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COLOMBIA: MANAGING WATER
CONFLICTS IN AN EMERGING ECONOMY
Claudia Martinez Zuleta
OECD Water Forum
October 2011
Colombia in South America
Oldest democracy
2nd Population: 45 million
4th Economy: GDP: US$288billion
(2010) World Bank
3rd Recipient of FDI:
US$6.8 billion (2010)
in oil & gas: US$2.9 billion (2010)*
4th Land surface area: 1.2 million
km2 - 50% Ocean (0.9 million km2)
One of the most biodiverse countries
First place in birds and
anphibians
3500
orquíds:
15% world
total
80 native ethnic groups
642 indigenous territories
equivalent to 27% of the
total national territory
Very rich in terms of Water
Resources and global
environmental services
Eolic, solar and
geothermal potencial
Endemic flowers,
fruits, species
COLOMBIA: a great potencial
GLOBAL WATER BALANCE
21 l/s Km10 l/s Km 258 l/s Km
RAINFALL
900 mm / año
RUNOFF47.000 Km3/year
EVAPORATION580 mm / year
3.000 mm / año
RUNOFF2.112 Km3/year
EVAPORATION1.150 mm / year
1.600 mm / año
RUNOFF11.668 Km 3/year
EVAPORATION940 mm / year
WORLD COLOMBIASOUTH AMERICA
Fuente: Balance Hídrico Mundial y recursos hídricos de la tierra
Instituto de Hidrología UNESCO.
SCARSITY
TEMPORAL
SPACE
RAINFALL RAINFALL
2
2
Amazon
Orinoco
Magdalena-
Cauca
Pacific
Caribbean
Colombia has 5 major water basins
Colombia has a lot of water but with
increasing scarcity in dry years
and water runoff in wet years is one of
the major causes of natural disasters
LAND SURFACE
9 %
35 %
56 %
POPULATION
1 %
66 %
33 %
WATER SUPPLY
msnm
3.000
1.000
Fuente: Lineamientos de política para el manejo integral del agua - Min. Ambiente - 1997
DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION
AFFECTS WATER SUPPLIES AND QUALITY
4%
34%
62%62%
So most of the water is used in the
mountains or andean region
WATER DEMAND BY SECTOR
54%4%
4%
7%
2%
7%6%
Agriculture
Industrial
energy
domestic
services
acuaculture
livestock
However most of the water is used
by the agricultural sector
Land use is changing….even though 40% of
the territory has a “legal” form of protection
National parks (10%) and forest
reserves in addition to indigenous
territories (25%) and collective lands
(Choco) protect more than 40% of
the country
Change in Forest Cover
2000-2007
Deforested
Forest Cover
Non forest areas
With increasing rates of
deforestation: 300.000 hec / year
However in a growing economy there
are water conflicts
MAJOR DRIVERS OF
THE ECONOMY:
MINING
HYDROCARBONS
ELECTRIC SECTOR
AGRICULTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
Río Dagua (Valle)
Mining vs Water conflict
Fuentes de información:
• Parques: UAESPNN
• Reservas forestales: MAVDT
• Páramos: Instituto Humboldt
• Ramsar: MAVDT
• Títulos: Ingeominas (oct/08)
Protected Areas and mining titles
Mining titles are overlapping
water sources
Protected Areas, titles and
request titles
8934 Titles
16233 requests for titles
Ingeominas
with increasing conflicts
Colombia has a very unique ecosystem:
the Paramos.
No of Páramos: 34
Total Area: 1’933,039 Ha
equivalent to 1.7% of the national
territory
70% of the water consumed by
Colombians is produced in
Paramos
No of Páramos: 34
Total Area: 1’933,039 Ha equivalent to 1.7% of the national territory
70% of the water consumed by Colombians is produced in Paramos
Area in mining titles: 106,118 Ha que equivale al 5.5% del área total de
Páramos. 295,406 Ha equivalent to 15.3% of the paramos areas being
requested.
But they are threaten by mining projects
CONVENCIONES
MAPA DE ZONAS
PROTEGIDAS,
TÍTULOS Y
SOLICITUDES
MINERAS BOYACÁ
For example in Boyaca, overlapping
with the Paramos
Gama
Cota
Chía
Sopó
Funza
Junín
Ubalá
Tenjo
Tabio
Manta
Cogua
Tausa
Pacho
Paime
Ubaque
Soacha
Guasca
Cajicá
Supatá
Suesca
Choachí
Fomeque
Gachala
Gachetá
Guayatá
MachetaNemocón
Fúquene
Mosquera
SesquiléTibirita
Chocontá
Cucunubá
Guachetá
La Calera
Guatavita
Tocancipá
Zipaquirá
Sutatausa
Gachancipá
Subachoque
Villagómez
San Juanito
Villapinzón
Lenguazaque
Bogotá, D.C.
