cleft lip and palate management
DESCRIPTION
ENTTRANSCRIPT
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CLEFT LIP / PALATEManagement
DR. GHLAM SAQULAINM.B.B.S,D.L.O,F.C.P.S
Head of Department of OtorhinolaryngologyCAPITAL HOSPITAL
Islamabad.
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Cleft Lip and Palate are common congenital deformities that often affect speech, hearing, and cosmesis; and may at times lead to airway compromise.
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MANAGEMENT
Team Approach Otolaryngologist has a pivotal role Initial Head and Neck Examination Speech Disorders Ear Disease Airway Problems Surgical Repair
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A) Primary Management
Antenatal Diagnosis: It is possible to diagnose by ultrasound scan after 18 weeks of
gestation. Isolated cleft palate cannot be diagnosed by USS. When diagnosis is confirmed referral to cleft surgeon is
appropriate for genetic counseling.
Feeding Difficulties: Most affected babies feed well and thrive provided appropriate
advise and support to mother is given. Some mothers are successful in breast feeding particularly in
incomplete clefts. Soft bottles and modified teats can help
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Airway Problems: Major respiratory obstruction is uncommon but can
occur in some cases. Intermittent airway obstruction is more frequent
and managed by nursing the baby prone. More severe and persistent airway compromise
can be managed by retained nasopharyngeal intubations.
Surgical adhesion of tongue to lip c/a Labioglossopexy can be an alternate in first few days but it is less commonly practiced.
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B) Surgical Techniques
Principles of Surgery: Surgical techniques are aimed to restore
the normal anatomy of lip, nose, and face Normal or near normal anatomy promotes
normal function, thereby encouraging normal growth and development of lip, nose, palate and facial skeleton
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Timing of Surgery: Rule of tens
• At least 10 weeks old• Weighs at least 10 pounds• Has Hb. Of 10 gm.
Better results are obtained when the child is at least 3 months.
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Muscle Realignment: In this condition Nasolabial
and bilabial muscle rings are disrupted on one or both side resulting in deformity
This has to be taken into consideration while planning repair.
Pre Op. Orthopaedic Treatment:
Realignment of alveolus prior to lip repair improves the balance and symmetry and future development of mid face.
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Operative Procedures (Cleft Lip)
Two surgical techniques are used most widely in cleft lip surgery: Rotation-advancement technique Triangular flap technique
Lip adhesions – Difference of opinion. It is first stage of two stage lip
reconstruction.
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Rotation Advancement Technique
Millard 1957 Does not require precise
markings and measurements
Based on surgeons ability to use the basic design and to adjust the tissue as the operation progresses until acceptable alignment is achieved.
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Triangular Flap Technique
Based on idea of using the design to establish equal vertical dimensions on both lip segments
Construction of equilateral triangular flaps on each side
Lip repair by Bardach technique
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Operative Procedure (Cleft Palate)
Several Techniques- Trend is towards less scarring and less tension on palate
Scarring of palate may cause impaired mid-facial growth (alveolar arch collapse, mid face retrusion, malocclusion)
Facial growth may be less affected if surgery is delayed until 18-24 months, but feeding, speech, socialization may suffer.
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Hearing Management: It has been recently recognized that a child with
craniofacial anomaly including cleft lip and palate is at increased risk of sensori-neural hearing deficit.
All children born with cleft lip and palate should be assessed for SNHL and Conductive hearing loss before 12 months of age, by ABR and tympanometry.
• SNHL is managed by Hearing aid• Conductive Hearing loss is managed by Surgical and
medical management of OME.
C) REHABILITATION
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Speech Problems and Management:
Velopharyngeal incompetence (Increased nasal airflow and resonance produing nasal or hyper nasal quality of speech)
Articulation problems: Speech problems are managed by Speech and language therapy
Secondary palatal surgery• Intravelar veloplasty
(muscular reconstruction of soft palate
• Pharyngoplasty Speech training devices
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Dental Problems and Management Delayed tooth development Delayed eruption of teeth Morphological abnormalities Decreased number of teeth (hypodontia) or increased
number of teeth (Hyperdontia0Regular examination should be done. Many patients
require orthodontic treatment Secondary Surgery for Cleft Lip and Palate
Despite adequate primary surgery, residual problems do occur and are managed by appropriate secondary surgical procedures.
