Clean Energy Developments and CCS gy pTechnologies in China

Dennis Y.C. Leung

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Hong Kong

China Energy Issues in the 12th 5-year Plan & Beyond Conf.China Energy Issues in the 12 5 year Plan & Beyond Conf.

23-24 February 2012

Traders Hotel, Singapore

Content• Statistics of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in China;

• Challenges ahead;

• Approaches to reduce CO emissions;• Approaches to reduce CO2 emissions;

• Clean energy & carbon capture technologies development ;

• Pros and cons of developing CCS in China;

• Issues to be considered for CCS implementation in China

• Existing CCS demonstration projects in China

• CCS demonstration projects with overseas collaborationsCCS demonstration projects with overseas collaborations

• Concluding remarks

World CO2 emissions 2

kton

Source: Wikimedia Commons

World CO2 emissions 2

9000

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8000 China USA Russia India

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on Ton

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Year

CO2 emissions (absolute)

IndiaUnited states

China

GermanyJapan

Russia

untry

AustraliaU.K.

Canaday

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SingaporeHong Kong

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9CO2 emission (billion ton)

Source: 2010 CO2 emission from Wikipedia

CO2 emissions per capitaCO2 emissions per capita

CanadaAustralia

U.S.A.

JapanGermany

RussiaCanada

untr

y

ChinaSingapore

U.K.Japan

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0 5 10 15 20

IndiaHong Kong

China

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Ton CO2/year/person

Source: 2010 CO2 emission from Wikipedia

CO2 emissions per GDP

China

AustraliaRussiaIndiaChina

CanadaUnited states

Australia

ount

ry

JapanU.K.

GermanyCo

SingaporeHong Kong

p

0 500 1000 1500

Ton CO2/Million US$)

Source: 2010 CO2 emission from Wikipedia2010 GDP data from World Bank

Ton CO2/Million US$)

Challenges aheadChallenges ahead

China committed to reduce its CO2 emissions per unit of GDP or carbon intensity by 40 to 45% ofunit of GDP, or carbon intensity, by 40 to 45% of 2005 levels by 2020.

GDP Growth in China over the past 3 decades

Average (1982-2011): +9.9%14

16

Target (12th 5 years plan 2011-15): +7%

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DP

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01980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Y

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook

Year

Challenges ahead (cont’d)Challenges ahead (cont’d)

H d d f l t i it• Huge demand for electricity;

• Current generation installation is about 770 GW which• Current generation installation is about 770 GW, which will be doubled in 2020 (assuming a modest annual growth of 6%);g )

• Over 50 GW new capacity should be commissioned heach year;

M t f th i ti d t ti ld till• Most of the existing and new power stations would still be coal predominant;

Power Generation Mix in China

90%

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e

others

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Percen

tage hydroelectric

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coal  fired

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30%power

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1970 1980 1987 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 2010

Year

Challenges ahead (cont’d)Challenges ahead (cont’d)

• Huge demand for electricity;

• Current generation installation is about 770 GW, which will be doubled in 2020 (assuming a modest annual growth of 6%);

• Over 50 GW new capacity should be commissioned each year;

• Most of the existing and new power stations would still be coal predominant;

• Without massive reduction measures, difficult to achieve the CO i i d iCO2 emission reduction target.

A h t dApproaches to reduceCO2 emissions2

A h dApproaches to reduceCO2 emissions2

A. Increase usage of cleaner fuels

B. Increase usage of renewable energy

C. Adopt clean coal technologies

D. Development of nuclear power

E. Energy efficiency and conservation

F Geo engineering (Carbon capture & storage)F. Geo-engineering (Carbon capture & storage)

A. Increase usage of cleaner fuelsg

• Reduce the consumption of coal, and substituted by other cleaner or more efficient fuels (such as natural gas)

• CO2 emission from natural gas is 40-50% less than that of coal;

• In the US, 15-20% of power generation is from natural gas, while it is only 5% for China and ~23% for Hong Kong;y g g;

• The technology is there but the major obstacle is the cost. Natural gas price is 40-150% higher than coal;

Conventional power plantConventional power plant

From http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Steam_generator

A. Increase usage of cleaner fuels (cont’d)g

• Reduce the consumption of coal, and substituted by other cleaner or more efficient fuels (such as natural gas)

• CO2 emission from natural gas is 40-50% less than that of coal;

• In the US, 15-20% of power generation is from natural gas, while it is only 5% for China and ~23% for Hong Kong;y g g;

• The technology is there but the major obstacle is the cost. Natural gas price is 40-150% higher than coal;

B Increase usage of renewable energyB. Increase usage of renewable energy

• Renewable energy: hydro power, wind power, biofuels

• Renewable Energy Policy: 15% by 2020

C Clean coal technologiesC. Clean coal technologies

C l i th bi t i Chi• Coal is the biggest energy resources in China;

• Advanced clean coal technologies are needed in long term;g g

• Technologies such as IGCC, PFBC exists but still need much demonstration;demonstration;

• Tianjin IGCC demonstration power plant, part of Huaneng GreenGen 250MW project has been put into operation in 2011GreenGen 250MW project, has been put into operation in 2011.

• A pilot 300-400 MW IGCC plant at Yantai, Shangdong Province will be constructed in 2012 with the support of World Bank;

• 4 commercial demonstration PFBC plants each with 80 MWe4 commercial demonstration PFBC plants each with 80 MWe output have been built and a 150 MW demonstration unit will be built.

