clauses presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
DESCRIPTION
LANE 334-EA- TERM 2-Year 2011.Dr. Shadia Yousef BanjarTRANSCRIPT
LANE 334 -EA: Syntax
2011 – Term 2
MAIN CLAUSE
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
By:
Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/
http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com
CLAUSES
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CLAUSES
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
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• A clause is a group of related words
containing a and a .
• It is different from a in that a
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• It is different from a in that a
phrase does not include a subject
and a verb relationship.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
CLAUSECLAUSE
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SUBORDINATE SUBORDINATE
CLAUSECLAUSEMAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
• Main clauses are .
•Every main clause will follow this pattern:
subject + verb = complete thought.
e.g. Tom shouted.
Tom = subject; shouted= verb.
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Tom = subject; shouted= verb.
•The important point is that every sentence
must have at least one main clause.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
: A clause
that can stand by itself and still make
sense. An independent clause could
be its own sentence, but is often part
of a larger structure, combined with
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of a larger structure, combined with
other independent clauses and with
dependent clauses.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES can come at
the end or at the beginning of a
sentence.
1.
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1. After mother got home, she went to
bed.
2. She sang a song when it was her
turn.Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES Have a subject
and predicate which contains a predicator
(verb), and makes sense all by itself.
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1. [[Many people] [have been suffering]]
2.[[The clouds] [gathered quickly]]
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: Expresses a
complete thought. It can stand alone
as a sentence.
1. [The doorbell rang]
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1. [The doorbell rang]
2. [She smiled down on the children]
3. [The turkey was hot and juicy]
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
An independent clause can function as a sentence by
itself or as part of a sentence:
– [S John studied very hard last year] (simple
sentence)
– [s John studied very hard last year] but [s he failed
his test] (compound sentence)
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his test] (compound sentence)
NOTE:Coordinated clauses are called
and labelled them by means of SS (for
sentence/clause) in the left-hand corner.
Independent clauses are connected by a
FANBOYS: For-
And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So.
Coordinating Conjunctions
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Coordinating Conjunctions
and but or yet for nor so
Conjunctions cannot be included in
the independent/main clauses.
A subordinate clause will follow this
pattern:
subordinator + subject + verb =
incomplete thought.
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e.g. He asked whether he might go
home with her.
whether = subordinator; he = subject;
go= verb.Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
are DEPENDENT CLAUSES.
A DEPENDENT CLAUSE:
• DOESN’T express a complete thought.
• CAN’T stand alone as a sentence.
• SOUNDS like something else should follow in order
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• SOUNDS like something else should follow in order
to make sense.
• MUST have a subject and a predicate that contains a
predicator (verb) otherwise it’s a phrase.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
• The important point to remember about
is that they can never
stand alone as complete sentences.
• To complete the thought, you must attach each
to a main clause.
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• He closed the window because it was windy.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
can come at the
end or at the beginning of a sentence.
1. She drove the car so that her
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1. She drove the car so that her
brother could walk.
2. After mother got home, she went
to bed.
begin with
:
until
when
whenever
after
although
as
as if
even if
even
though
if
if only
rather than
since
so that
than
that
though
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whenever
where
whereas
wherever
while
as if
as long as
as though
because
before
if only
in order
that
now that
once
though
till
unless
:
• Usually have a comma when they are found in the first part of a sentence.
•If found at the end of the sentence, there will not be any comma.
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1.Before the dance, she went home.
2.The boys help out if they get to
listen to music.
• Bracketing the above constituent gives the following
result:
•• It is clear that the string ‘’It is clear that the string ‘’he might catch something’’ he might catch something’’
His aunt feared that he might catch something.
[ s [ s His aunt feared His aunt feared [ [ that he might catch somethingthat he might catch something]]]]
Application
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•• It is clear that the string ‘’It is clear that the string ‘’he might catch something’’ he might catch something’’
is also an S, but what about ‘that’? The sentence is to is also an S, but what about ‘that’? The sentence is to
be bracketed as follows:be bracketed as follows:
[ [ ss11 His aunt feared His aunt feared [ X [ X that that [[ ss22 he might catch somethinghe might catch something]]]]]]
•• SS22 Is a sentence inside sentence SS11 : it is a constituent of sentence SS11..
•• the role of the role of ‘that’ ‘that’ is linkingis linking SS22 (the embedded (the embedded
sentence) sentence) to the sentence inside which it to the sentence inside which it
occurs: occurs: that that is the subordinator. The is the subordinator. The
constituent constituent X, X, compisingcompising the subordinator and the subordinator and
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constituent constituent X, X, compisingcompising the subordinator and the subordinator and
SS22, S (S, S (S--bar) bar) oror S’ (SS’ (S-- prime),prime), is often is often labelledlabelled
•• It is a unit containing the subordinator and It is a unit containing the subordinator and
the subordinate clause;the subordinate clause;
•• S that S that -- SS
The element that occupies the so-called
complementiser slot (COMP slot) in front of the
sentence SS22. Thus the previous bracketing may be . Thus the previous bracketing may be
adapted as follows:adapted as follows:
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[ [ ss11 His aunt feared His aunt feared [[SS that that [[ ss22 he might catch somethinghe might catch something]]]]]]
HAVE A HAVE A
NICE DAY!NICE DAY!
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