clement et al 141116 pp accepted - connecting repositories · 2017. 2. 8. · 114 [14] and fewer...
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This is an Open Access document downloaded from ORCA, Cardiff University's institutional
repository: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/96399/
This is the author’s version of a work that was submitted to / accepted for publication.
Citation for final published version:
Clement, Mathew, Marsden, Morgan, Stacey, Maria, Abdul-Karim, Juneid, Gimeno Brias, Silvia,
Costa Bento, Diana Filipa, Scurr, Martin, Weaver, Casey, Carlesso, Gianluca, Clare, Simon, Jones,
Simon, Godkin, Andrew, Ghazal, Peter, Jones, Gareth and Humphreys, Ian Cytomegalovirus-
specific IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells are governed by type-I IFN-induced IL-27 and promote
virus persistence. Plos Pathogens file
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1
Cytomegalovirus-specific IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells are 1
governed by type-I IFN-induced IL-27 and promote virus 2
persistence 3
4
5
Mathew Clement1*, Morgan Marsden1, Maria A. Stacey1, Juneid Abdul-Karim1, Silvia 6
Gimeno Brias1, Diana Costa Bento1, Martin J. Scurr1, Casey T. Weaver3, Gianluca 7
Carlesso4, Simon Clare5, Simon A. Jones1, Andrew Godkin1, Peter Ghazal2, Gareth 8
W. Jones1 & Ian R. Humphreys1,5* 9
10
1Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom 11
2Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of 12
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 13
3Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA 14
4Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Research Department, MedImmune 15
LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA 16
5Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridgeshire, UK 17
18
Keywords: cytomegalovirus, CD4+ T-cells, IL-10, IL-27R, type-I IFN 19
*Corresponding authors: Dr. Mathew Clement ([email protected]) & Dr Ian R. 20
Humphreys ([email protected]) 21
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Abstract 28
CD4+ T cells support host defence against herpesviruses and other viral pathogens. 29
We identified that CD4+ T cells from systemic and mucosal tissues of hosts infected 30
with the β-herpesviridae human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or murine cytomegalovirus 31
(MCMV) express the regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. IL-10+CD4+ T cells co-32
expressed TH1-associated transcription factors and chemokine receptors. Mice 33
lacking T cell-derived IL-10 elicited enhanced antiviral T cell responses and restricted 34
MCMV persistence in salivary glands and secretion in saliva. Thus, IL-10+CD4+ T 35
cells suppress antiviral immune responses against CMV. Expansion of this T-cell 36
population in the periphery was promoted by IL-27 whereas mucosal IL-10+ T cell 37
responses were ICOS-dependent. Infected Il27rα-deficient mice with reduced 38
peripheral IL-10+CD4+ T cell accumulation displayed robust T cell responses and 39
restricted MCMV persistence and shedding. Temporal inhibition experiments 40
revealed that IL-27R signaling during initial infection was required for the suppression 41
of T cell immunity and control of virus shedding during MCMV persistence. IL-27 42
production was promoted by type-I IFN, suggesting that β-herpesviridae exploit the 43
immune-regulatory properties of this antiviral pathway to establish chronicity. Further, 44
our data reveal that cytokine signaling events during initial infection profoundly 45
influence virus chronicity. 46
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Author summary 56
Viruses including the pathogenic β-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can 57
replicate within and disseminate from mucosal tissues. Understanding how to 58
improve antiviral immune responses to restrict virus replication in the mucosa could 59
help counter virus transmission. Studies in the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) 60
model have demonstrated the importance of the CD4+ T cells in control of mucosal 61
MCMV replication. However, this process is inefficient, allowing virus persistence. 62
Herein, we reveal that production by CD4+ T cells of the immune-suppressive soluble 63
protein, or cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10 facilitates virus persistence in mucosal tissue. 64
Mice deficient in T cell-derived IL-10 mounted heightened T cell responses and 65
reduced virus replication in the salivary glands and shedding in the saliva. The 66
cytokine IL-27 induced IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells in the periphery whereas a cell 67
surface-expressed protein, ICOS, promoted mucosal IL-10+ T cell responses. IL-27 68
acted in the initial stages of infection to impinge on T cell responses and antiviral 69
control. In turn, IL-27 production in response to viral infection was triggered by type I 70
interferon, a prototypic antiviral cytokine. Thus, our data suggest that herpesviruses 71
may exploit immune-suppressive properties of this early antiviral cytokine response 72
to facilitate persistence within and shedding from mucosal tissue. 73
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Introduction 84
85
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes 86
lifelong infection. Infectious virus is usually acquired by horizontal transmission via 87
mucosal secretions and urine. HCMV infection is typically asymptomatic in healthy 88
individuals. However in the immunocompromised such as HIV-infected individuals 89
and patients receiving immune-suppressive drugs, the virus can reactivate with 90
debilitating consequences [1,2]. Further, HCMV is the leading congenital infection in 91
the World, infecting up to 2.5% of live births and causing life-long neurological 92
defects [3]. 93
94
HCMV employs a range of immune evasion strategies to facilitate persistence. These 95
include down-regulation of MHC and co-stimulatory ligands and modulation of host 96
cytokine production [4,5]. Notably, HCMV encodes its own ortholog of the immune-97
regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 [6]. Two isoforms of viral IL-10 exist, both of 98
which suppress immune cell activation in vitro [7,8] and induce expression of cellular 99
IL-10 [9,10], suggesting the importance of the immune suppressive functions of IL-10 100
in HCMV infection in vivo. The murine CMV (MCMV) model is well established as a 101
model for HCMV infection in vivo due to similar cellular and tissue tropism, and 102
comparable anti-viral immune responses [11]. While MCMV does not encode a vIL-103
10, cellular IL-10 is induced upon infection of macrophages in vitro [12]. Data 104
obtained from the MCMV model has demonstrated an important protective role for 105
cellular IL-10 during acute CMV infection. Myeloid cells and B cells are the 106
predominant sources of IL-10 during initial MCMV infection [13,14]. IL-10 limits virus 107
induced weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation-induced NK 108
cell death [13-15]. Sustained acute MCMV replication in situations of high virus load 109
also induces IL-10 production by NK cells that restricts CD8+ T cell-mediated immune 110
pathology [16]. In contrast, production of IL-10 during chronic MCMV infection 111
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suppresses viral clearance. Indeed, IL-10-deficient mice exhibit dramatic expansions 112
of virus-specific T cell responses, reduced virus persistence in the salivary glands 113
[14] and fewer viral genome copies in peripheral tissues during chronic/latent 114
infection [17]. Furthermore, persistent MCMV replication in the salivary glands is 115
dramatically restricted by the blockade of IL-10R signaling [18]. These data suggest 116
that although blocking the action of IL-10 during acute CMV infection may be harmful 117
to the host, targeting IL-10-mediated regulation of antiviral T cell responses may 118
impinge on virus chronicity and restrict horizontal virus transmission via mucosal 119
surfaces. 120
121
Previous studies have shown that TH1 cells can produce IL-10 under certain 122
conditions [19-24]. IL-10 producing TH1 cells have been shown to be protective in 123
parasitic infections by limiting infection-related pathology [24-26]. However, in the 124
context of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) infection, virus replication is 125
accompanied by the production of IL-10+ T cells [27,28], and genetic deletion of IL-10 126
within T cells (or LysM+ cells) reduces virus chronicity [29]. HCMV-encoded latency 127
associated antigens induce CD4+/IL-10+ responses in healthy donors [30]. MCMV-128
specific IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells has also been described [17,31,32], and 129
CD4+ cell-derived IL-10 suppresses control of virus replication and leukocyte 130
accumulation during acute MCMV infection [33]. A substantial proportion of CD4+ T 131
cells express IL-10 upon polyclonal stimulation in salivary glands during MCMV 132
persistence [18]. However it is currently unknown how the expansion of these cells is 133
controlled during infection, and whether IL-10 production by T cells impacts on 134
MCMV chronicity . 135
136
Type-I IFNs are prototypic antiviral cytokines that exert important control of viral 137
replication. However inappropriate type-I IFN responses promote pathogenesis 138
associated with acute viral infections, and prolonged expression of type-I IFNs in 139
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chronic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus 140
is implicated in driving immune pathology and antagonizing antiviral T cell responses 141
(reviewed in [34]). Further, in the LCMV model of infection, blockade of type-I IFN 142
receptor signaling in certain situations may enhance CD4+ T cell immunity and 143
control of virus chronicity, an outcome associated with reduced development of 144
immune-suppressive DCs [35,36]. Although type-I IFN is critical for early control of 145
