clean cities / 1 northern colorado clean cities natural gas vehicles overview maria dibiase eisemann...
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NORTHERN COLORADO CLEAN CITIES
Natural Gas Vehicles Overview Maria DiBiase Eisemann
[email protected] 21, 2014
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INTRODUCTION:Clean Cities Mission…
To contribute to the energy, environmental, and economic security of the Unites States by supporting local decisions to reduce our dependence on imported petroleum.
• Supported by the US Department of Energy
• A community-based, voluntary program that fosters partnerships among stakeholders in the public and private sectors to reduce petroleum use.
• Alternative fuel neutral
• Goal: Reduce U.S. petroleum use by 2.5 billion gallons per year
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Clean Cities Coalitions
• Nearly 100 coalitions in 45 states
• 775,000 AFVs using alternative fuels
• 6,600 fueling stations
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Natural Gas-clean burning, domestically produced and inexpensive
• Hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH4) and others
such as propane
• High octane rating, excellent for spark ignited ICE
• Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and noncarcinogenic
• Not a threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater
• Lower ozone-forming emissions than gasoline
• Extracted from gas and oil wells
• Increasing amount form biogas resources
• Existing vast pipeline distribution system in US
• Used for decades to fuel vehicles
• Accounts for approx. ¼ of energy used in US (residential,
commercial, industrial, elec generation) 1/10 for transpo fuel
Basics
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Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)• Stored in onboard tanks under high
pressure• Fuel economy similar to gasoline• 1 GGE = 5.7 lb CNG
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)• Kept at cold temperatures (-260 F)• Stored in double-wall, vacuum-insulated
pressure vessels• Heavy-duty vehicles• 1 GGE = 1.5 gal LNG
Basics: CNG and LNG
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• Ford Transit Connect CNG taxi with tanks stored in rear of
• vehicle
Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles
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Dedicated Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV)• Run only on natural gas• Better performance• Lower emissions• Increased cargo capacity
Bi-fuel NGVs• Two fueling systems
o Natural gaso Gasoline
• Fueling flexibility
Dual-fuel NGVs• Run on diesel and natural gas• Heavy-duty vehicles only
Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles
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Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles
Operates much like a gasoline spark-ignited engine
A: Gas fill valve
B: High Pressure Cylinders
C: Master manual shut-off valve
D: High-pressure fuel line
E: Regulator, reduces pressure for fuel injectors
F: Natural gas solenoid valve, allows gas into fuel injectors
G: Fuel-injection system-natural gas mixed with air burned to produce power
Some HD vehicles use spark-ignited CNG systems
Adapted from Compressed Natural Gas: A Suite of Tutorials. Courtesy of Thomason & Associates, Inc.
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Benefits and Considerations
Public Health and Environment• Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions• Lower particulate pollution and carcinogens• CNG Honda Civic cleanest ICE on earth (USEPA)
Energy Security• Plentiful in U.S.• Existing infrastructure
Driving Range• Shorter than gasoline, function of tank size• Comparable power and speed
Deployment• Proven and established• 112,000 natural gas vehicles in U.S. in 2011
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Generally better for high-mileage, centrally-fueled fleets that operate within a limited area
Light-Duty NGVs• Suitable for light-duty needs in private and
government fleets• Honda Civic GX
Medium-Duty NGVs• Vans and shuttles• Airports and taxi fleets
Heavy-Duty NGVs• Refuse haulers• Transit buses• School buses• Street sweepers• Snowplows• Short-haul delivery trucks
Use: Fleet Applications
Natural Gas Vehicles for Americawww.ngvamerica.org
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CNG Trends
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
20052006
20072008
20092010
2011
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000 Estimated Consumption of Alternative Fuel by AFVs in the U.S.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)Liquefied Pe-troleum Gas (LPG)85% Ethanol (E85)[1]Liquefied Nat-ural Gas (LNG)Electric [2]Hydrogen95% Ethanol (E95)[1]85% Methanol (M85)*Neat Methanol (M100)
Mil
lio
n G
GE
s
Trends in alternative fuel consumption in alternative fuel vehicles, by fuel type, from 1995 to 2011. (CNG) consumption has increased steadily since 1995, owing largely to state and federal government incentives, increased natural gas supply, and falling natural gas prices. Use of propane, on the other hand, which was once the most common alternative vehicle fuel, has trended downward as CNG has become more popular. E85 use has been growing as the availability of flex fuel vehicles from major manufacturers has increased, and as an increasing number of fueling stations offer E85.
