead to more moisture evaporating from lands, lakes, rivers and other bodies of water (Climate Reality

Project, 2016). One of the common climate patterns that cause drought in Malaysia is the El Nino occurrence.

El Nino is a periodic occurrence that can be described as a warm oceanic phase where a current of warm

nutrient-poor water replaces the cool nutrient-rich water within the Pacific area.

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An oceanographer stated that the El Nino phenomenon of extreme weather is happening more frequently

because of climate change. The oceanographer Mohd Fadzil Akhir, mentioned that Malaysians in the past had

experienced hot weather conditions from the El Nino phenomenon every ten years (Kaur, 2020). However,

instead of every ten years, El Nino occurrence is now every 5-7 years. Malaysians are expected to experience

extreme hot weather every 2-3 years. El Nino brings a prolonged period of drought, which impacts the

environmental, social, and economic sectors in Malaysia, such as the increase of wildfires, low productivity of

agriculture, economic losses, and disrupts water supply.

Climate Change Policies

Since the ratification of the UNFCCC by the Malaysian government in 1994, Malaysia has been setting clear

climate targets for the country, notably achieving a 45% reduction in greenhouse gases (GhG) emissions

intensity per unit GDP by 2030 as compared to 2005 values. The government’s efforts to meet these

Nationally Determined Contributions can be seen in the mitigation policies that have been set out in the 11th

Malaysian Plan (PMO, 2016). However, the nation's focus and financial resources to mitigate climate change

are often hampered by adaptation expenditure such as flood defence in coastal regions and the losses

associated with natural disasters. Hence, Malaysian climate policies often centred around market formation by

the government to provide the necessary incentives for private investments to flourish. This can be seen in the

mission to improve Malaysia’s renewable contribution to the grid as the government has implemented a feed-in

tariff system that allows private generators of renewable electricity to resell the excess energy to our major

utility providers. Efforts as such are done alongside the development of sustainable financing mechanisms,

including loans that have their interest rates pegged to sustainability KPIs.

Malaysia has also focused on ensuring the security of natural resources, including the rich biodiversity that the

country is blessed with. This comes in the form of strict conservation acts and policies that protect terrestrial

and marine areas alike.

Why youth?The advent of the increasing impacts of climate change on society brings to question Malaysian youths’ role

(aged between 15 and 30) in advocating climate change action (Yunus and Landau, 2019). But why are youths,

in particular, the ideal representation for the fight against climate change?

a) Youth representation serves as a dire reminder of why adults should be concerned

Youths are the perfect spearhead in the advocacy because they will face the immediate repercussions from


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from the past generation’s oversights in climate change (UNDP, UNICEF & EcoKnights, 2020). Malaysian

youths have already started facing the brunt of the impacts of climate change, as shown by the worsening

climate change issues in Malaysia (UNDP, UNICEF & EcoKnights, 2020). The National Youth Climate Change

Survey(NYCCS) reports that 71.1% of Malaysian youths have already felt the impacts of air pollution in the past

3 years (UNDP, UNICEF & EcoKnights, 2020). Reasons that could have contributed to such a high proportion of

impacted youths could be due to the 2019 Southeast Asian haze, which led to school closures in Malaysia (Lai,

2019), or more recently, forest fires in Pahang due to dry spells caused by rising temperatures (Alagesh, 2021).

Putting youths at the forefront of the battle reminds everyone who the continuing disregard of climate change

will most impact. According to a survey in 2018, a quarter of adults felt that the most significant incentive to

address climate change was “to provide a better life for our children and grandchildren” (Marris, 2019).

Research has shown similar trends, where surveys have shown that adults were willing to spend money to

prevent future generations from being impacted by climate change, which helps to show that a significant

concern for adults with regards to climate change is its future impacts on youths (Marris, 2019). This data

suggests that youth representation reminds adults of why they should take action to circumvent climate

change, to safeguard the future of the future generation.

b) Youths can help to drive public engagement with climate change through social media

Furthermore, the younger generation has grown up in the information age, which has helped spawn highly

adaptable and technology proficient youths in response to rapidly evolving technological advancements. This

technology proficiency is reinforced by data in the NYCCS that shows that 8 in 10 Malaysian youths have social

media as their primary source of information regarding climate change, representing the movement away from

conventional media to digital media (UNDP, UNICEF & EcoKnights, 2020). This emphasis on social media as a

source of information for climate change can help breed interconnectivity amongst youths and other internet

users on climate change action. This interconnectivity arises because social media allows for engagement

between users and serves as a platform for discussion for climate change activists and everyone who uses

social media regardless of their stance on climate change action (Ellis, 2019). As youths are interconnected to

other social media users, they can also play a massive part in publicising news and awareness regarding climate

change action to other social media users due to the ease of sharing information.