CMV replication [37], the role that type-I has in shaping adaptive immunity during 146
CMV infection in incompletely understood. 147
148
The IL-12 family member IL-27 exhibits a broad spectrum of functions, including the 149
regulation of infection-induced pathologies (reviewered in [38]). Indeed, experiments 150
in murine influenza infection demonstrated that IL-27 restricts virus-induced 151
pathology associated with exuberant neutrophil, TH1 and TH17 responses [39]. IL-27 152
induces IL-10 expression by CD8+ T cells [40-42], and IL-27-dependent control of 153
influenza-induced inflammation is partially dependent upon IL-10 [39]. However, IL-154
27 impairs control of acute mouse hepatitis replication and associated pathology 155
following infection of the CNS and this phenotype is associated with reduced 156
accumulation of IL-10+ CD4+ T cells [43]. Paradoxically, IL-27 exerts cell intrinsic 157
positive regulation of antiviral CD4+ T cell responses during chronic LCMV infection, 158
promoting control of virus replication [44]. Moreover, IL-27 inhibits replication of both 159
HIV and HCV via the induction of interferon-stimulated genes [45,46], suggesting that 160
IL-27 is beneficial to the host during chronic viral infections. 161
162
Herein we investigated the role that IL-10+CD4+ T cells play in regulation of MCMV 163
specific T cell immunity. We identified that T cell-derived IL-10 suppressed T cell 164
response during persistent infection and subsequently promoted chronic virus 165
replication. We revealed that an axis involving type-I IFN and IL-27 promotes the 166
generation of peripheral IL-10-producing T cells that suppress antiviral immunity, 167
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suggesting that CMV exploits this immune-regulatory pathway induced early in 168
infection to ensure viral persistence within mucosal tissue. 169
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Results 196
197
Virus-specific CD4+ T cells produce IL-10 during MCMV infection in peripheral 198
and mucosal tissue 199
We previously demonstrated that CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells produce IL-10 during 200
MCMV infection of the salivary glands, and that IL-10 promotes MCMV persistence 201
[18]. Therefore we sought to assess virus-specific CD4+ T cell production of IL-10 202
over time. Using a panel of MHC class II-restricted peptides identified to induce CD4 203
T cell responses during acute and persistent MCMV infection [32], we first defined 204
the antigen hierarchy of CD4+/IL-10+ production in both the mucosa and periphery 205
during MCMV infection using CD4-Cre-IL-10flox/flox (Cre-) mice, and mice lacking T cell 206
derived IL-10 (CD4-Cre+IL-10flox/flox, Cre+) as controls for IL-10 staining. In accordance 207
with data derived from polyclonally-stimulated CD4+ T cells [18], high frequencies of 208
virus-specific IL-10+CD4+ T cells were observed in salivary glands after MCMV 209
infection (Fig. 1A&B), peaking at d14 post-infection (pi). Frequencies of salivary 210
gland IL-10+CD4+ T cells were substantially higher than CD4+ T cells producing IFNγ 211
(Fig. 1C) suggesting that, at this time-point, IL-10+ T cells were the dominant MCMV-212
specific T cell response. We also detected virus-specific CD4+/IL-10+ T cells in the 213
periphery (Fig. 1A&D), highlighting that IL-10 production was not restricted to 214
mucosal CD4+ T cells [14,32]. The peripheral IL-10+CD4+ T cell response reactive to 215
M25, m142 and, to a lesser extent, m139, peaked during acute infection d7 pi (Fig. 216
1D) although, unlike salivary gland responses, were not present at higher 217
frequencies than IFNγ+ cells (Fig. 1E). Splenic IL-10+ CD4+ T cell frequencies also 218
contracted rapidly, remaining at low but significant levels during the remaining course 219
of infection. 220
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Figure 1. Virus-specific CD4+ T-cells produce IL-10 during MCMV infection 224
CD4-Cre-IL-10flox/flox (Cre-) mice were infected with MCMV and at day 7, 14, 30 and 60 pi 225
leukocytes from the salivary glands (A-C &F) and spleen (A, &D-F) were isolated. (A) 226
Representative bivariant FACS plots of IL-10 versus IFNγ expression by viable (aqua 227
live/dead-) salivary gland (top) and splenic (bottom) CD4+CD3+ cells. CD4
+/IFNγ
+ and 228
CD4+/IL-10+ responses were measured after 6-hour stimulation with m09, M25, m139 229
and m142 MHCII MCMV antigens. Data is shown as mean ± SEM percent IL-10+ (B&D) 230
and percent + SEM IFNγ+ (C&E) CD4+ cells and (F) IL-10+, IFNγ
+ and double positive 231
cells over time. Data represents 8-16 mice per group and is representative of 2-3 232
experiments per time-point. 233
234
235
MCMV-specific CD4+/IL-10+ cells express T-Bet 236
MCMV-induced IL-10+CD4+ T cells do not express TH2-associated cytokines or the 237
regulatory T cell-associated transcription factor FoxP3 [18]. IL-10 is expressed by 238
numerous T helper subsets, including TH1 cells [24,25]. Interestingly, although a 239
small CD4+IFNγ+IL-10+ response was detected in the spleen after stimulation with 240
peptide for 6 hours, few co-producing cells were detected in the salivary glands upon 241
stimulation with cognate peptide (Fig. 1A&F), whereas MCMV-induced IL-10+CD4+ T 242
cells in the spleen and salivary glands can co-express IFNγ when poly-clonally 243
stimulated with PMA and ionomycin. 244
245
To further investigate the phenotype of IL-10+CD4+ T cells, we performed 246
transcription factor profiling of these cells using 10-BiT reporter mice that express the 247
surface marker CD90.1 (Thy1.1) under control of the IL-10 promoter without 248
impacting on endogenous IL-10 production [47]. We studied CD4+IL-10+ cells in the 249
spleen and salivary glands at peak responsiveness (d7 and d14, respectively). In 250
accordance with the ability to express IFNγ in response to polyclonal stimulation, 251
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significant expression of the TH1-associated transcription factor T-Bet was observed 252
in salivary gland and, to a lesser extent, splenic Thy1.1+ CD4+ T cells (Fig. 2A-C). In 253
contrast, Thy1.1+ CD4+ T cells did not express the TH17-associated transcription 254
factor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, nor did they co-express Tr1 cell markers CD49b 255
and LAG-3 (S1 Figure). Instead, splenic Thy1.1+ CD4+ T cells co-expressed the TH1-256
associated chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 (Fig. 2D). Although Thy1.1+ and 257
Thy1.1- salivary gland CD4+ T cells expressed low levels of CXCR3 and CCR5 14 258
days pi (Fig. 2D), high expression of their cognate chemokines during salivary gland 259
MCMV infection [48] is consistent with the hypothesis that these receptors are 260
internalized upon binding to their chemokine ligands within infected tissue. 261
262
To further explore the transcription control of IL-10 production by CD4+IL-10+ cells, 263
we examined the expression of Blimp-1 and c-Maf [49]. Significant expression of both 264
transcription factors was detected in Thy.1.1+ cells from the spleen and salivary 265
glands of infected mice (Fig. 2A-C). Furthermore, with the exception of Blimp-1 266
expression by salivary gland CD4+ T cells, increased expression of T-Bet, Blimp-1 267
and c-Maf by Thy1.1+ was measured as compared to Thy1.1- cells (Fig. 2A-C). 268
Overall, the combination of transcription factor and chemokine receptor expression of 269
IL-10+CD4+ T cells induced in response to MCMV indicated that these cells 270
originated from a TH1 lineage. 271
272
Figure 2. Transcription factor profiling of CD4+/IL-10+ producing T cells 273
10-BiT reporter mice were infected with MCMV and at day 7 and d14 pi spleen and 274
salivary glands were isolated. (A) Representative bivariant FACS plot of viable (aqua 275
live/dead-) Thy1.1 expression by CD4+CD3+ cells (top) and representative histograms of 276
T-Bet, BLIMP-1 and c-maf expression or (D) contour FACS plot of CXCR3/CCR5 277
expression by Thy1.1- or Thy1.1
+ CD4
+CD3
+ cells. Control = fluorescent minus one-278
stained Thy1.1+ samples from each time-point. (B&C) Intensity of transcription factor 279
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staining by CD4+CD3+ cells in the spleen (B) and salivary glands (C) is shown as mean + 280
SEM of 5-6 mice/group and is representative of 2 separate experiments. 281
282
283
HCMV specific T-cells in peripheral blood and mucosal tissue secrete IL-10 284
We next asked whether HCMV-specific T cells reactive to common HCMV antigens 285
would also produce IL-10. Healthy colon and peripheral blood was obtained from 286
colorectal cancer (CRC) patients undergoing colonic resection and we assessed 287
glycoprotein B (gB, UL55) and tegument (pp65, UL83) specific IL-10/IFNγ production 288
using fluorospot. As compared to the low baseline IL-10/IFNγ production by medium-289
stimulated T cells (Fig. 3A), notable albeit variable frequencies of pp65 and gB 290
specific cytokine production were measured in blood (Fig. 3B). Interestingly, IL-10 291
production dominated pp65- and gB-specific responses in 3 of 4 and 2 of 4 patients, 292
respectively (Fig. 3B). Importantly, we also detected HCMV-specific cytokine 293
production in leukocytes isolated from the colon (Fig. 3A&B), demonstrating the 294
presence of HCMV-specific IL-10-producing T cells in human mucosal tissues. To 295
confirm HCMV-specific IL-10 production was derived from CD4+ T cells, larger 296
volumes (50mls) of blood were drawn from healthy donors, enabling the purification 297
of CD4+ T cells prior to peptide stimulation. Again, both CD4+/IFNγ+ and CD4+/IL-10+ 298
cells were observed following stimulation with pp65 and, to a far lesser extent, gB 299
peptide pools (Fig. 3A&B). As observed in MCMV infection (Fig. 1A&F), very few 300
virus-specific cells co-produced IL-10 and IFNγ (Fig. 3A&B). Thus, overall, these data 301
demonstrate the presence of HCMV-specific IL-10+ T cells in mucosal tissue and 302
peripheral blood. 303
304