San Cayetano
Ventaquemada
Carmen de Carupa
Villa de San Diego de Ubate
CUNDINAMARCA
BOYACÁ
BOGOTÁ Distrito Capital.
META
Boyacá
Cauca
C/marca
Tolima
Santander
N. de SantanderQuindíoAntioquiaNariño
50 60
62
112
122
175
299
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
Mile
s d
e h
ectá
reas
Colombia. Evolución de áreas con título minero en páramos1990-2009(*)
(*) A mayo de 2009 Fuente: Rudas (2010) a partir de Ingeominas, Títulos mineros (base de datos a Mayo 7, 2009)
Mining titles in
Paramos
Solicited areas
Titled areas
Bogota -Cundinamarca
Paramo areas
And around Bogota there are
increasing mining titles
ENERGY-ELECTRIC SECTOR Vs WATER CONFLICTS
18 de octubre de 2011 2
The dependency of Colombia on hydropower makes the system vulnerable to
water changes. Colombia relies also in its firm capacity (thermo power and othersources) at higher prices.
77%
23%
Generation in
normal
conditions
66%
34%
Installed
capacity
52% 48%
Generation in
dry periods
Thermal
Hydro
The Nino and nina phenomenoms affect
Colombia hydropower capacity
Source: MME-CREG-XM
The electric sector is mostly hydro
02 de mayo de 2009 3
Se deben generar los incentivos necesarios para que haya suficiente energía firme
que garantice la adecuada atención de la demanda.
Nivel de los
embalses en kWh
La cantidad de
energía en el
sistema puede
bajar durante
períodos de
escasez
52% 48%
77%
23%
with a system that assures trustful
“firm” energy
Lowest price per KW
Very efficient economic
system without
environmental pricing
Ending in several new
dams with environmental
conflicts
There is an urgent need
to manage water quality
and quality in each basin
Cargo por confiabilidad
Fuente: XM
25 Capacidad
Efectiva :
1200 MW
Tecnología : Hidráulica
ENFICC : 8563 GWh/año
Capacidad
Efectiva :
396 MW
Tecnología : Hidráulica
ENFICC : 1750 GWh/año
Capacidad
Efectiva :
800 MW
Tecnología : Hidráulica
ENFICC : 3791 GWh/año
Capacidad
Efectiva :
60 MW
Tecnología : Hidráulica
ENFICC : 50 GWh/año
Capacidad
Efectiva :
400 MW
Tecnología : Hidráulica
ENFICC : 1923 GWh/año
Capacidad
Efectiva :
135.2 MW
Tecnología : Hidráulica
ENFICC : 184 GWh/año
Capacidad
Efectiva
TOTAL :
2991.2 MW
Tecnología
: Hidráulica
ENFICC
Verificada
TOTAL :
16261 GWh/año
ENFICC
Asignada
TOTAL :
6281 GWh/año
Agriculture and livestock vs water
Agriculture is the main user of water resources.
More than 40 million hectares are used for
extensive cattle ranging; a main driver of
deforestation and water deterioration
User fees (tasas uso)
Contamination Fees (tasas retributivas)
SUPPLY
DEMAND
SUPPLY
Planning vs land use
Institutional strengthening.
Coordination
Culture of payment for
ecosystem services (PES)
MANAGING WASTE WATER
National Plan to manage
waste water facilities
MANAGING WATER SOURCES
MANAGING SECTORIAL USES
Program for the rational use of
WATER
Colombian environmental laws
include economic Instruments
WATER
However, the agricultural sector is not
willing to pay high prices for water
Payment for ecosistem services to the Regional
Environmental Corporations 1995-2008
Water Use Tariff =Minimum Tariff *Regional Factor
RF= Water scarcity index+investment costs+Index insatisfied basic
needs
$0.67/ per Cubic meter (in 2004)
Less than 0.1% of the total production cost
Recent studies show that the price should be above $15 pesos
Rice Sugar Cane Oil Palm
The current water tariff for the
agriculture sector is insignificant
Socioeconomic
capacity of the
population in
the different
municipalities
With water scarcity due to rainfall
reduction poor peasants are vulnerable
Fuente de información: IDEAM (2010)
Shortages and floods in different
areas and times.
El Niño and la Niña effects : 2010-
2001 the whorst floodings in history
Climate Change vulnerability
80% of endemic sickneses have an
origin in the lack of clean water and
sanitary conditions.
The Magdalena River is one of the
principal sources of contamination of
the Caribbean sea.
Colombia has major water risks
due to natural disasters
How is the country addressing
these challenges?
