clean coal technology - national conference of state ...fuel consumption/total emissions including...
TRANSCRIPT
Robert G. Hilton
August 5, 2012
Clean Coal Technology
Presented to the National
Conference of State Legislatures
Agenda
1st topic Combustion Page 2
2nd topic Criteria Pollutants Page 10
3rd topic CO2 Capture Page 18
Sub. vs. Supercritical Cycle Impact on Emissions
Plant Efficiency, %*
Plant Efficiency, %
Fuel Consumption/Total Emissions
including CO2
Subcritical Supercritical 34 - 37 37 - 41
Plant Efficiency, Btu / kw-hr 10,000 - 9,200 9,200 - 8,300
34%
Base
37%
Base-8%
41%
Base-17%
* HHV Basis
NAM SC Plant Experience – J.Marion – Clearwater Conf. – 7 June 2010 - P 4 All data at BMCR, operating data
Supercritical Boiler
Carbon Dioxide Emissions vs Net Plant Efficiency
(Based on firing Pittsburgh #8 Coal)
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
37% 38% 39% 40% 41% 42% 43% 44% 45% 46% 47% 48% 49% 50%
Net Plant Efficiency, (LHV)%
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
, to
nn
e/M
Wh
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Pe
rce
nt
CO
2 R
ed
uc
tio
n
CO2 Emission, tonne/MWhPercent CO2 Reduction from
Subcritical PC Plant
Efficiency increase from Subcritical to USC can, for example,
yield up to 25% CO2 reduction
• Co-firing with biomass to 10% can lead to 10% reduction in CO2
Comparison of Coal Based Power Options –
CO2 Reduction
Advanced Ultrasupercritical PC
Plant Range
Commercial
Supercritical
Existing US coal fleet @
avg 33%
• Efficiency increase from Subcritical to USC can, for example, yield up to 25% CO2 reduction
100% Coal
firing Coal w/ 10%
co biomass
Source: EPRI
Modern day
subcritical
NAM SC Plant Experience – J.Marion – Clearwater Conf. – 7 June 2010 - P 6
Path to More Efficient Steam Power Plants
- Efficiency (net) HHV
- Steam Parameter
25 - 30%
33%
Once Through Technology
3480/1005/1050 ( psi /°F/°F) 240/540/565 (bar/°C/°C)
2400/1005/1005 167/540/540
Sliding Pressure Supercritical
5400/1300/1325( psi /°F/°F) 375/700/720 (bar/°C/°C)
4000/1110/1150( psi /°F/°F) 275/600/620 (bar/°C/°C)
4000/1075/1110 ( psi /°F/°F) 275/580/600 (bar/°C/°C)
38 - 40%
T91 Adv Austenitic Materials
1960 1980 2000 2020 1960 1980 2000 2020
- Efficiency (net) HHV
- Steam Parameter
25 - 30%
33%
Once Through Technology
3480/1005/1050 ( psi /°F/°F) 240/540/565 (bar/°C/°C)
2400/1005/1005 167/540/540
Sliding Pressure Supercritical
5400/1300/1325( psi /°F/°F) 375/700/720 (bar/°C/°C)
4000/1110/1150( psi /°F/°F) 275/600/620 (bar/°C/°C)
4000/1075/1110 ( psi /°F/°F) 275/580/600 (bar/°C/°C)
38 - 40%
T91 Adv Austenitic Materials
1960 1980 2000 2020 1960 1980 2000 2020
5400/1330/1400( psi /°F/°F) 375/730/760 (bar/°C/°C)
39 - 41%
48% - 51%
50% - 53%
43% - 46%
49% - 52%
Ni - based Materials
45% - 48%
Precipitation Strengthened Ni - based Materials
5400/1330/1400( psi /°F/°F) 375/730/760 (bar/°C/°C)
39 - 41%
48% - 51%
50% - 53%
43% - 46%
49% - 52%
Ni - based Materials
45% - 48%
Precipitation Strengthened Ni - based Materials
tower tower
tower tower
tower tower
FGHR
Aux Power
RH/RH
FGHR
Excess Air
Bottoming
Cycle
Economics continue to drive efficiency improvements. This will be achieved by
several technological steps including higher steam conditions enabled by cost
effective materials advances
NAM SC Plant Experience – J.Marion – Clearwater Conf. – 7 June 2010 - P 7
Partnerships: Ultrasupercritical Materials
European: Emax Project
Operating Target: 700 C / 310 bar
1292 F / 4500 psig
US-DOE :Ultra-Supercritical Boiler Project
Operating Target: 760 C / 379 bar
1400 F / 5500 psig
All major US boiler manufacturers, Oak Ridge
National lab and EPRI
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Oxy-Combustion Process Technology Overview
Principle Fuel is burned in a mixture of oxygen and re-circulated flue-gas. Due to the absence of Nitrogen, the resulting flue gas is enriched in CO2After water condensing and further purification, CO2 can be compressed and send for storage or re-use.