Figure 3. HCMV specific T-cells in peripheral blood and mucosal tissue secrete 305
IL-10 306
(A) Total leukocytes from colon and peripheral blood (left) or peripheral blood CD4+ T-307
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cells isolated by negative selection (right) were isolated from colorectal patients 308
undergoing surgery (left) or HCMV sero-positive healthy donors (right) were stimulated 309
with γ-irradiated autologous targets that were pre-pulsed with vehicle control, pp65 or gB 310
peptide pool. γ-irradiated autologous targets pre-pulsed with vehicle control or pp65 is 311
also shown from healthy CMV sero-positive individuals. After 16hrs, cytokine expression 312
was analyzed using a human IFNγ/IL-10 fluorospot kit where green spots represent 313
IFNγ+ cells, red spots represent IL-10+ cells and yellow spots indicate dual IFNγ
+/IL-10+ 314
cells. (B) Peptide-specific spot forming cell (SFC) were calculated after subtraction of 315
SFCs in medium-stimulated wells. Data is expressed as mean + SEM of duplicate 316
values. Individual donors are shown. 317
318
319
T cell derived IL-10 restricts MCMV-specific T cell immunity 320
We sought to investigate the impact of IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells on CMV-321
specific immunity in vivo. We utilized CD4-Cre+IL-10flox/flox (Cre+) mice in which CD4+ 322
cells do not produce IL-10. We detected no compensatory IL-10 production by other 323
leukocytes in response to MCMV in these mice (S2 Figure). As compared to CD4-324
Cre-IL-10flox/flox (Cre-) control mice, Cre+ mice mounted elevated CD4+/IFNγ+ 325
responses in the salivary glands to multiple MCMV antigens throughout the course of 326
infection (Fig. 4A), most notably M25- and m142-specific cells at d14 pi when peak 327
IL-10+ responses were observed in Cre- mice (Fig. 1B). The absence of CD4+ cell-328
derived IL-10 also consistently increased the accumulation of peripheral virus-329
specific IFNγ+ CD4+ T cells during the persistent phase of infection from d14 pi (Fig. 330
4B), supporting the hypothesis that initial production of IL-10 by T cells in the 331
periphery impinged on later TH1 cell accumulation. 332
333
It has been shown that IL-10 deficiency leads to an increased splenic DC 334
accumulation and expression of co-stimulatory ligands during acute infection [14]. 335
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Cre+ mice exhibited no notable increased accumulation of splenic DCs or salivary 336
gland myeloid cells either d7 or d14 pi (S3 Figure). However, we observed an 337
increased frequency of myeloid cells expressing co-stimulatory ligands previously 338
demonstrated to enhance MCMV-specific T cell responses during virus persistence 339
[50-52], in the spleens (d7 and d14 pi) and salivary glands (d7 pi) of Cre+ mice (S3 340
Figure). Although we report some inter-experiment variability regarding the impact of 341
T cell-derived IL-10 on myeloid cell CD86 expression, collectively these data are 342
consistent with a role for T cell-derived IL-10 in modulating myeloid cell function. 343
Furthermore, in accordance with elevated CD4+ T cell responses in Cre+ mice (Fig. 344
4A&B), we observed an increased accumulation of MCMV-specific CD8+ T-cells in 345
peripheral tissues (Fig. 4C). As observed in studies of IL-10-/- mice [17], T cell-346
derived IL-10 preferentially suppressed CD8+ T cell responses reactive to IE3 (Fig. 347
4C), consistent with observation that IE3-specific CD8+ T cell inflation is particularly 348
dependent upon CD4+ T cell help [53]. 349
350
Figure 4. T cell-derived IL-10 impairs anti-MCMV T cell immunity and promotes 351
virus persistence 352
CD4-Cre-IL-10flox/flox(Cre-) and CD4-Cre+IL-10flox/flox (Cre+) mice were infected with MCMV 353
and at day 7, 14, 30 and 60 pi peptide-specific CD4+ IFNγ
+ responses in the salivary 354
glands (A) and spleen (B) were measured. Data is shown as mean ± SEM of cell 355
numbers with mean of 8-17 mice per group. (C) Splenic (top) and pulmonary (bottom) 356
virus-specific CD8+ T cells were quantified with tetramers refolded around peptides from 357
MCMV antigens IE3, M38, m139 and M45. Total CD8+/CD3+ Tetramer+ cells are plotted 358
with 4-8 mice per group representative of 2 experiments. (D) Replicating virus in salivary 359
gland homogenates at day 7, 14 and 28 pi were measured by plaque assay. Data is 360
shown as individual mice + median and represents 2-3 experiments. (E) Viral genomes 361
were measured in saliva by qPCR day 7, 14, 21 and 28 pi. Data is shown as mean ± 362
SEM from 5 mice/group from 3 replicative experiments. (F) Replicating virus in salivary 363
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gland homogenates d14 pi in rag1-/-
mice following transfer of WT or IL-10-/- CD4
+ T cells. 364
Data is shown as individual mice + median and represents two separate experiments. 365
366
367
The absence of IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells controls viral replication 368
without inducing autoimmunity 369
Unlike experiments performed in BALB/c mice [33], we detect no significant virus 370
replication in the salivary glands during acute infection of C57BL/6 mice (Fig. 4D). 371
Reduced persistent virus replication is observed in salivary glands of Il-10-/- mice [14] 372
and in WT C57BL/6 mice in which IL-10R signaling is antagonized [18]. Associated 373
with elevated CD4+ T cell responses d14 pi in Cre+ mice, fewer replicating virions 374
were detectable in salivary glands as compared to controls. Furthermore, 5 out of 10 375
Cre+ mice had cleared replicating MCMV by d30 pi whereas MCMV replication was 376
detectable in all Cre- mice (Fig. 4D). Importantly, reduced virus load in Cre+ mice was 377
accompanied by decreased shedding of virus in the saliva throughout the course of 378
infection (Fig. 4E). Furthermore, improved control of virus replication in Cre+ mice 379
was not accompanied by virus-induced Sjögrens Syndrome-like disease, as 380
demonstrated by comparable salivary gland accumulation of TRAILR-expressing 381
CD4+ T cells and serum Sjögren Syndrome Antigen (SSA)-specific IgG (S4 Figure), 382
both of which are implicated in this disease [54]. 383
384
One possible caveat of studies using CD4-cre mice is that CD8+ T cells (that express 385
CD4 during thymic development) and CD4+ dendritic cells also lack IL-10 expression. 386
To prove that IL-10 derived from CD4+ T-cells facilitated MCMV persistence, we 387
negatively selected CD4+ T-cell from WT or Il-10-/- mice and adoptively transferred 388
cells into rag1-/- mice. Whereas transfer of WT CD4+ T cells reduced MCMV titers by 389
1 log 14d pi, Il-10-/- T cells reduced virus load by 2 logs (Fig. 4F), comparable to virus 390
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load in Cre+ mice at this time-point (Fig. 4D). Thus, two independent approaches 391
supported the conclusion that CD4+ T cell derived IL-10 facilitate MCMV persistence. 392
393
MCMV-induced IL-27 is secreted during acute infection and promotes the 394
development of splenic IL-10+ CD4+ T cells 395
We sought to define the factors promoting the generation of CD4+IL-10+ T cells. IL-27 396
is a potent inducer of IL-10 production [38]. We detected a substantial IL-27 p28 397
production during acute MCMV infection in the spleen that peaked d2 pi (Fig. 5A). 398
Elevated IL-27 production in the salivary glands during viral persistence was also 399
detected, albeit much lower than concentrations measured in the spleen (Fig. 5A). IL-400
27 is produced by multiple cells types with predominant expression by myeloid cells 401
[55]. In accordance, we detected a high frequency of IL-27+ splenic DCs (Fig. 5B&C) 402
and, to a lesser extent, macrophages, neutrophils and also B cells (Fig. 5B&C). 403
404
Figure 5. MCMV infection induces myeloid cell expression of IL-27 during acute 405
infection 406
Spleen and salivary glands were isolated from naïve Cre- mice or after 2 and 4 days of 407
infection. (A) IL-27 release was measured in tissue homogenate supernatants by ELISA. 408
(B&C) IL-27p28 expression by DCs (MHCII+/CD11c+/Ly6C+), Macrophages 409
(CD11b+/F480+/Ly6C+), B-cells (B220+/Siglec-H-), Neutrophils (Ly6G+) and T-cells (CD3+) 410
was assessed by intracellular cytokine staining and is shown as mean + SEM of %IL-27 411
release or by representative concatenated bivariate FACS plots (C). Gating was 412
determined using fluorescent minus one-stained samples from d2-infected mice. Data is 413
shown as 8 mice per group and is representative of at least 2 experiments. 414
415
416
To establish the link between CMV-induced IL-27 production, and the generation of 417
IL10+CD4+ T cells, the following experiments were conducted. Il-27rα-/- (wsx1-/-) mice 418
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were employed which do not respond to IL-27 as a consequence of the loss of the IL-419
27 receptor complex. Development of splenic IL-10+CD4+ T cells during acute 420
infection was almost completely abrogated in Il-27rα-/- (wsx1-/-) mice, as were the 421
smaller frequencies of IL-10+ cells present d14 pi (Fig. 6A&B). In contrast, 422
development of IL-10+CD4+ T cells in the salivary glands was comparable in WT and 423
Il-27rα-/- mice (Fig. 6A). The common IL-27 cytokine receptor glycoprotein 130 424
(gp130) is down-regulated by virus-specific memory T cells [41] and IL-10+ (Thy1.1+) 425
and IL-10- (Thy1.1-) CD4+ T cells in the salivary glands d14 pi expressed less gp130 426
than splenic T cells isolated d7 pi (Fig. 6C&D). Importantly, salivary gland IL-10+ T 427
cells expressed high levels of the co-stimulatory molecule ICOS (Fig. 6E) that has 428
previously been implicated in the development of IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells during 429
viral infection [56]. Monoclonal antibody blockade of ICOS from 6 days pi significantly 430
inhibited the development of salivary gland MCMV-specific IL-10+CD4+ T cells 14 431
days pi (Fig. 6F). In contrast, splenic IL-10+CD4+ T cells were unaffected by ICOS 432