With around 86% (28million) of the population in Malaysia being active internet users (Kemp, 2021), we can

infer that the media plays a heavy role in dictating every individual’s lifestyle choices in Malaysia regardless of

their age demographic. Social media, in particular, plays a vital role in the consumption habits and lifestyles


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of users with regards to sustainability and the environment (Valentine, 2019). With that said, youths are readily

adaptable to lifestyle choices that can help rectify the deteriorating effects of climate change (Pandve,

Deshmukh, Pandve & Patil, 2009). Therefore, youth influencers play a vital role in increasing exposure to such

lifestyle changes, such as low-carbon and greener lifestyles, through social media which will aid action and

initiatives in the entire nation.

Existing Movement


a) Malaysian Youth Delegation

The Malaysian Youth Delegation (“MYD”) was established in 2015 as a local youth climate movement to raise

awareness on climate policies among Malaysians through creating relatable contents on international and

domestic climate policies to the general public. In addition to educating the public on climate policies, MYD also

holds information sessions and workshops on recent updates in the climate policy world.

b) Klima Action Malaysia

Klima Action Malaysia (“KAMY”) is a local youth-led climate justice movement that aims to increase the public’s

climate literacy through publications and workshops. In 2020, KAMY collaborated with 17 grassroots

communities ranging from environmental, women’s and human rights NGOs and indigenous communities to put

together the Climate Emergency Action Coalition to hold Malaysian leaders accountable in tackling climate

issues in Malaysia.

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c) Youths United For Earth

Youths United For Earth (“YUFE”) was established in 2020 as a youth-led platform that aims to amplify the

voices of youth in the environmental landscape through showcasing young Malaysian environmentalist’s

journey and struggles in climate change activism. In collaboration with Roots & Shoots Malaysia, YUFE

launched a Mentorship Program that provides a platform for passionate individuals to connect and gain

expertise from Climate Change activists.

Based on the National Youth Climate Change Survey by UNDP, UNICEF and EcoKnights, 9 in 10 youth in

Malaysia have experienced environment and climate-related effects in the last three years. Besides, 91.9%

of young people think that climate change is a crisis.

d) MyHutan

MyHutan is a local youth environment initiative that seeks to ensure financing for forest conservation is

institutionalised in the Federal Constitution. MyHutan aims to raise awareness to establish accountability on

the Malaysian government to disburse capital to state governments to maintain and increase protected forest in

Malaysia.

Individual Action Youth has been acknowledged as the essential stakeholder to engage and the one with the most advocacy

power. UNICEF Executive Director Henrietta Fore mentioned that engaging youth as agents of change is one

of the solutions in addressing climate change, and the investment in such a solution is vital to ease recovery

from the global Covid-19 pandemic.

a) Youth in Climate Change

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The survey also found that 92.0% of young people have taken personal action to address climate change in

the last three years. This finding illustrates the interest among youth in taking a proactive approach to

address climate change (UNDP, UNICEF and EcoKnights, 2020).

The perception that a climate-friendly lifestyle is expensive

Lack of information and knowledge on what they can do and how do they get involved in addressing

climate change

The perception that their actions are not impactful, which could lead to discouragement and indifference

Practising good environmental-saving habits such as waste minimisation and management (3R), reducing

electric consumption, and making use of the public transportation

Participating or volunteering in climate action programmes and environmental activities such as tree

planting

Joining environmental organisations or movements to gain exposure to climate-related issues

b) Why are some youths taking action, but not others?

According to the same survey, some barriers for youth in tackling climate change include:

The findings from the survey have also shown that knowledge of climate change is strongly correlated with

taking action. Respondents with a good level of understanding and perception towards climate change issues

are more likely to have taken action to address the issue. This might suggest that interventions that focus on

educating and raising awareness among youths to foster better knowledge and understanding of climate topics

are essential to encourage positive changes in tackling climate action (UNDP, UNICEF and EcoKnights, 2020).

c) Despite the barriers, what are the actions youth can take to address climate change?

Youth can help mitigate climate change through meaningful yet meaningful actions (Monta, 2020), such as:

Furthermore, 19.4% of Malaysian youths who responded to the survey also recommended that ‘education,

awareness and structured reform of educational systems’ should be the government's top priority in addressing

climate change, apart from general environmental cooperation activities and stricter law enforcement (UNDP,

UNICEF and EcoKnights, 2020).

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