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FUEL PRICE VOLATILITY
DieselRetail price $4.43/GGE
(early 2008)
Distribution and Marketing
26%
42%
9%6%18%
Natural Gas
OperationsMaintenanceAmortization
PipelineElectricity
Taxes
ElectricityRetail price $1.14/eGallon
25%
30%
30%
15%
Fuel Costs
Capital Costs
Transmission and Delivery
Taxes
COSTPER GAL$5.00
$4.00
$3.00
$2.00
$1.00
$0.00
64%
21%
5%
10%
Crude OIl
Taxes
Refining Distribution and Marketing
GasolineRetail price $3.77/GGE
(early 2008)
75%
10%
5%
10%
Crude OIl
Taxes
Refining
CNGRetail price $2.10/GGE
(early 2008)
Source: US DoE EERE, EIA, and NGVA
PPPump Prices of certain alt. fuels are lesssubject to changes in market prices for energy
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Offsite, Public Access• Utilize an existing public station• Operated by retailer, utility, or fleet• Anchor fleet or pool of multiple fleets
Onsite, Private Access• Exclusive use by fleets• Time-fill stations always private access
Onsite, Public Access• Often located outside of restricted areas• Benefit from economy of scale• Promotes public use of NGVs• Must have fast-fill capabilities for public
Use: Fueling Stations
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Fleet-Owned and -Operated• Fleet works with vendors on station development• Fleet owns and operates station
Outsourced to Independent Provider• Outside development, ownership, and operation• Fleet provides demand threshold• Long-term price agreement• Public access possible
Fleet-Owned, Contractor-Operated• Reduces fleet risk• Fleet relies on experienced operator• Usually a 5-7 year contract
Use: Station Ownership and Operation
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Time-Fill Fueling• Good for centrally-based fleets with consistent schedules• CNG is dispensed slowly, often overnight• Lower cost investment
Fast-Fill Fueling• Fueling takes place in minutes• Necessary for public-access stations• Good for vehicles with little downtime
Combo-Fill Fueling• Time-fill and fast-fill• More flexibility in fueling
Use: CNG Fueling
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Mobile Fueling• Tanker truck with metering and dispensing equipment• Provides temporary fueling option
Starter/Containerized System• Complete fueling station, including storage tank, dispensing,
metering, and required containment• Turn-key solution
Custom Station• Larger storage tanks• Multiple dispensers• LNG and/or CNG dispensing
Use: LNG Fueling
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Questions to Ask• How many vehicles will be fueled each day?• How much fuel will each vehicle need?• When and how often will vehicles need to be fueled?• What are the site development requirements?
Use: Getting Started
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Prepare Fleet Inventory and Replacement Schedule• Identify vehicle replacement potential• Determine station sizing plan
Explore Your Options• Contact vehicle vendors• Contact equipment vendors• Meet with station developers
Visit Existing Sites• Fast-fill and time-fill• Private and public
Ask Questions• Clean Cities coordinators• Station developers• Vendors
Use: Getting Started
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For More Information
Clean Cities websitewww.cleancities.energy.gov
Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center websitewww.afdc.energy.gov
Clean Cities Coordinator Contact Information and Coalitionswww.afdc.energy.gov/cleancities/progs/coordinators.php
Natural Gas Vehicles for Americawww.ngvamerica.org
Some of the information in this presentation was provided by Natural Gas Vehicles for America, in the presentation, “The Compelling Case for NGVs in Public and Private Fleets,” by Stephe Yborra, Director of Communications for the Clean Vehicle Education foundation and NGVAmerica, May 26, 2010.
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Maria Eisemann
Co-coordinator
Northern Colorado Clean [email protected]
970-988-2996
www.northerncocleancities.org
For More Information