blockade (Fig. 6G). These data suggest that differential signals are responsible for 433
induction of MCMV-specific IL-10+ T cells in different tissues during MCMV infection. 434
435
Figure 6. IL-27 promotes splenic CD4+IL-10+ T cell development whereas ICOS is 436
required for salivary gland CD4+IL-10+ T cell accumulation. 437
Il-27rα-/- or WT (C57BL/6) mice were infected with MCMV and spleen and salivary 438
gland CD4+/IL-10+ (A) responses were quantified and expressed at mean + SEM of 439
11 mice/group. (B) Representative bivariant FACS plots of IFNγ versus IL-10 440
expression by splenic CD4+CD3+ T cells. (C&D) gp130 and (E) ICOS expression by 441
IL-10+ (Thy1.1+) and IL-10- (Thy1.1-) CD4+CD3+ T cells was assessed in 10-Bit mice 442
and shown as representative FACS plots (C) and histogram overlays (E) with mean + 443
SEM of 5-6 mice/group (D). Gating was determined using Thy1.1- CD4+CD3+ cells 444
derived from fluorescent minus one-stained samples from mice infected for 14 days. 445
(F&G) WT (C57BL/6) mice were infected with MCMV and at d6 and d10 pi αICOS or 446
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Isotype antibody was added. At d14 pi (A) salivary glands and (B) spleen CD4+/IL-447
10+ responses were quantified and expressed at mean + SEM of 6 mice/group. 448
449
450
IL-27 suppresses the development of antiviral TH1 immunity and promotes 451
MCMV persistence 452
Given the reduced splenic IL-10+CD4+ T cell accumulation in Il-27rα-/- mice, we asked 453
whether antiviral TH1 responses were enhanced. IL-27R deficiency did not influence 454
virus-specific TH1 responses during acute infection (Fig. 7A). However, in 455
accordance with data derived from Cre+ mice, Il-27rα-/- mice exhibited a significantly 456
increased accumulation of virus-specific TH1 cells within the periphery and salivary 457
glands during the persistence phase of infection (Fig. 7A). As observed in Cre+ mice 458
(Fig. 4C), elevated TH1 cell were also accompanied by increased virus-specific CD8+ 459
T-cell response d30 pi (S5 Figure). In contrast, blockade of ICOS from 6 days pi did 460
not enhance virus-specific IFNγ+CD4+ T cell responses either in the spleen or 461
salivary glands 14 days pi (S6 Figure), suggesting a dominant inhibitory effect of IL-462
27-dependent IL-10+ T cell responses during the first 14 days of MCMV infection. 463
464
Given that IL-27 induction of IL-10 significantly impaired anti-MCMV T cell immunity, 465
our attention focused on whether IL-27 impacted on viral persistence. In the absence 466
of IL-27 signaling, viral load was decreased d14 pi and MCMV replication was absent 467
in salivary glands of most mice by d30 pi (Fig. 7B). Furthermore, we detected a 468
significant decrease in virus shedding by Il-27rα-/- mice in the saliva, with few viral 469
genomes detected in the saliva by d30 pi (Fig. 7C). These data are consistent with 470
the hypothesis that IL-27 induction of IL-10+CD4+ T cells in the periphery during 471
acute infection contributes to the suppression of TH1 immunity and subsequent viral 472
persistence and transmission. 473
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Figure 7. IL-27 promotes CD4+IL-10+ development and impairs anti-MCMV TH1 474
immunity and control of MCMV persistence 475
Il-27rα-/- or WT (C57BL/6) mice were infected with MCMV and spleen and salivary 476
gland CD4+/IFNγ+ (A) responses were quantified and expressed at mean + SEM of 477
11 mice/group. (B) Replicating virus in salivary gland homogenates of Il-27rα-/- and 478
WT mice is shown as individual mice + median. Data is representative of 2 479
experiments. (C) MCMV genomes in saliva were quantified by qPCR. Data is shown 480
as mean ± SEM from 11 mice per group from 2 replicative experiments. 481
482
483
MCMV-induced IL-27 production during acute infection is dependent upon 484
type-I IFN and promotes virus persistence 485
We examined the factors regulating IL-27 production in response to MCMV. Type-I 486
interferon exerts critical control of MCMV infection in vivo [57,58]. However, type-I 487
IFN induction of IL-27 during bacterial infection has been described [59]. Hence a 488
paradoxical situation may arise where type-I IFN controls CMV on one hand, but 489
induces IL-27 leading to inferior control of persistent virus replication. We examined 490
whether type-I IFN orchestrated IL-27 production in response to MCMV, using an 491
established in vitro MCMV infection system of bone marrow-derived macrophages 492
[60]. Productive infection of WT macrophages induced substantial IL-27 mRNA 493
expression, peaking 6hrs pi (Fig. 8A). Similarly, IL-27 expression was also maximally 494
induced 6hrs pi with by a non-productive viral replication, as demonstrated using 495
replication-deficient (ΔIE3) MCMV. As the primary macrophage response to viral 496
infection involves type-I IFN signaling we next directly tested the dependency of IL-27 497
induced expression in macrophages that are genetically ablated for either IFNβ 498
production or type-I IFN signaling. MCMV infection of either Ifnβ-/- or Ifnαr-/- 499
macrophages failed to induce IL-27, a result further mirrored by IFN-dependent IL-27 500
expression upon stimulation with the TLR3 agonist, Poly:IC (Fig. 8A). Moreover, 501
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administration of a blocking anti-IFNαR-1 monoclonal antibody during MCMV 502
infection in vivo inhibited IL-27 expression by all cellular subsets examined (Fig. 8B). 503
In the case of macrophages, B-cells and neutrophils, IL-27 production was almost 504
completely abrogated by IFNαR-1 blockade (Fig. 8B). To examine whether early IFN-505
induced IL-27 production shaped antiviral responses, we treated MCMV-infected 506
mice with neutralizing anti-IL-27 antibody at the time of infection (Fig. 8C). IL-27 507
neutralization significantly enhanced total virus-specific TH1 responses and reduced 508
virus shedding 14 days pi (Fig. 8D&E) whilst concurrently reducing accumulation of 509
virus-specific IL-10+CD4+ T cells in the spleen at this time (Pooled m09, M25, m139 510
and m142-specific CD4+IL-10+ T cells: Isotype control = 0.00162 × 107 cells versus 511
αIL-27 treated group = 0.000908 × 107 cells). Importantly, IL-10R blockade from the 512
time of IL-27-induced IL-10+ T cell responses (from day 6 pi) had no additional 513
inhibitory influence on IFNγ+ T cell responses and virus shedding (Fig. 8D&E). Thus, 514
IL-27 production in response to MCMV is dependent upon type-1 IFNR signaling, and 515
this axis acts during the initial days of infection to promote the accumulation of 516
MCMV-specific IL-10+CD4+ T cells, subsequently promoting virus persistence and 517
shedding from the mucosa. 518
519
Figure 8. Type-I IFN induces IL-27 expression during MCMV infection 520
(A) Heat map of IL-27 p28 mRNA expression by WT, IFNβ-/-
and IFNαR-/-
macrophages 521
following stimulation with WT MCMV (C3X), replication-deficient (ΔIE3) MCMV or 522
poly(I:C). (B) Expression of IL-27 p28 by splenic leukocytes was assessed d2 pi in Cre- 523
mice treated/not with 2 mg anti-IFNαR-1. Mean + SEM of 8 mice/group is shown and 524
data is representative of 2 separate experiments. (C) WT (C57BL/6) mice were infected 525
with MCMV treated with anti-IL-27, Isotype or virus alone. At d6 pi mice were treated 526
/not with anti-IL-10R and at d14 pi spleen CD4+/IFNγ+ (D) responses were quantified 527
and expressed as mean ± SEM of 4-15 mice/group. (E) MCMV genomes in saliva 528
were quantified by qPCR. Data shown as mean ± SEM from 4-15 mice/ group. 529
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Discussion 530
531
Herein we reveal that cytokine responses induced upon acute MCMV infection 532
influence antiviral T cell responses and virus replication during pathogen persistence. 533
We identified that IL-27, which was produced by myeloid cells during the initial days 534
of infection, promoted the generation of IL-10+CD4+ T cells in the spleen. Our data 535
suggest that this IL-27-dependent induction of peripheral IL-10+CD4+ T cells was 536
sufficient to impinge on T cell mediated control of virus chronicity in the mucosa. IL-537
27 production was dependent upon type I IFN, implying that CMV exploits the 538
immune-regulatory actions of this prototypic antiviral cytokine pathway to enable 539
persistence and dissemination. 540
541
The dynamics of virus-specific IFNγ versus IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells 542
suggested that contraction of the IL-10 response preempts expansion of IFNγ+ T cell 543
numbers and subsequent control of virus replication. Preventing IL-10 production by 544
T cells both enhanced and accelerated the generation of virus-specific TH1 545
responses. These data suggest that IL-10+ T cells provide a window of opportunity 546
for MCMV to replicate within and shed from the salivary glands. Conversely, these 547
results also imply that inhibiting virus-specific IL-10+ T cell development may be 548
therapeutically beneficial. Our data suggest that peripheral IL-10+ T cells inhibit the 549
control of virus replication within mucosal tissue independently of mucosal IL-10+ T 550
cell populations, highlighting that appropriate modulation of peripheral T cell 551
responses via systemic vaccination approaches may be capable of overcoming 552
inhibitory pathways that act in the mucosa, thus enabling effective control of virus 553
replication within mucosal tissues. 554
555
Using a combination of conditional knockout mice and a cell transfer model, we 556
demonstrated an important role for CD4+ T cell-derived IL-10 in facilitating MCMV 557
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persistence. This result is in apparent contradiction to bone marrow chimera 558
experiments suggesting no role for CD4+ cells in IL-10-mediated chronic MCMV 559
replication [14]. There are several explanations for these apparent discrepancies. 560
Firstly, whereas we used salivary gland-propagated Smith strain MCMV in our 561
experiments, Mandaric et al examined tissue culture-propagated virus deficient in 562