Advantages
Reliability: main components exist, only adaptation to power gen and scale-up
All types of boilers / firing systems adaptable to oxy to cover complete fuel range
Rapid scale-up to large size (1,000 MWe range) possible after large demos. Retrofit in Oxy can be addressed
High efficiency and competitiveness of supercritical/ultra-supercritical cycles and large unit size will be key benefits
Large panel of entities involved in development, contributing to reaching solid consensus.
• CLC is a break-through CCUS technology in
terms of efficiency and economics, with potential
to significantly lower cost of CO2 capture
• CLC is a flexible technology that can be
configured in new or retrofit applications to
produce syngas, hydrogen or power from coal
• Currently validating 3 MWth CLC prototype using
limestone as oxygen carrier
CLC Development Status
What’s Next?
• Optimization testing on prototype
• Next step before commercial unit
will be Scale-up to 10-50 MWe
Demonstration
Chemical Looping Combustion
2008 - 2012 Prototype Testing
of Limestone Chemical Looping
Agenda
1st topic Combustion Page 2
2nd topic Criteria Pollutants Page 10
3rd topic CO2 Capture Page 18
Sulfur Oxides 184,000 Mw installed
Nitrogen Oxides 140,000 Mw installed
Particulate Matter 320,000 Mw Installed
- PM10
- PM2.5
Mercury 65,000 Mw Installed
Heavy Metals
Acid Gases
Installation figures are Power only and do not include Industrial
Pollutants Controlled
HRFF—High-Ratio Fabric Filter WESP—Wet Electrostatic Precipitator
DESP—Dry Electrostatic Precipitator
Emissions and Technology
Particulate Control Systems
LRFF—Low-Ratio Fabric Filter
Tech Options for Air Emissions - BHilton 2 Dec 2011
Mercury Control Systems
Brominated Milled Carbojn PAC—Powdered Activated Carbon
Additive Storage Tank Boiler Additive Technology
Emissions and Technology
Spray Dry Absorber- SDA Fluid Bed Dry Absorber
Dry Sorbent Injection - DSI
SO2 & Acid Gas Control Systems Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization
Emission Control Technologies
NOx Control System
SCR—Selective Catalytic Reduction SNCR- Selective Non-Catalytic
Reduction
Emission Control Technologies
Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization
and Integrated Systems
Agenda
1st topic Combustion Page 2
2nd topic Criteria pollutants Page 10
3rd topic CO2 Capture Page 17
Post Combustion CO2 Capture
• Advanced Amines
• Chilled Ammonia
Advanced Amine Process Technology Overview
Advantages
• Proven in natural gas & syngas purification
• CO2 capture from flue gas is a new application
• More efficient capture of CO2 and less solvent degradation than MEA
• Higher tolerance against oxygen & trace contaminants
Source: Alstom
Principle
• An amine based solvent reacts with the CO2 in the flue gas
• Raising the temperature reverses this reaction, the CO2 is released and the solvent recycled
Principle
• Ammonium carbonate solution reacts with CO2 of cooled flue gas to form ammonium bicarbonate
• Raising the temperature reverses this reaction, pressurized CO2 is released, the solution is recycled
Chilled Ammonia Process Technology Overview
Advantages
• High CO2 purity
• Tolerant to oxygen and flue gas impurities
• Stable reagent, no degradation nor emission of trace contaminants
• Low-cost, globally available reagent
Other CO2 Technologies in Development
•Dry Sorbents
•Enzymes
•Cryogenic
•Regenerable Sorbents
•Biological Capture
•Membranes
•Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
•Chemical Processing for Reuse
www.alstom.com