D Development of nuclear powerD. Development of nuclear power

• 9 GW on operation;(e.g.Tianwan, Qinshan, Daya Bay, Yangjing)

• 21 GW under construction;( H i S Ni d H h(e.g. Haiyang, Sanmen, Ningde, Hongyanhe,

Yangjiang)

• Planned 2020: 40GW, 260-280TWhPlanned 2020: 40GW, 260 280TWh

E. Energy efficiency and conservation

• reduce energy consumption by using more gy p y gefficient devices and through energy management (mainly for building); y g

F Geo engineeringF. Geo-engineering

Deliberate modification of Earth's natural environment on a large scale for reducing global warming

• Afforestation and reforestation;

• Ocean storage;

• Carbon capture and storage (CCS);

Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology

Three types of carbon capture technologies:yp p g

A. Pre-combustion:• CO2 is captured from a mixture of predominantly H2 and CO2 formed from

partial oxidation of fuel (deliberate incomplete combustion). • The H2 can then be combusted directly to make electricity and heatThe H2 can then be combusted directly to make electricity and heat

Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont’d)

B. Post-combustion:Aft th f l i b d CO i t d f th h t b b ti• After the fuel is burned CO2 is captured from the exhaust gas by absorption using solvent such as amines or chilled ammonia.

• The CO2 absorbed can be released by varying the temperature and pressure.2 y y g p p

Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont’d)

C. Oxyfuel combustion: • fossil fuel is burned in the presence of pure O2, which results in a

flue gas containing predominantly CO2 and water, which are readily separable.

Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont’d)

Ways of CO2 storage:

• coal bed (for methane formation)

il fi ld t h il• oil field to enhance oil recovery

• a sand layer deep underground with salt water

• other applications

Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology ( t’d)Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont’d)

• Can reduce > 80% CO2 from power plants

• Most feasible for long term mass reduction in carbon dioxide• Most feasible for long term mass reduction in carbon dioxide

• There are already over 30 CCS demonstration projects in the y p jpipeline across the globe and the no. is increasing in China;

• There is a China US research collaboration on the regional• There is a China-US research collaboration on the regional opportunity for the CO2 capture and storage in China.

• The EC planned to provide up to €50m funding for the demonstration of carbon capture and geological storage technology in cooperation with China, which can act as atechnology in cooperation with China, which can act as a model for international action to combat climate change.

Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont’d)Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont d)

Main obstacles:Main obstacles:

• Capital cost: increase overall power plantcapital costs by 20 to 25%.

• Energy Penalty Costs: The high energy requirements for• Energy Penalty Costs: The high energy requirements for operating CO2 capture systems can reduce power generation output by 15% to 30%.

• Total costs of electricity generated: increased by 40 to 70% per MW.per MW.

• Carbon reduction cost by CCS today US$ 30-90/ton CO2

Pros and cons of developing CCS in China

PPros:• Key technology for large scale CO2 reduction;• The most feasible a to achie e emission red ction target;• The most feasible way to achieve emission reduction target;• Position as leader and export technology-enhance economic growth;

Cons:• High cost;High cost;• Increase energy consumption (may be > 30%);• Technology not matured yet;gy y ;• Carbon storage may be difficult in China due to its complicated

geology;• Carbon transport may be difficult due to dense population

Issues to be considered for CCSIssues to be considered for CCS implementation in China

E i t l t ti• Environmental protection;• Regulatory (both national and international);• Technical feasibility;• Economic factor;Economic factor;• Resource;

S i t t• Society acceptance.

CCS demonstration projectsHuaneng Beijing Thermal Power Station 3000 t/y

Shenh a Gro p CCS 100 000 t/

Harbin Thermal Power Plant 1-1.5 Mt/y

Shenhua Group CCS 100,000 t/y (under construction)

Huaneng Shidongkou Power

Jilin Oil field CO2-EOR100,000- 140,000 t/y

Huaneng Shidongkou Power Station 100,000 t/y

Wuhan 3MW oxyfuel

Chongqing Shuanghuai Power station 10,000 t/y

Wuhan 3MW oxyfuel 10,000 t/y (under construction

Luzhou Natural Gas Chemicals 58,000 t/y

Hubei Ying cheng Oxyfuel 100,000 t/y (under construction)

CCS demonstration projects withp joverseas collaborations

• PCC (post combustion capture) project in BeijingPCC (post combustion capture) project in Beijing– with CSIRO, Australia

• EOR (enhanced oil recovery) project in Harbin– with Japan organizations

Concluding remarksConcluding remarks

• With the predicted economic growth, the demand in electricity in China will be enormous. It is a real challenge for China to reduce its carbon emission over the present level;

T h l i f d i CO i i i t b t tl• Technologies for reducing CO2 emissions exist but very costly;

• Short to medium term methods to reduce CO emissions include• Short to medium term methods to reduce CO2 emissions include the increase use of cleaner fuels and renewable energy; and promote energy efficiency and conservation in buildings;

Concluding remarks (cont’d)Concluding remarks (cont’d)

• China will cut its “carbon intensity” or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 40 toemissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 40 to 45% below 2005 levels by 2020

• Adopting more renewable energy and enhancing energy efficiency and conservation cannot fulfill this target in this time frameframe.

• CCS is a technology that can reduce great amount of CO• CCS is a technology that can reduce great amount of CO2emissions and help to achieve the reduction target of China.

End of presentation

Thanks for your attentiony