m157, a viral ligand for the NK cell activating receptor Ly49H [61]. These viruses 563
likely replicate with different kinetics and, possibly, tropisms that may influence the 564
induction of IL-10 expression by T cells and other cells. Furthermore, the mixed 565
chimera experiments performed by Mandaric et al used IL-10-/- mice as recipients 566
whereas our experiments were performed in mice from IL-10-sufficient backgrounds. 567
Given that the time-point assessed by Mandaric et al (d14 pi) was prior to the 568
maximal impact of CD4-derived IL-10 in our model, such variations in experimental 569
design may influence the impact of CD4+ T cell-derived IL-10 on virus persistence. 570
571
Importantly however, significant expression of IL-10 by HCMV-specific T cells in 572
peripheral blood and mucosal tissue highlights the potential importance of T cell-573
derived IL-10 in regulating anti-CMV immunity and viral persistence, as suggested by 574
findings obtained from our model of chronic MCMV infection, and further supported 575
by experiments studying acute MCMV infection [33]. HCMV-specific IL-10 production 576
was detected in response to common lytic antigens pp65 and gB, although T cell 577
responsiveness to gB was low in peripheral blood of all healthy volunteers examined. 578
IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells reactive to latency-associated HCMV antigens have 579
also been described [30]. Persistent shedding of HCMV shedding in children is 580
associated with poor TH1 responses [62]. Our data derived from murine experiments 581
demonstrates that preventing the generation of HCMV-specific IL-10+ CD4+ T cells 582
may be beneficial for the improvement of protective T cell immunity following 583
vaccination, particularly in the context of restricting horizontal transmission via 584
mucosal surfaces. 585
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IL-27 promoted the development of splenic but not salivary gland IL-10+CD4+ T cells. 586
Why IL-27 had no impact on salivary gland CD4+IL-10+ accumulation is incompletely 587
understood. Salivary glands APCs, which are phenotypically indicative of tissue-588
resident macrophages [63], are tightly regulated via inhibitory signals such as CD200 589
expressed by endothelial cells [60]. Thus, restricted activation of this cell population 590
may contribute to the relatively low IL-27 production measured in this organ. 591
Furthermore, the infection phase may also influence the impact of IL-27 on IL-10+ T 592
cell development. Memory CD8+ T cells generated in influenza infection down-593
regulate gp130 [41] and CD4+ T cells in persistently-infected salivary glands 594
expressed less gp130 expression than splenic CD4+ T cells during acute infection. 595
This down-regulation of gp130 correlated with a reduced impact of IL-27R signaling 596
on salivary gland IL-10+ CD4+ T cell accumulation during virus persistence. 597
598
Instead, ICOS co-stimulation was required for the accumulation of IL-10+CD4+ T cells 599
within the salivary glands, thus demonstrating that differential signals promote IL-10+ 600
T cell responses in different anatomical locations of MCMV infection and suggesting 601
that ICOS acts independently of IL-27 in the induction of salivary gland CD4+IL-10+ T 602
cells. This contrasts in vitro findings demonstrating that ICOS acts downstream of IL-603
27 in promoting IL-10 production by Tr1 cells in vitro [64]. However, salivary gland IL-604
10+CD4+ T cells in our model were phenotypically distinct from Tr1 cells. Moreover, 605
here we examined the influence of ICOS co-stimulation of T cells during virus 606
persistence rather than during initial T cell activation as studied by Pot et al. 607
Therefore, although the impact of ICOS on CD4+IL-10+ T cell generation during acute 608
infection was not examined in our study, these data collectively imply that the type of 609
IL-10-producing T cell and the timing of IL-10-inducing signals may influence the 610
relationship between IL-27 and ICOS in the induction of CD4+IL-10+ T cells. Notably, 611
blockade of ICOS was not accompanied by an elevated virus-specific TH1 responses 612
d14 pi despite dramatically reducing salivary gland CD4+IL-10+ accumulation. This 613
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may reflect a possible dual function for ICOS in positive co-stimulation [65] in addition 614
to IL-10 induction. However, our data does not preclude a possible role for ICOS and, 615
possibly, other IL-10-inducing receptors in the suppression of antiviral control during 616
the latter stages of MCMV persistence. 617
618
We demonstrate that IL-27 is critical for the induction of peripheral IL-10+CD4+ T cell 619
responses and subsequent suppression of TH1 responses during the persistent 620
phase of infection. Experiments using anti-IL-27 and anti-IL-10R suggest that early 621
IL-27-mediated induction of IL-10+ T cells has a long-term impact on antiviral 622
immunity and virus persistence. However, our data does not preclude an IL-10-623
independent inhibitory function for IL-27 during the later stages of infection. Indeed, 624
antagonizing both IL-10R and IL-27 14 days pi led to an additive, albeit modest, 625
increase in virus-specific IFNγ+CD4+ T cells by day 30 (S7 Figure). Intriguingly, IL-27 626
can induce dendritic cell expression of the ATPase CD39 [66]. However, in contrast 627
to IL-27rα-/- mice, mice deficient in the ecto-5’-nucleotidase CD73 that acts 628
downstream of CD39 in the purinergic system have no alteration in MCMV-specific 629
memory T cell accumulation and only a moderate and transient reduction in MCMV 630
replication in the salivary glands [67]. Taken together with data derived from 631
CD4creIL-10flox and IL-27rα-/- mice, these results collectively suggest that early 632
induction of IL-10+CD4+ T cells is the dominant mechanism through which IL-27 633
impinges on anti-MCMV T cell immunity. 634
635
In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that the induction of IL-27 during MCMV 636
infection was promoted by type-I IFN. Although the uncontrolled virus replication and 637
associated disease and inflammation observed in mice treated with anti-IFNαR-1 638
antibody precluded the assessment of the direct impact of IFNαR-1 signaling on both 639
IL-27-driven IL-10+ T cell development and virus persistence, our data implies that 640
type-I IFN may impinge on antiviral immunity via the induction of IL-27. Comparable 641
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IFN-dependent induction of IL-27 was observed upon in vitro stimulation with either 642
MCMV or the TLR3 ligand, poly(I:C). Endosomal TLRs including TLR3 are activated 643
upon acute MCMV infection and induce type-I IFN expression [68,69]. Thus, our data 644
suggest that MCMV may exploit an immune-regulatory aspect of this “antiviral” 645
response to promote persistence within mucosal tissue and subsequently increase 646
the window of opportunity for horizontal transmission via mucosal secretions. 647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
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Materials and Methods 670
671
Mice, infections and treatments 672
CD4-Cre-IL-10flox/flox (Cre-)/CD4-Cre+IL-10flox/flox (Cre+) were generated by Werner 673
Muller (University of Manchester) and were kindly provided by Jean Langhorne 674
(Francis Crick Institute), 10-BiT mice were given to us by Padraic Fallon (Trinity 675
College Dublin) and Il-27rα-/- (wsx1-/-), Rag1-/- and Il-10-/- mice were obtained from 676
The Jackson Laboratory. All mice were bred in-house. C57BL/6 WT mice were 677
purchased from Charles River or Envigo. Mice were infected with MCMV that was 678
prepared by sorbital gradient purification as described previously [70]. Mice were 679
infected with 3 × 104 pfu MCMV intraperitoneally (i.p.). In some experiments, CD4-680
Cre-IL-10flox/flox mice were administered 2 mg αIFNαR-1 (clone MAR1-5A3, BioXcell) 681
or IgG1 Isotype control (clone MOPC-21 BioXcell) at the time of infection, or 200 µg 682
anti-ICOS (clone 7E.17G9 or JmAb51-TM) or IgG control (clone LTF2 or R347-TM), 683
respectively) on days 6 and 10 pi. In other experiments mice were treated with 500 684
µg anti-IL-27 (clone MM27-7B1, Biolegend), 250 µg anti-IL-10R (clone 1B1.3A 685
BioXcell) and also in combination or Isotype control (clone MOPC-21 BioXcell) on 686
days stated in the legend. In some experiments, CD4+ T cells were isolated from 687
spleens of C57BL/6 and IL-10-/- mice by negative separation (Miltenyi). 5 x 106 cells 688
were then transferred intravenously (i.v.) into rag1-/- mice one week prior to MCMV 689
infection. 690
691
T-cell effector function assays 692
Leukocytes were extracted from murine spleen, salivary glands and lungs as 693
described previously [13,60]. For CD4+ functional responses, isolated leukocytes 694
were stimulated for 2 hours with 3 µg/ml m09, (GYLYIYPSAGNSFDL), M25 695
(NHLYETPISATAMVI), m139 (TRPYRYPRVCDASLS), and m142 696
(RSRYLTAAAVTAVLQ) MCMV MHCII peptides (Genscript). Brefeldin A (Sigma) was 697
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26
then added and cells incubated for a further 4 hours. For CD8+ functional responses, 698
leukocytes were stimulated with 2 µg/ml m139, IE3, M38, and M45 MCMV MHCI 699
peptides in the presence of anti-mouse CD107a-FITC (Biolegend) with monensin 700
(BD Biosciences) and brefeldin A for 6 hours. Cells were subsequently stained with 701
Zombie Aqua fixable viability dye (Biolegend) or LIVE/DEAD-Aqua (Life-702
Technologies), stained with anti-CD16/CD32 Fc-block (Biolegend) and then with 703
either anti-CD4 Pacific-Blue or PercP, (clone RM4-5, Biolegend) or with anti-CD8 704
PercP (clone 53-6.7, Biolegend) and anti-CD262 (TRAILR DR5, clone MD5.1, 705
eBioscience). Cells were fixed, saponin permeabilised and stained for anti-IFNγ FITC 706
or Pacific-Blue (clone XMG1.2, Biolegend) and anti-IL-10 APC (clone JES5-16E3, 707
eBioscience). Data was acquired using a BD FACSCantoII flow cytometer (BD 708
Biosciences) and analysed with FlowJo software (TreeStar). 709
