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Clean Coal in a postCOP21 era Kamel BenNaceur Clean Coal Day in Japan 2016 International Symposium Tokyo, 78 September 2016

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Page 1: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

Clean Coal in a post‐COP21 eraKamel Ben‐Naceur

Clean Coal Day in Japan 2016 International SymposiumTokyo, 7‐8 September 2016

Page 2: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Context: Coal in today’s energy system

• The importance and implication of coal today

Generates over 40% of electricity

Can be important for economic & social development & energy security

Produces almost 50% of CO2 emissions & is a key source of air pollution

• China is at the center of the coal world

Responsible for 80% of rise in coal use since 2000 & now half global use

Is world's top coal producer and – until recently – largest importer

• After a decade of growth, global coal use halted in 2014 and is declining in 2015

Coal prices are at decade lows on a glut of supply & tepid demand

Page 3: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

CIF Prices in North West Europe (ARA)

Global overcapacity and weaker than expected demand look set to put further downward pressure on coal prices through 2020

Context: Coal prices keep hitting new lows

Development of thermal coal prices

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$/t

Global financial crisis

New supply capacity meets slowing demand

Page 4: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

• First clear signs of decoupling of CO2 emissions and GDP Global energy‐related CO2 emissions flattened in 2014‐2015 despite 

growing GDP Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 

2015

• COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration: Country‐based approaches  preferred to 

top‐down regulation New goals put forward – going beyond what everyone already considered 

challenging when our first ETP was released in 2006 

Context: Global Emissions and Renewables 

Page 5: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

0

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2013 2014 2015 2016

US

D/M

Wh

(nom

inal

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Solar PV Wind onshore

Jordan

South Africa

Brazil

Canada Brazi

lUSA

Australia

South Africa

Brazil Egyp

t Morocco

Peru

South Africa

India

Uruguay

ChileBrazi

l

India

GermanyFrance

Jordan

Germany

USA South AfricaUAE

India

Peru

Context: Wind and PV Downward price trends continuing rapidly

Best results occur where price competition, long‐term contracts and good resource availability are combined

Recent announced long-term contract prices for new renewable power to be commissioned over 2016-2019

Chile

Page 6: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Context: Renewable Energydeployment prospects

With recent policy changes, 35% of gap between main and accelerated case is bridged

World renewable power annual capacity additions, main vs. accelerated case

020

4060

80100

120140

160180

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

G W

United States Japan EU-28 Other OECD India China Brazil Other non-OECD

Historical AcceleratedPost COP21

MTRMR 2015-Main case October 2015Post- COP21 March 2016

RM2

Page 7: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

The COP21 Agreement in Paris

LONG‐TERM MITIGATION GOAL

• Temperature goal "well below" 2°C, and pursue efforts to limit to 1.5°C

• To achieve the temperature goal, Parties aim to reach a peaking of global emissions as soon as possible, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter so as to achieve a balance between emissions and removals by sinks in the second half of this century (i.e. net‐zero emissions but these words were not used). 

• Parties are encouraged to develop and communicate national long‐term low greenhouse gas development strategies.

Page 8: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

The carbon intensity of the global economy can be cut by two‐thirds through a diversified energy technology mix

Contribution of technology area to global cumulative CO2 reductions 

Addressing the COP21 challenge

 0

 5

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 15

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 35

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45

2013 2020 2030 2040 2050

GtCO2

Renewables 32%

Energy efficiency 32%

Fuel switching 10%

Nuclear 11%

CCS 15%2DS

4DS

Page 9: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Re‐thinking electricity supply

• Generation today:• Fossil fuels: 68%• Renewables: 22%

Generation 2DS 2050: Renewables:  67% Fossil fuels: 17%

0%

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100%

 0

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50 000

2013 2020 2030 2040 2050

TWh

Other

Wind

STE

Solar PV

Hydro

Biofuels and waste

Nuclear

Coal with CCS

Coal

Oil

Natural gas with CCS

Natural gas

Low‐carbon share

Page 10: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

Innovation can support a multitude of sustainable energy solutions

Primary energy mix in the ETP scenarios

Fossil fuels remain an important part of global energy supply in the 2DS with a 45% share in 2050 

 0

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‐fossil

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‐fossil

2050

6DS 4DS 2DS

EJ

Other renewables

Hydro

Biomass and waste

Nuclear

Coal

Oil

Natural gas

RM3

Page 11: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Other renewable power   

Buildings   

Nuclear   

Transport  

Appliances and lighting  Energy storage  

Industry  

Biofuels   Carbon capture and storage   

More efficient coal‐fired power   

Electric vehicles   Solar PV and onshore wind   

Technology Status today against 2DS targets

●Not on track ●Accelerated improvement needed ●On trackClean energy deployment is still overall behind what is required to meet the 2°C goal, 

but recent progress on electric vehicles, solar PV and wind is promising

Progress in clean energy needs to accelerate 

Page 12: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Action can begin today

Five key actions, led by energy efficiency and renewables, and including a reduction in inefficient coal  to peak then reduce global energy emissions.