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Non Surgical Treatment
Lip AdhesionsDental Obturator
For high-risk patients or those that refuse surgery.
Advantage- High rate of closure Disadvantage- Need to wear a prosthesis,
and need to modify prosthesis as child grows.
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Questions?
Answers
Thank You
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CLEFT LIP A CASE REPORT
Dr. AasmaHouse Surgeon, ENT Department
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Patient Profile
Name: xyzAddress: G 7/1, IslamabadAge: 8 MonthsSex: FemaleDOA: 25-07-06DOD: 04-08-06
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HISTORY
Main Complaint: Lip deformity since birth
Natal History: no H/O birth trauma. Normal vaginal delivery child cried well after birth. No H/O Feeding Problems or breathing difficulty. Weight of baby at birth was 2.7 Kg.
Family History: No Family history of similar or congenital anomaly
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Milestones: Milestones achieved normally within time limits.
Past History: No past H/o any significant medical disease No Past H/o any surgery No Past H/o Allergy
Personal History: Seep and Appetite normal No C/o feeding problem, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation No C/o Fever.
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General Physical Examination
Baby was active, conscious, stable well oriented, cooperative and smiling all the time.
She was healthy according to age.
No other anomaly noted.
Pulse: 115/min Temp: Afebrile Pallor: -ve Jaundice: -ve Dehydration: -ve Cyanosis: -ve Clubbing: -ve Edema: -ve Lymph Nodes: Not palpable
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Examination of Face: Unilateral cleft lip Deformity nose left side No other facial anomaly
Throat Examination: Good Hygiene Upper lip defect, margins of cleft
normal with no inflammation Lower lip normal Normal palate Mucosa of oral
cavity normal Tongue, gums normal Lower two teeth erupted.
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Examination of Nose Depressed nasal ala on left side Nasal septum and lateral walls normal Floor normal posteriorly, anteriorly oro nasal
fistula opening in front of gum margin.
Examination of EarTympanic membranes in both ears normal with no
signs of secretry otitis media ( i.e, retraction, buldging of TM, air bubbles, fluid level behind TM.
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Systemic Examination
Cardio-Respiratory System: S1 +S2 audible in all four areas. Chest Clear with NVB
GIT: NAD No Scar No Swelling No Tenderness
CNS: NAD
Loco motor System: No other congenital anomaly seen.
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Investigations
Blood CP Hb: 12.3 g/dl WBC: 16.8 x103 /uL RBC: 4.78 X106 /uL MCV: 69.04 fL MCH: 26.6 pg MCHC: 37 g/dl Plt.: 460 x 103/uL
BT: 03min 20 sec
CT: 05min 30 sec
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X-Ray chest (PA): Normal
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Surgical Repair:
After through preoperative preparation &
Anesthetic fitnessLabioplasty performed under General
Anesthesia Date: 1.8.2008
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Post Operative
Post Operative Treatment: Inj. Ceftim 125 mg i/v BD for two days Then Syp. Dynacef 125 mg tds. Syp. Brufen ½ tsf SOS.
Post Operative recovery was uneventfulPatient discharged on third post
operative day
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Dr. Muhammad Farooq KhanMedical OfficerDepartment of E.N.T,Head & Neck Surgery.
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INTRODUCTION
Facial clef ting is the second most common
congenital deformity (after clubfoot).Affects 1 in 750 birthsProblems are cosmetic, dental, speech,
swallowing, hearing, facial growth, emotional
Otolaryngologist holds key role on CP team
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Incidence
Cleft Lip and Palate 1:600 Live birthsIsolated cleft palate 1:1000Live birthsIn black population 1:2000 Live BirthsIn Native American Tribes of Montana
(USA) Highest Incidence 1:276 Live Births
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Gender Predominance
Cleft Lip More common in males 80%
Cleft Palate More common in females 67%
Cleft Lip/ cleft palate … both Predominate - in males.
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Types
Cleft Lip alone 15%Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate both 45%Isolated Cleft Palate 40%
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Etiology (Multifactorial)
Genetic predispositionContributory environment componentsMaternal Age: Cleft lip is associated with
increasing maternal age but cleft palate has no relation with it.
Maternal EpilepsyDrugs During Pregnancy like:
Anticonvulsants Steroids Sedatives
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EMBRYOLOGY
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Palatal development-1
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