710
Cell phenotyping and IL-27 detection 711
Direct ex vivo intracellular IL-27 production was detected as previously described 712
[71]. Cells were stained with a combination of anti-I-A/I-E (clone M5/114.15.2, 713
Biolegend), anti-CD11c Pe-Cy7 (clone HL3 BD, Pharmingen), anti-Ly6C FITC (clone 714
AL-21 BD Pharmingen), anti-CD11b APC-Cy7 (clone M1/70, Biolegend), anti-F480 715
Brilliant-Violet 711 (BV711) (clone BM8, Biolegend), anti-CD45R/B220 BV785 (clone 716
RA3-6B2, Biolegend), SiglecH APC (clone 551, Biolegend), anti-Ly6G PerCP-Cy5.5 717
(clone 1A8, Biolegend), and anti-CD3ε BV605 (clone 145-2C11, Biolegend). Cells 718
were fixed, saponin permeabilised and stained with anti-IL-27 p28 PE (clone MM27-719
7B1, Biolegend). To determine T cell transcription factor profiles cell were surface-720
stained with anti-CD4 BV785 (clone RM4-5, Biolegend), anti-CD90/CD90.1 (Thy1.1) 721
BV650 (clone OX-7, Biolegend) anti-CD130 PE (gp130) (clone KGP13, eBioscience), 722
fixed and permeabilised using BD Cytofix/Cytoperm solution (BD Biosciences) and 723
stained with anti-T-Bet BV421 (clone 4B10, Biolegend), anti-BLIMP-1 Alexa-Fluor 724
647 (AF647) (clone 5E7, Biolegend), and anti-cMaf eFluor 660 (clone sym0F1, 725
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27
eBioscience). All data was acquired using a BD LSRForetssa flow cytometer (BD 726
Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo software (TreeStar). For analysis of co-727
stimulatory ligand expression, cells were surface stained with a combination of anti-728
CD11c APC-Cy7 (clone N418, Biolegend), anti-I-A/I-E PerCP-Cy5.5 (clone 729
M5/114.15.2, Biolegend) anti-F480 Brilliant-Violet 421 (BV421) (clone BM8, 730
Biolegend), anti-CD80 APC (clone 16-0A1, Biolegend), anti-CD86 Pe-Cy7 (clone GL-731
1, Biolegend), anti-OX40L APC (clone RM134L, Biolegend), anti-4-1BBL PE (clone 732
TKS-1, Biolegend), anti-CD40 FITC (clone 3/23, Biolegend) and anti-Ly6G PE (clone 733
1A8, Biolegend), anti-ICOS APC-Cy7 (clone C398.4A, Biolegend), anti-AhR Alexa-734
Flour 488 (AF488) (clone 4MEJJ eBioscience), anti-CD49b Pe-Cy7 (clone DX5, 735
Biolegend), anti-LAG3 PE (clone C9B7W, Biolegend) anti-NK-1.1 Pe-Cy7 (clone 736
PK136, Biolegend), anti-CD19 FITC (clone 6D5, Biolegend), anti-CXCR3 PerCP-737
Cy5.5 (clone CXCR3-173 Biolegend), and anti-CCR5 AF488 (clone HM-CCR5, 738
Biolegend). Data was acquired using a BD FACSCantoII flow cytometer (BD 739
Biosciences) and analysed with FlowJo software (TreeStar). 740
741
Tetramer staining 742
The following MCMV MHCI biotinylated were refolded and kindly provided by the NIH 743
tetramer Core Facility- H-2D(b) M45 985-993 HGIRNASFI, H-2k(b) m139 744
TVYGFCLL, H-2k(b) M38 316-323 SSPPMFRV, H-2k(b) IE3 RALEYKNL. 745
Biotinylated monomers were tetramerised as described previously [72]. Isolated 746
leukocytes were stained with viability dye and then with 25 µg/ml tetramer conjugated 747
to PE or APC for 15 minutes at 37°C. Cells were subsequently stained with Fc-block 748
and anti-CD8 APC-Cy7 (clone 53-6.7, Biolegend). Data was acquired using a BD 749
FACSCantoII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analysed with FlowJo software 750
(TreeStar). 751
752
Isolation of human T cells from human colon 753
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28
Peripheral blood and healthy colon specimens were obtained from patients 754
undergoing primary tumor resection for colorectal adenocarcinoma at the University 755
Hospital of Wales, Cardiff. Blood samples were collected on the day of but prior to 756
surgery. The tissue used in this study was autologous colon samples that were cut 757
from a macroscopically normal section of the excised tissue, at least 10 cm from the 758
tumor. Colon tissue was washed in extraction medium consisting of DMEM 759
supplemented with 100 U/ml Penicillin, 100 mg Streptomycin and 2 mM L-Glutamine, 760
20 µg/ml Gentamincin and 2 µg/ml Fungizone (all Life-Technologies) as described 761
previously [73]. Samples were finely cut with scalpel blades in a petri dish and forced 762
through a 70 µM and subsequently a 40 µM cell strainer. Cells were washed and 763
pelleted by multiple centrifugations and lymphocytes were isolated using 764
Lymphoprep (Axis-Shield, Scotland). 765
766
Fluorospot analysis of IFNγ and IL-10 767
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy HCMV sero-positive 768
healthy volunteers were isolated using Lymphoprep. For target cells, some PBMCs 769
were γ-irradiated with 3000 Rad, plated out @ 1 × 105 cells/well and pulsed with 2 770
µg/ml of Peptivator CMV pp65 overlapping peptide pool (Miltenyi Biotec), 2 µg/ml 771
PepMix HCMVA UL55 overlapping peptide pool (JPT), or with DMSO vehicle control 772
for 2 hours @ 37°C. CD4+ T cells were then isolated from the remaining PBMCs by 773
negative selection (Miltenyi Biotec). Pulsed autologous targets were then transferred 774
to a human IFN+/IL-10+ Flurospot plate thus removing (IL-10-producing) monocytes 775
that adhered to the plate. 3 × 105 purified CD4+ T-cells and 1/100 human anti-776
CD28/CD49d co-stimulation antibodies (BD Pharmingen) were then added for 18 777
hours @ 37°C. E:T ratios ranging from 1:3 to 3:1 were tested. After incubation, plates 778
were assayed according to the manufacturers instructions (Mabtech) and quantified 779
using a CTL Immunospot Fluorospot Line plate reader (CTL). Cells were maintained 780
in RPMI, 100 U/ml Penicillin, 100 mg Streptomycin, 2 mM L-Glutamine (all Life-781
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29
Technologies) and 5% human AB serum (Welsh Blood Transfusion Service). 782
Autofluoresence is adjusted using the analysis software and removed from the final 783
SFC count. 784
785
For analysis of colon leukocyte cytokine production, PBMCs from the colon donor 786
was used as autologous γ-irradiated in an identical manner as that described 787
previously. 1.5 × 105 cells per well and pulsed with peptide pools or DMSO vehicle 788
control for 2 hours @ 37°C. Cells were transferred to a human IFN+/IL-10+ Fluorospot 789
plate with the addition of 5 × 104 cells from peripheral blood and Colon processed 790
tissue with the inclusion of 1/100 human anti-CD28/CD49d co-stimulation antibodies 791
for 18 hours @ 37°C. Plates were assayed and measured as described above. 792
793
Antibody and cytokine measurements 794
Cardiac punctures were performed on CD4-Cre-IL-10flox/flox, CD4-Cre+IL-10flox/flox mice 795
on either naïve mice or after 60 days of MCMV infection and plasma isolated. Plasma 796
was then assayed for anti-Sjögrens Syndrome Antigen IgG by ELISA (Alpha 797
Diagnostics). Samples were analysed according to the manufacturers instructions 798
and Total IgG antibody levels present in the plasma was calculated by interpolation 799
from the calibrator curve provided with the kit. Excised tissue from both Spleen and 800
Salivary Gland (approx. 50-100 mg) were weighed, washed and re-suspended in 801
DMEM. Supernatant was assayed in triplicate for IL-27 p28 production by ELISA and 802
performed according to the manufacturers instructions (eBioscience). 803
804
Viral load quantification 805
Infectious virus quantification was determined using plaque assays as previously 806
described [60]. Viral DNA copy number in saliva was determined using qPCR for 807
relative expression of IE1, as described previously [74]. Oral lavage was performed 808
on the sublingual cavity of anaesthetised mice using 20 µl of sterile PBS. 1 µl of 809
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30
sample was used for qPCR and measured using SYBR green (Bio-Rad) using 810
MCMV IE1 forward (5ʹ-AGCCACCAACATTGACCACGCAC-3ʹ) and MCMV IE1 811
reverse (5ʹ-GCCCCAACCAGGACACACAACTC3ʹ) primers. PCR was performed 812
using an MJ Mini Personal Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad) using the conditions as 813
described previously [74]. To establish a standard curve, DNA copy/µl was 814
determined from the known concentration and molecular weight of the MCMV 815
pARK25 BAC (a kind gift from Alec Redwood, Murdoch University) and assayed for 816
relative IE1 expression as above. 817
818
Macrophage transcriptomics 819
WT, IfnαR-/- and Ifnβ1-/- BM-DM were generated as previously described [60]. Cells 820
were infected with WT-MCMV, MCMVΔIE3 (MOI = 1) or were mock infected [75], and 821
RNA isolated using RNeasy Mini kit at different time-points (Qiagen) according to 822
manufacturer’s instructions. Some cells were stimulated with Poly(I:C) (Invivogen). 823
Quality control (QC) was performed using an Agilent Bioanalyser and, total RNA 824
labeled. RNA was hybridised to Mouse Gene 1.0ST microarrays (Affymetrix) using a 825
WT Expression kit (Ambion, UK). GC metrics of captured data were assessed using 826
Affymetrix Expression Console software and arrays were imported into Partek 827
Genomics Suite (Partek) for downstream analysis. Arrays were normalised using the 828
gcRMA algorithm [76] and data was filtered to include genes with at least 1 signal 829
value of > = 150 across the time course. 830
831
Ethics statement 832
All mice experiments were performed under the UK Home Office project Licence 833
(PPL 30/2969). For human colon and PBMC samples, informed consent was 834
obtained from participants in writing. The Wales Research Ethics Committee granted 835
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31
ethical approval for sample use in this study. For use of HCMV sero-positive donor 836
PBMC samples used in this study informed consent was obtained in writing. 837
838
Statistics 839
Power calculations were performed in R using data from a pilot study using CD4-840
Cre/IL-10 mice. It was determined that a minimum of 5 participants per group would 841
be needed to detect a difference in means with 90% power and an alpha value set at 842
0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for paired 843
analysis of viral-load analysis and flow cytometry data. Where more than 2 groups 844
were assessed concurrently (viral-load analysis, ELISA analysis), 1-way ANOVA 845