•Five measures save almost 5 Gt of emissions by 2030 & achieve a global emissions peak by 2020, without harming economic growth & using only proven technologies

Energy efficiency

49%

Reducinginefficient coal

Reducinginefficient coal

Renewablesinvestment

Upstream methanereductions

Fossil‐fuelsubsidy reform

17%

15%

10%

Emissions savings in the Bridge Scenario by measure, 2030

9%

Page 13: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

The economic benefit of improved power generation efficiency is partly offsetting weak low‐carbon policies

© OECD/IEA 2015

Carbon intensity of coal‐fired power generation

The use of fossil fuels is graduallymore efficient and sustainable

Page 14: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

but unabated coal use is rising …

Unabated coal use in electricity generation is incompatible with 2DS objectives

Page 15: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

ETP 2014, 2015

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1000

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

gCO2/kW

h

CO2 intensityin 2DS

Subcritical

Supercritical

Ultra‐supercritical

IGCC

Ultra‐supercritical+post combcapture

We will need CCS to make coal “low‐carbon”

Coal: ‘High efficient‐low emissions’?

Page 16: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

What kind of potential exists to retrofit CCS on China’s existing coal‐fired power fleet?

Analysis partners:China Electricity Council (CEC)

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)International Energy Agency (IEA)

Facilitated by:Administrative Centre for China’s 

Agenda 21 (ACCA21)

https://www.iea.org/publications/insights/insightpublications/ready‐for‐ccs‐retrofit‐.html

Coal: ‘Unlocking’ in China

Page 17: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

310GW of plant ‘suitable’ for retrofit

Page 18: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Relative (additional) retrofitting costs

Page 19: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Power generation efficiency:Reducing the cost of CO2 abatement

Raising efficiency significantly reduces the CO2/kWh emitted

Impact of efficiency improvement on CO2 abatement

Page 20: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Coal: to avoid carbon lock‐in, Improve efficiency, then deploy CCS

To meet the 2DS, generation from subcritical plants need to cease before their technical lifetimes end.

Page 21: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Aggressive cost reductions are needed in the near term to make these projections a reality

© OECD/IEA 2015

Projected Levelised Cost of Electricity of coal power generation in the USA

Assumptions on Capture Cost and Performance in the 2DS

Projected Levelised Cost of Electricity of coal power generation in Japan

Early stage support is key to improve future technology competitiveness

Page 22: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Collaboration: the New Modus Operandi to meet sustainability goals 

• COP 21 invited Non‐State Actors to actively contribute to the climate solutionIncreased participation from Business, NGOs and Local Governments“Paris Pledge for Action” support to ensuring that the level of ambition set by the Paris Agreement is met or exceeded

• International co‐operation can drive innovationActing together, governments and industry can make decarbonisation easier and even more affordableClean Energy Ministerial, Mission: Innovation, Breakthrough Energy Coalition

Page 23: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016© OECD/IEA 2015

This map is without prejudice to the status of sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area. Experts from countries shown above participate in activities of the Technology Collaboration Programmes. 

IEA Energy Technology Network:Technology Collaboration Programmes

Page 24: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Clean Coal related TCPs

IEA Clean Coal Centre (IEA CCC) IEA CCC provides information on the clean and efficient use of coal 

worldwide through in‐depth topical reports, literature reviews and online databases, as well as through conferences and workshops. 

IEA Fluidized Bed Conversion (IEA FBC) IEA FBC provides a forum for experts in the field of fluidized bed 

conversion. The main activity of the TCP is technical exchanges on current FBC research during meetings and workshops.

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) IEAGHG studies and evaluates technologies that can reduce 

greenhouse gas emissions derived from the use of fossil fuels. A focus of the work of the IEAGHG has been on carbon capture and storage. 

Page 25: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Conclusions

• While coal has been a strong support for expanded electricity use, it also leads to over 50% of the CO2 emissions

• 2015 has seen an exceptional growth of investment in renewables, helped partly by declining generation costs 

• The Paris Agreement requires decarbonisation of the energy sector at a much faster rate than currently observed

• Electricity generation will be completely transformed by 2050

• To avoid carbon lock‐in, improve efficiency, then deploy CCS

• China coal retrofit study

• Collaboration is the new Modus Operandi to meet the sustainability goals

Page 26: Clean Coal in a post COP21 era · Renewable power capacity at record high with 147 GW installed in 2015 • COP21 provided a historic push for clean energy Start of a new era of collaboration:

© IEA 2016

Thank you for your attention