The first Code of Natural Resources in the world
(1972)
Green Constitution (1991)
Strong environmental law (Ley 99 of 1993)
Decentralized institutional structure
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable
Development in charge of water supply
Ministry of Housing and Water in charge of water
demand.
Governmental Water Plans
A Regulatory Water Commission
New Integral Water Policy
Water information system
Watershed zoning and Management Plans
Water sectorial payments, municipal transfers
and economic instruments
Fiduciary system
•Everybody puts resources
•Institutional coordination
100%
Financial
sources Specialized
operators
transparency
Municipios
Nación
Usuarios
Departamento
Corporaciones
Banca Multilateral
Components Economies of scale
priorities
Ejecución POI
Fortalec. Institucional
Subsidios
Gerencia
Gestión Ambiental
Pago Deuda
Management board
Departmental Water Plans Financial
System
Increasing access to potable water in
many municipalities in the country
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development: Head of the systems;
formulates policies and regulations;
32 DEPARTAMENTS
Promote and implement
environmental policies and
regulations at departmente and
regional level
6 Urban environmental authorities
Promote and implement policies and regulations in urban center bigger than 1 million people
5 Research Institutes
Produce and monitor scientific,
technological and environmental
information for SINA.
33 Environmental Regional Corporations
• Implement policies
• Environmental authorities
• Regional coordination
SINA
CONTROL AUTHORITIES
Contraloría, Procuraduría
PRIVATE SECTOR AND
CIVIL SOCIETY
1120 MUNICIPALITIES
Promote and implement policies and
regulations at local level
ROLES OF SINA
55 National Natural Parks
Administer protected areas
Colombia has a unique National
Environmental System
DEMAND
SUPPLY
QUALITY RISK
MANAGE-MENT
INSTITUTIONAL
STRENGTHEN
Water is a public resource,
and is the responsability of
everybody
Human Consumtion is the
main priority
Strategic resource for the
development of the country
Assure regional diversity and
integral management
Water management
structured by each river basin.
Efficient use and
conservation (saving) of the
resource
Equity and local participation.
and an Integral Water Resource Policy
- 2009
that has derived in Innovative Water
Funds and PES schemes
Bogota Area: Water
for more than 8
million inhabitants
Valle del Cauca Area:
domestic and
agricultural uses
Water Fund for Bogota
Private and Public
sector partnership
More than 8
million people
National system of
Protected Areas
Two main
Paramos:Chingaza
and Sumapaz
Education - a public campaign importance and efficient
use
Protection - Protect Paramos
Conservation - Sustainable management with peasants
Reducing the costs of water treatment
Management and Sustainable use of ecosystems
Accountability and Transparency
«Agua Somos», will guarantee the water production and conservation of biological diversity of Paramos, one of the
most important ecosystems in the country.
Agua Para la Vida
Water for Life started with the help of
the sugar cane producers
Water for Life and Sustainability Gestión de Aportes
Organización Valor aportes $ Periodo
INGENIOS AZUCAREROS 3.600.000.000,00 2009-2012
THE NATURE CONSERVANCY TNC 500.000.000,00 2009-2010
ECOPETROL 99.970.530,00 2009-2010
ECOPETROL 100.000.000,00 2010-2011
ECOPETROL 100.000.000,00 2011-2012
ECOPETROL 30.000.000,00 2011 - 2012
PAVCO 100.000.000,00 2011- 2012
UNICEF 90.000.000,00 2011- 2012
GEF - FEDEGAN - GANADERÍA
SOSTENIBLE (Recursos BID)
2.450.000.000,00 2010-2015
USAID 547.000.000,00 2010-2013
CVC 1.000.000.000,00 2011-2012
TOTAL $ 8.616.970.530,00
The main funders are several
entities
With 11 rural water associations in charge of projects
Water Fund for life and sustainability
12 projects cofinanced by association of users 1500 families beneficiaries of the project 1.200.000 people drink water
Total amount of the
Fund in 2 years
Col$2.807.664.560
US$1.488.000
In the last 2 years it has proven
success in terms of funding
Conclusion
•Colombia understands that one of the main drivers of
competitiveness is its water resources.
•Institutionaly, water supply and water demand will again be
managed in different ministries, assuring “checks and balances”.
•Managing watersheds in an integral manner is starting to happen
at the regional level, in order to solve water conflicts.
•Pricing water effectively will help assuring sectoral equity and
sustainable use.
•We would like to bring to the country only “Green Investments”
that are willing to manage water resources effectively.
•The New Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
will have the power to establish more payment for ecosystem
services schemes and to assure economic instruments. The
Ministry of Housing and water will effectively continue with its
water municipal plans.
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