AP Lang Bell RingersAugust 18-29

ClausesA clause is a word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence.

An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.

EXAMPLESMrs. Martin explained the binary number system.

Independent clauses 8/18-19

Use a comma to join two independent clauses with a conjunction.

Example:

In the binary system, each number is expressed in powers of two, and only the digits 0 and 1 are used.

NEVER USE ONLY A COMMA TO JOIN TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES.

Commas with independent clauses

Use a semicolon between two independent clauses when there is no conjunction.

EXAMPLEThe binary system is a number system; it is not the only number system.

Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb and a comma after it when they join two independent clauses.

EXAMPLEThe binary system is a number system; however, it is not the only number system.

Semicolons with independent clauses

Lichens are plants. That are composed of fungi and algae.

Mr. Platero took the aluminum cans, we had collected them for a recycling project.

Roberto proofread his essay he found several typographical errors.

Hui Su named her pet beagle Spot however she named her lab Daisy.

You TryUse editing and proofreading marks to correct the following sentences.

What is your idea of an ideal education? Ideally, how would someone be educated? To What extent do schools serve the goal of a true education?

Journal August19-20

What do you notice in the painting The Spirit of Education by Norman Rockwell?

Now look at it again:

• Who is excluded from education?

• What are the tools of education?

• What assumptions does Rockwell make about education in this illustration?

A subordinate clause contains a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence. It is also called a dependent clause.

A word such as who, that, because, if, when, although, or since signals that the clause it introduces is subordinate.

August 20-21Subordinate (Dependent) Clauses

If the subordinate clause introduces the sentence, set it off with a comma. If it comes at the end, do NOT set it off with a comma.

Example:Because I won the election, I am now the class president.I am now the class president because I won the election.

August 20-21Subordinate (Dependent) Clauses

Use editing and proofreading marks to correct the following sentences.

The poem that I read aloud in class is by Maya Angelou, she also wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.

I dont know the student who borrowed me a pen but she shore is nice.

Since we are late for class we have to sign the tardy sheet.

We were late too class, because the welding bus got stuck in the mud.

You Try

Syntax is a technical term for the order of words and the structure of grammatical elements in a sentence.

Syntax includes anaphora, asyndeton, and polysyndeton.

It also includes sentence types: declarative, imperative, interrogatory (rhetorical questions), exclamatory, rhetorical fragments, and inversion.

Sentence length is also important in syntax.

Voice Lessons

1. What is the anaphora in the excerpt, and what is its function?2. The question at the end of the passage is a rhetorical

question. What attitude toward the audience is expressed by the use of a rhetorical question?

3. Write a three-sentence paragraph modeled after Chief Red Jacket’s passage. The first two sentences should contain repetition; the third should be a rhetorical

4. question. Your topic is school uniforms.

Consider:Brother, continue to listen.You say that you are sent to instruct us how to worship the Great Spirit agreeably to his mind; and, if we do not take hold of the religion which you white people teach, we shall be unhappy hereafter. You say that you are right and we are lost. How do we know this to be true?

--Chief Red Jacket, “Chief Red Jacket Rejects a Change of Religion”

What is your idea of an ideal education? Ideally, how would someone be educated? To What extent do schools serve the goal of a true education?

Journal August19-20

What do you notice in the painting The Spirit of Education by Norman Rockwell?

Now look at it again:

• Who is excluded from education?

• What are the tools of education?

• What assumptions does Rockwell make about education in this illustration?

Use commas to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun. (and test)

Example:Luke had a stimulating, eventful, tiring day with his tutor.

You Try:

Heidi is a steady experienced highly skilled golfer.

August 22Commas with coordinating adjectives

I raked the leaves, and loaded them into the barrel.

On Tuesday Martin misplaced his books his wallet and his watch.

The store is only open Monday through Friday, the owner will schedule private appointments for Saturday.

As I look back I can see that I made a few mistakes.

Edit the following sentences. Use the proofreading marks.

When I am too sad and too skinny to keep keeping, when I am a tiny thing against so many bricks, then it is I look at trees.

--Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street

Voice Lessons

1. What kind of grammatical structure is repeated in this sentence? What is the effect of the repetition?

2. This is a periodic sentence, a sentence which delays the subject and verb to the end. What idea is emphasized by the end-focus of this sentence?

3. Write a periodic sentence about getting a bad grade on a test. Use Cisneros’s sentence as a model.

What do you notice in this painting by Norman Rockwell?

Commas with nonessential (or nonrestrictive) clauses and phrasesUse commas to set off nonessential subordinate clauses and nonessential participial phrases.

Examples: Marie Curie, who studied radioactivity, won the Nobel Prize

for chemistry in 1911. Did the 1998 Senate hearings, which were televised, attract

a large audience? Willie Herenton, defeating the incumbent in 1991, became

the first African American mayor of Memphis. The juniors who were selected for Boys State and Girls

State were named.

