clicks + trills february 5, 2014 announcements and such 1.i’m in the midst of grading production...
TRANSCRIPT
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Clicks + Trills
February 5, 2014
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Announcements and Such1. I’m in the midst of grading Production Exercise #1.
• You should hear something about it by tonight.
2. Production Exercise #2 (on place of articulation and airstream mechanisms) will be posted after you get comments back on Production Exercise #1.
3. We should check out Miriam Makeba’s “Click Song”...
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Click Examples• Clicks can be made at five different places of articulation.
• Languages which use clicks as contrastive sounds are exclusively found in southern and central Africa.
• Particularly in the Khoisan languages
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!Xoo Examples• !Xoo (spoken in Botswana) contrasts clicks at all five places of articulation
• Note that !Xoo is also a tone language.
• By convention, a [k] appears before all click sounds, to represent the velar closure.
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Click Places
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Click Cues• All clicks are very high in acoustic intensity
• i.e., loud
• Alveolar and palatal clicks have a transient (short) release
• Dental and bilabial clicks have an affricated release
• Lateral clicks are somewhere in between
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Clicks in connected speech
• If you listen to clicks as they are produced in a long sequence of connected speech, you may experience a phenomenon known as perceptual streaming.
Sound file source: http://www.rdg.ac.uk/%7Ellsroach/fue/
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Deep Thought Questions#1: Is it possible to make a voiced click?
• Yes.
#2: Is it possible to make an aspirated click?
• Sort of.
#3: Is it possible to make a nasal click?
• Yes.
#4: Is it possible to make an ejective click?
• Sort of.
• Accompanying articulations may be made in conjunction with the click’s velar closure.
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Zulu Clicks
• Zulu is spoken in South Africa.
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Zhu|hoasi Clicks
• Zhu|hoasi is spoken in Namibia and Botswana.
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Airstream SummaryAirflowPulmonic Glottalic Velaric
OUT fricatives, ejectives unattested
(egressive) vowels,
stops, etc.
IN (Tsou) implosives clicks
(ingressive)
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Back to Aerodynamics• Aerodynamic method #1: Stops
A. start air flow
• Remember: Boyle’s Law
• And: Air flows from high to low pressure
B. stop air flow
• Just bring two articulators together.
C. release air flow
• Just relax!
• Not an explosion
• Air pressure differences do the work
• Release burst example: Bengali exercises
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Another Aerodynamic Method• What kind of sound is this?
• A Trill. A Bilabial Trill:
• Examples from Kele and Titan
• (Island of Manus, north of New Guinea)
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How Fast?• Any volunteers?
• Take a look at the waveform
• (Note: period vs. frequency)
• Do we close and relax our lips each time we do this?
• No?
• When air blows the lips apart, why don’t they stay apart?
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Bernoulli Effect• In a flowing stream of particles:
• the pressure exerted by the particles is inversely proportional to their velocity
• Pressure = constant
velocity
• P = k / v
• the higher the velocity, the lower the pressure
• the lower the velocity, the higher the pressure
Daniel Bernoulli
(1700-1782)
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Bernoulli Examples
• Airplane wing
• Frisbee
• Shower Curtain
• Pieces of paper
• Bilabial trills!
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A Trilling Schematic• Lips are closed
• adducted = brought together
• Fad = adductive force
upper lip
lower lip
inside of mouth
outside of mouth
Fad
Fad
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Trilling: Stage 1• Pressure builds up inside mouth from compression of lungs
• Pin = Air Pressure inside mouth
• Outside pressure remains constant
• Pout = Air Pressure outside mouth
PinPout = k
Fad
Fad
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Trilling: Stage 1• Pressure differential between inside and outside builds up
• This exerts force against the lips
PinPout = k
Fad
Fad
P = (Pin - Pout )
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Trilling: Stage 2• Pressure differential blows open lips
• Air rushes from high to low pressure
PinPout = k
Fad
Fad
air
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Trilling: Stage 2• The opening of the lips means:
1. P decreases slightly
2. High velocity of air flowing between lips
3. Air pressure decreases between lips (Bernoulli Effect)
PinPout = k
Fad
Fad
Pbl
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Trilling: Stage 3• Lips get sucked back together
PinPout = k
Fad
Fad
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Trilling: Back to Stage 1• If air is still flowing out of lungs, pressure will rise again
within mouth
• Process will repeat itself as long as air is pushed up from lungs and lips are held lightly against each other
PinPout = k
Fad
Fad
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Trilling: Back to Stage 1• Air rushes through the lips in a series of short, regular
bursts
Pin
Fad
Fad