analysis of data was performed. To assess biological replication: all in vivo 846
experiments were performed multiple times at different times, as stated in figure 847
legends. All outliers were included in datasets, as shown. For all tests performed, p 848
values are reported as *≤0.05, **≤0.01, and ***≤0.001. 849
850
Acknowledgements 851
We acknowledge the NIH tetramer Core Facility for the provision of MHCI 852
biotinylated monomers. We thank Chris Benedict and Chris Hunter for helpful 853
discussions. Our thanks to Konstantinos Kotzamanis for help with the preparation of 854
Figure 7. 855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
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32
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Biphasic role of 4-1BB in the regulation of mouse cytomegalovirus-specific 1018
CD8(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 40: 2762-2768. 1019
52. Arens R, Loewendorf A, Redeker A, Sierro S, Boon L, et al. (2011) Differential 1020
B7-CD28 costimulatory requirements for stable and inflationary mouse 1021
cytomegalovirus-specific memory CD8 T cell populations. J Immunol 186: 1022
3874-3881. 1023
53. Snyder CM, Loewendorf A, Bonnett EL, Croft M, Benedict CA, et al. (2009) CD4+ 1024
T cell help has an epitope-dependent impact on CD8+ T cell memory inflation 1025
during murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Immunol 183: 3932-3941. 1026
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38
54. Schuster IS, Wikstrom ME, Brizard G, Coudert JD, Estcourt MJ, et al. (2014) 1027
TRAIL+ NK cells control CD4+ T cell responses during chronic viral infection 1028
to limit autoimmunity. Immunity 41: 646-656. 1029
55. Hall AO, Silver JS, Hunter CA (2012) The immunobiology of IL-27. Adv Immunol 1030
115: 1-44. 1031
56. Humphreys IR, Edwards L, Snelgrove RJ, Rae AJ, Coyle AJ, et al. (2006) A 1032
critical role for ICOS co-stimulation in immune containment of pulmonary 1033
influenza virus infection. Eur J Immunol 36: 2928-2938. 1034
57. Delale T, Paquin A, Asselin-Paturel C, Dalod M, Brizard G, et al. (2005) MyD88-1035
dependent and -independent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for IFN-alpha 1036
release and initiation of immune responses in vivo. J Immunol 175: 6723-1037
6732. 1038
58. Fodil-Cornu N, Vidal SM (2008) Type I interferon response to cytomegalovirus 1039
infection: the kick-start. Cell Host Microbe 3: 59-61. 1040
59. Guo B, Chang EY, Cheng G (2008) The type I IFN induction pathway constrains 1041
Th17-mediated autoimmune inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 118: 1680-1042
1690. 1043
60. Stack G, Jones E, Marsden M, Stacey MA, Snelgrove RJ, et al. (2015) CD200 1044
receptor restriction of myeloid cell responses antagonizes antiviral immunity 1045
and facilitates cytomegalovirus persistence within mucosal tissue. PLoS 1046
Pathog 11: e1004641. 1047
61. French AR, Pingel JT, Wagner M, Bubic I, Yang L, et al. (2004) Escape of mutant 1048
double-stranded DNA virus from innate immune control. Immunity 20: 747-1049
756. 1050
62. Tu W, Chen S, Sharp M, Dekker C, Manganello AM, et al. (2004) Persistent and 1051
selective deficiency of CD4+ T cell immunity to cytomegalovirus in 1052
immunocompetent young children. J Immunol 172: 3260-3267. 1053
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39
63. Thom JT, Walton SM, Torti N, Oxenius A (2014) Salivary gland resident APCs 1054
are Flt3L- and CCR2-independent macrophage-like cells incapable of cross-1055
presentation. Eur J Immunol 44: 706-714. 1056
64. Pot C, Jin HL, Awasthi A, Liu SM, Lai CY, et al. (2009) Cutting Edge: IL-27 1057
Induces the Transcription Factor c-Maf, Cytokine IL-21, and the Costimulatory 1058
Receptor ICOS that Coordinately Act Together to Promote Differentiation of 1059
IL-10-Producing Tr1 Cells. Journal of Immunology 183: 797-801. 1060
65. Hutloff A, Dittrich AM, Beier KC, Eljaschewitsch B, Kraft R, et al. (1999) ICOS is 1061
an inducible T-cell co-stimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28. 1062
Nature 397: 263-266. 1063
66. Mascanfroni ID, Yeste A, Vieira SM, Burns EJ, Patel B, et al. (2013) IL-27 acts on 1064
DCs to suppress the T cell response and autoimmunity by inducing 1065
expression of the immunoregulatory molecule CD39. Nat Immunol 14: 1054-1066
1063. 1067
67. Sims S, Colston J, Bolinger B, Emery V, Klenerman P (2014) CD73 is 1068
dispensable for the regulation of inflationary CD8+ T-cells after murine 1069
cytomegalovirus infection and adenovirus immunisation. PLoS One 9: 1070
e114323. 1071
68. Tabeta K, Georgel P, Janssen E, Du X, Hoebe K, et al. (2004) Toll-like receptors 1072
9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse 1073
cytomegalovirus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 3516-3521. 1074
69. Krug A, French AR, Barchet W, Fischer JA, Dzionek A, et al. (2004) TLR9-1075
dependent recognition of MCMV by IPC and DC generates coordinated 1076
cytokine responses that activate antiviral NK cell function. Immunity 21: 107-1077
119. 1078
70. Stacey MA, Marsden M, Pham NT, Clare S, Dolton G, et al. (2014) Neutrophils 1079
recruited by IL-22 in peripheral tissues function as TRAIL-dependent antiviral 1080
effectors against MCMV. Cell Host Microbe 15: 471-483. 1081
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40
71. Patin EC, Jones AV, Thompson A, Clement M, Liao CT, et al. (2016) IL-27 1082
Induced by Select Candida spp. via TLR7/NOD2 Signaling and IFN-beta 1083
Production Inhibits Fungal Clearance. J Immunol 197: 208-221. 1084
72. Wooldridge L, van den Berg HA, Glick M, Gostick E, Laugel B, et al. (2005) 1085
Interaction between the CD8 coreceptor and major histocompatibility complex 1086
class I stabilizes T cell receptor-antigen complexes at the cell surface. J Biol 1087
Chem 280: 27491-27501. 1088
73. Scurr M, Ladell K, Besneux M, Christian A, Hockey T, et al. (2014) Highly 1089
prevalent colorectal cancer-infiltrating LAP(+) Foxp3(-) T cells exhibit more 1090
potent immunosuppressive activity than Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Mucosal 1091
Immunol 7: 428-439. 1092
74. Kamimura Y, Lanier LL (2014) Rapid and sequential quantitation of salivary 1093
gland-associated mouse cytomegalovirus in oral lavage. J Virol Methods 1094
205C: 53-56. 1095
75. Lacaze P, Forster T, Ross A, Kerr LE, Salvo-Chirnside E, et al. (2011) Temporal 1096
profiling of the coding and noncoding murine cytomegalovirus transcriptomes. 1097
J Virol 85: 6065-6076. 1098
76. Gharaibeh RZ, Fodor AA, Gibas CJ (2008) Background correction using 1099
dinucleotide affinities improves the performance of GCRMA. BMC 1100
Bioinformatics 9: 452. 1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
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41
Supporting Information 1110
1111
S1 Figure. CD4+ IL-10+ T cells are not TH17 or Tr1 cells. 1112
10-BiT reporter mice were infected with MCMV and at day 7 and d14 pi spleen and 1113
salivary glands were isolated. Representative histograms of AhR viable (aqua live/dead-) 1114
Thy1.1- or Thy1.1
+ expression by CD4+CD3+ cells (top), control = fluorescent minus one-1115
stained Thy1.1+ samples. Representative bivariant FACS plot of CD49b/LAG3 viable 1116
(aqua live/dead-) expression by CD4+CD3+ cells (bottom). 1117
1118
S2 Figure. Non-T cells do not produce compensatory IL-10 in CD4-Cre+IL-10flox 1119
mice. 1120
CD4-Cre-IL-10flox/flox(Cre-) and CD4-Cre+IL-10flox/flox (Cre+) mice were infected with MCMV 1121
and at day 7 and 14, IL-10 responses in the spleen and salivary glands were measured. 1122
Representative bivariant FACS plots of CD19+ and NK1.1
+ versus IL-10 expression 1123
splenic (top) and salivary gland (d14 bottom) were analysed by viable (aqua live/dead-), 1124
CD19+/CD3
- and NK1.1
+/CD3
- expression. Data is representative of 6 mice per group. 1125
1126
S3 Figure. Increased co-stimulatory ligand expression in the absence of T cell-1127
derived IL-10 during MCMV infection 1128
CD4-Cre-IL-10flox/flox(Cre-) and CD4-Cre+IL-10flox/flox (Cre+) mice were infected with MCMV 1129
and at day 7 and 14, myeloid expression in the spleen (A) and salivary glands (B) was 1130
measured. CD11c+MHCII
+ were quantified (left) and % CD80, CD86, OX-40L, 4-1BBL 1131
and CD40 expression (right) was assessed. Data is representative of 5-6 mice per 1132
group. 1133
1134
S4 Figure. MCMV does not induce autoimmunity in the absence of IL-10 1135
production by CD4+ T-cells 1136
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42
(A) CD4-Cre-IL-10flox/flox (Cre-) and CD4-Cre+IL-10flox/flox (Cre+) mice were infected with 1137
MCMV and at day 14 and 30 Spleen and Salivary Glands were isolated and 1138
CD4+/DR5+ cells were quantified. Mean ± SEM of total cells from 4-12 mice are 1139
shown and represent 2 separate experiments. (B) Cardiac punctures were performed 1140
d60 pi and anti-SSA IgG was measured by ELISA. Data is representative of 6 naïve 1141
and 16 mice in each group and is representative of 2 experiments. 1142
1143
S5 Figure. MCMV-specific memory CD8+ T-cell inflation is increased in the 1144
absence of IL-27R signaling 1145
Il-27rα-/- or WT mice were infected with MCMV and total virus-specific CD8
+/IFNγ
+ and 1146
CD8+/CD107a
+ T-cells were quantified. Data is presented as mean ± SEM of 5 mice and 1147
is representative of 2 experiments. 1148
1149
S6 Figure. ICOS treatment does not impact on CD4 TH1 responses. 1150
WT (C57BL/6) mice were infected with MCMV and at d6 and d10 pi. 200 g Isotype 1151
control or 200 g ICOS was administered. At d14 pi splenic virus-specific 1152
CD4+/IFN + responses were quantified and expressed at mean + SEM of 6 1153
mice/group. 1154
1155
S7 Figure. Antagonizing of IL-10R and IL-27 during chronicity results in modest 1156
increase in virus-specific IFNγ+CD4+ T cells 1157
WT (C57BL/6) mice were infected with MCMV treated with anti-IL-10R, anti-IL-27, 1158
and/or isotype on day 14 pi, and at d30 pi spleen CD4+/IFNγ+ responses were 1159
quantified and expressed as mean ± SEM of 4 mice/group. 1160