August 25-26

Students, going on the trip tomorrow, will meet in the auditorium.

The White River Bridge which closed today for resurfacing will not be open for traffic until mid-October.

Known as Stonehenge this great circle of stones is located in England, and remains one of the most mysterious structures of the ancient world.

My stepsister had been accepted at Howard University however she decided to attend Grambling State University instead.

Edit the following sentences using proofreading marks

In your packets:

Do Exercise 1 Do 1-5 in exercise 2

Vocabulary Practice

How does Emerson develop his idea? What makes an ideal student?

“This is the perpetual romance of new life, the invasion of God into the old dead world, when he sends into quiet houses a young soul with a thought which is not met, looking for something which is not there, but which ought to be there: the thought is dim but it is sure, and he casts about restless for means and masters to verify it; he makes wild attempts to explain himself and invoke the aid and consent of the by-standers. Baffled for want of language and methods to convey his meaning, not yet clear to himself, he conceives that thought not in this house or town, yet in some other house or town is the wise master who can put him in possession of the rules and instruments to execute his will. Happy this child with a bias, with a thought which entrances him, leads him, now into deserts now into cities, the fool of an idea. Let him follow it in good and in evil report, in good or bad company; it will justify itself…” (103).

Analyze the following paragraph from Emerson’s “Education”

What do you notice in this painting by Norman Rockwell?

Juxtaposition: a literary technique in which two or more ideas are placed side by side for the purpose of emphasizing a contrast.

August 27-28

Edit the following sentences for mistakes in comma usage. Much of the riddle of Stonehenge concerns the transport of

the awesome massive stones, that stand in the monument’s inner circle.

These rocks are indigenous to Wales and many people have asked, “How did these huge stones travel two hundred miles?”

Do you remember Merlin; from the stories of King Arthur’s legendary court?

The teacher called on Maria, John began to answer. A persistent boor John continually speaks out of turn in class.

Use the four-square to analyze the rhetoric of Rockwell in “Bed of Procrustes.” Then write your own paragraph of analysis.

In one paragraph, analyze Rockwell’s tone toward Russian education. Use the 4-square graphic organizer to help structure your response.

Juxtaposition: a technique in which two or more ideas are placed side by side for the purpose of emphasizing a contrast.

Exercise VI (English practice) Finish Exercise 2 Do Exercise IV

Vocabulary Packet

What is an allegory? Predict what the title might mean.

Allegory of the Cave

Homework: Read “I Just Wanna Be Average” by Mike Rose.

“The Allegory of the Cave”

What device is the repetition of conjunctions in a list?

What device is the absence of conjunctions in a list?

What device is the repetition of repeating structures at the beginnings of clauses?

What kind of grammatical structure has a subject and a verb?

What is the fancy term for sentence structure? What is an object that stands for itself and

represents something more abstract at the same time?

Quick Check (Use white boards)

August 29-September 2 What is the difference between the

following two sentences?

Una’s cousin, who wants to be an astronaut, attended a space camp in Huntsville, Alabama, last summer.

Una’s cousin who wants to be an astronaut attended a space camp in Huntsville, Alabama, last summer.

Well you could have fooled me. Una played the flute the violin the drums. The hot sweaty tired children pulled dozens of weeds

from the garden, however they received ice cream when they were finished.

She wondered if Stefan heard her; but he didn’t. After our visit to Grandma’s farm the city’s smog

seemed thicker. The sweater, that I bought yesterday, is too large. Exercise makes the heart and lungs more efficient and

moreover it contributes to an overall sense of well-being.

Edit for mistakes in comma usage.

You may use your bell ringers and notes to help you on the test.

When you finish, staple the bell ringers to your test, and turn them both in to the tub.

Study your vocabulary until everyone finishes.

Take the grammar quiz.

Using the graphic organizer we completed in class, write a one-paragraph analysis of Norman Rockwell’s “Bed of Procrustes.”

Be sure to relate his purpose to a larger context, to a universal idea, to your own life.

A Block: Write your own rhetorical analysis

B Block: Write your own rhetorical analysis

Using the graphic organizer we completed in class, write a one-paragraph analysis of Mike Rose’s “I Just Wanna Be Average.”

Be sure to relate his purpose to a larger context, to a universal idea, to your own life.

What is an allegory? Predict what the title might mean.

Allegory of the Cave What are they symbolic meanings of

◦ The cave◦ The prisoners◦ The shadows◦ The light◦ “outside”◦ The actual forms/objects

How might the allegory relate to Rockwell’s letter? To Mike Rose’s essay?

1A and 2B“The Allegory of the Cave”

How close is Mike Rose’s essay to our own reality?

What do you think about the state of education now?

Is it, like Rockwell points out, like the Bed of Procrustes?

Or is it like Plato’s cave? What is wrong with education today? What

is right with it?

Journal then Free Talk