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m09 M25 m139 m1420.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
IL-10IFNγ
IFNγ/IL-10
m09 M25 m139 m1420.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
IL-10IFNγ
IFNγ/IL-10
m09 M25 m139 m1420.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
IL-10IFNγ/IL-10
IFNγ
m09 M25 m139 m1420.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20IFNγIL-10IFNγ/IL-10
Spleen
d7 pi d60 pid30 pid14 pi
% C
D4
+
0 10 20 30 600.0
0.5
1.0
1.5m09
M25
m139
m142
0 10 20 30 600.00
0.05
0.10
0.15m09
M25
m139
m142
0 10 20 30 600.00
0.05
0.10
0.15m09
M25
m139
m142
0 10 20 30 600.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25 m09
M25
m139
m142
% CD4+ IL-10+ % CD4+ IFNγ+
Days post-infection
% C
D4
+
Salivary
Glands
Spleen
B C
D E
F
m09 M25 m139 m1420.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.2512
IL-10IFNγ/IL-10
IFNγ
m09 M25 m139 m1420.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0IFNγIL-10IFNγ/IL-10
m09 M25 m139 m1420.0
0.1
0.2
0.312
IL-10IFNγ/IL-10
IFNγ
m09 M25 m139 m1420.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.2512
IFNγIL-10IFNγ/IL-10
SalivaryGlands
Spleend7
IFNγ
IL-1
0
SalivaryGlands
d14
A medium m09 M25 m139 m142
0.071 0
0
0.24 0
0.032
0.28 0.024
0.072
0.97 0.012
0.049
0.44 0.021
0.021
m1
39
CD4-Cre+
0.069 0.009
0.069
M2
5
0.018 0
0
0.022 0
0.002
0.09 0.003
0.033
0.054 0.012
0.042
0.063 0.02
0.038
0.013 0
0.06
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T-Bet
BLI
MP-1
c-M
af0
50
100
150 Thy1.1-
Thy1.1+
*
****
T-Bet
BLI
MP-1
c-M
af0
100
200
300
400
500Thy1.1-
Thy1.1+
***
**ns
Salivary Glands
d14 pi
Spleen
d7 pi
CD
4
Thy1.1
% o
f m
ax s
tain
ing
T-Bet
BLIMP-1
c-Maf
Salivary Glands d14 pi
Spleen d7 piA B
C
Me
dia
n F
luo
rese
nce
In
ten
sity
CD4+ Thy1.1+
CD4+ Thy1.1-
control
12.277.53.189.4
Spleen d7 pi
Salivary Glands d14 pi
CX
CR
3
CCR5
CD4+ Thy1.1+
CD4+ Thy1.1-
D
1.11.29
44.65.6
5157.3
4.695.49
14.76.1
17.514.4
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1 2 3 40
20
40
60
80
100100
300IFNγ+
IL-10+
IFNγ+IL-10+
1 2 3 40
20
40
60
80
100100
400 IFNγ+
IL-10+
IFNγ+IL-10+
PB
MC
1C
olo
n 1
Healthy Donor CD4+ T cells
0 pp65 gB
IFNγ+
IL-10+
IFNγ+/IL-10+
CRC Total Leukocytes
PB
MC
2C
olo
n 2
PB
MC
3C
olo
n 3
Do
no
r 1
Do
no
r 2
Do
no
r 3
Do
no
r 4
Do
no
r 5
IFNγ+
IL-10+
IFNγ+/IL-10+
0 pp65 gB
pp65
gB
Healthy Donor CD4+ T cellsCRC Total Leukocytes
pp65 gB
CRC Donor ColongBpp65
Donor ID
1 2 3 4 30
50
100
150
200
250IFNγ+
IL-10+
IFNγ+IL-10+
1 2 3 4 50
1
2
3 IFNγ+
IL-10+
IFNγ+IL-10+
SF
C per
10
5 c
ells
A
B
1 2 3 40
20
40
6060
400IFNγ+
IL-10+
IFNγ+IL-10+
1 2 3 40
20
40
60
80
100IFNγ+
IL-10+
IFNγ+IL-10+
Do
no
r 3
targ
ets
on
ly
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100
101
102
103
104
105
***
**
CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+
CD4 Transfer
IE3 M38 m139 M45
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 ***
***
CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+
ns
ns
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4**
**
CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+
ns
ns
PBS WT IL-10-/- 102
103
104
105
*
*
SG
pfu
/org
an
Lung d60 pi
x1
07 c
ells
ce
lls x
10
5
To
tal C
D8
+ T
etr
am
er+
7 14 28 7 14 21
0 10 20 30 600.000
0.002
0.004
0.006CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+
*
0 10 20 30 600.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+*
0 10 20 30 600.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008 CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+
0 10 20 30 600.000
0.005
0.010
0.015CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+*
0 10 20 30 600.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+
0 10 20 30 600.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+
****
*
0 10 20 30 600.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005 CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+**
****
0 10 20 30 600.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+**
*
***
To
tal S
ple
en
CD
4+ I
FNγ+
ce
lls x
10
7
Days post-infection
m09 M25
m139 m142
m09 M25
m139 m142
Days post -infectionDays post -infection
To
tal S
G C
D4
+ I
FNγ+
ce
lls x
10
4
IE3 M38 m139 M45
A
B
C
D E F
100
101
102
103
104CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+ ***
***
Lo
g10 D
NA
co
py/µ
l
28
Spleen d60 pi
SG
pfu
/org
an
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Naive D140
50
100
150*
Naive D2 D40
500
1000
1500
2000**
ns
IL-2
7 (
pg
/g tis
su
e)
A BSpleen Salivary Glands
DCs
Mac
roph
age
B-c
ells
Neu
troph
ils
T-cel
ls0
1
2
34
20D0
D2
*
**
*
ns
ns
D14
%IL
-27
+
Spleen
MH
CII
IL-27
CD
11
b
B2
20
Ly6
G
CD
3
Dendritic cells Macrophages B-cells Neutrophils T-cellsC
7.7
12.7
3
0.12
0.13
0.006
0.39
2.33
0
0.63
1.22
0.10
0.47
1.74
0.03
Spleen
d0
Spleen
d2 pi
Spleen
d14 pi
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m09 M25 m139 m1420.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015WT
wsx1-/-
CD
4
0.45
0
20
40
60
Thy1.1+Thy1.1-***
ns
gp130
m09 M25 m139 m1420.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004 WT
wsx1-/-
*
**
*
m09 M25 m139 m1420.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003WT
wsx1-/-
m09 M25 m139 m1420.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020WT
wsx1-/-
**
**
To
tal C
D4
+ I
L-1
0+
IFNγ
IL-1
0
0.094 0.047
0.31
0.012 0.006
WT
wsx1-/-
Spleen d7 pi
A
Salivary Glands d14 pi
Spleen d14 pi x107 Spleen d30 pi x107 Salivary Glands d14 pi x105
Spleen d7 pi
Thy1.1- Thy1.1+
Salivary Glands d14 pi
40.7 59.3 78.7 21.3
94.9 5.05 93.7 6.34
%g
p1
30
+
C DB Spleen d7 pi
Spleen d7 pi x107
m09 M25 m139 m1420.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020 Isotype+αICOS
m09 M25 m139 m1420.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008Isotype+αICOS
*
*
0.05
ns
Spleen d14 pi x107Salivary Glands d14 pi x105F
To
tal C
D4
+ IL
-10
+
ICOS0
10
20
30
40
Thy1.1-
Thy1.1+
**
%+
ve c
ells
Salivary Glands d14 pi
E
CD4+Thy1.1+
CD4+ Thy1.1-
control
% o
f ma
x s
tain
ing
ICOS
Salivary Glands d14 pi
G
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m09 M25 m139 m1420.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010 WT
wsx1-/-**
*
***
m09 M25 m139 m1420.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005WT
wsx1-/-
m09 M25 m139 m1420.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025WT
wsx1-/-
** *
*
m09 M25 m139 m1420.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010WT
wsx1-/-
***
100
101
102
103
104 WT
wsx1-/-*
** ***
Lo
g10 D
NA
co
py/µ
l
100
101
102
103
104 WTwsx1-/-
*ns
SG
pfu
/org
an
To
tal C
D4
+ IF
Nγ+
7 14 28Days post-infection
7 14 21 28
Days post-infection
A
B C
Spleen d14 pi x107
Spleen d30 pi x107 Salivary Glands d14 pi x105
Spleen d7 pi x107
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DCs
Mac
roph
age
B-c
ells
Neu
troph
ils
T-cel
ls0
5
10
15 + Isotype
+ αIFNαR-1
*
***
***
**
%IL
-27
+WT Virus
WT
IFNB-/-
IFNAR-/-
0 2 4 6 8 10 24Time(hrs)
M
WT
IFNB-/-
IFNAR-/-
WT
IFNB-/-
IFNAR-/-
IE3KO Virus
0 2 4 6 8 10 24Time(hrs)
0 2 4 6 8 10 24Time(hrs)
POLY:IC
LO
G2 F
old
Ch
an
ge
-3.6
3.6
0
A
B
No
rma
lise
d I
L-2
7 e
xp
ressio
n
Poly(I:C)
IFNβ-/-
IFNαR-/-
IFNβ-/-
IFNαR-/-
IFNβ-/-
IFNαR-/-
Isot
ype
+αIL
-10R
+αIL
-27
+αIL
-10R
/αIL
-27
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010 **
**
To
tal C
D4
+ve
IF
Nγ+
ve
ce
lls
Isot
ype
+αIL
-10R
+αIL
-27
+αIL
-10R
/αIL
-27
101
102
103*
**
Lo
g10 D
NA
co
py/µ
l
C3×104 pfu MCMV i.p
d0 d6 p.i
no injection+Isotype i.p
+αIL-27 i.p
+αIL-27 i.p
+αIL-10R i.p
+αIL-10R i.p
no injection
d14 p.i
analysis
E
D
no antibody analysis
analysis
analysis
Spleen d14 pi x107
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Me
dia
n F
luo
rese
nce
Inte
nsity
AhR
Spleen d7 p.i Salivary Glands d14 p.i
Salivary Glands d14 p.i
Spleen d7 p.i
CD4 Thy1.1- CD4 Thy1.1+
LAG3
CD
49
b
7.31 0.5
13.4 1.11
7.13 2.22
9.98 0.78
5.36 28.2
2.78 9.16
CD4+ Thy1.1+
CD4+ Thy1.1-
control
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IL-10
CD
19
NK
-1.1
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+
Spleend7 p.i
Salivary Glandsd14 p.i
48.3 0.2148.3 0.21
CD
19
NK
-1.1
35.4 0.12
0.15 0.07
2.4 0.005 4.02 0.01
0.38 0.2
4.48 0.13 6.09 0.076
2.64 0.78
12.6 0.22 18.1 0.12
1.47 0.54
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CD80
CD86
OX40
L
4-1B
BL
CD40
0
5
10
1520
80CD4-Cre-CD4-Cre+
**
**
%+
ve c
ells
CD80
CD86
OX40
L
4-1B
BL
CD40
0
2
4
6
8
1010
30CD4-Cre-CD4-Cre+
**
**
*
**%+
ve c
ells
CD80
CD86
OX40
L
4-1B
BL
CD40
0
5
10
1515
80CD4-Cre-CD4-Cre+
**
%+
ve c
ells
CD80
CD86
OX40
L
4-1B
BL
CD40
0
5
10
15
2020
40CD4-Cre-CD4-Cre+
**
%+
ve c
ells
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+0
2
4
6
8
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Spleen
Salivary Gland
CD
11
c+M
HC
II+ ×
10
7
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
d7 p.i
d14 p.i
d7 p.i
d14 p.i
A
B
CD
11
c+M
HC
II+ ×
10
5
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d60 piNaive
0
1000
2000
3000
4000CD4-Cre-
CD4-Cre+
aS
SA
U/m
l
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020ns
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003 ns
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015ns
CD4-Cre- CD4-Cre+0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015 ns
To
tal S
G C
D4
+ D
R5
+ c
ells
x1
05
Spleen Salivary Glands
To
tal S
ple
en
C
D4
+ D
R5
+ c
ells
x1
07
d14 pi
d30 pi
A
B
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m139 IE3 M38 M45
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25WT
wsx1-/-
**
**
****
m139 IE3 M38 M45
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10WT
wsx1-/-
**
**
****
To
tal C
D8
+ c
ells x
10
7 IFNγ CD107a
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Total Splenic CD4+ve IFNγ+ve
cells x107
Total SG CD4+ve IFNγ+ve
cells x105
m09 M25 m139 m1420.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004Isotype
+αICOS
m09 M25 m139 m1420.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005Isotype
+αICOS
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Isot
ype
+αIL
-10R
+αIL
-27
+αIL
-10R
/αIL
-27
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008 Isotype
+αIL-10R
+αIL-27
+αIL-10R/αIL-27
0.2
To
tal C
D4
+ve
IFNγ+
ve
ce
llsSpleen d30 pi x107