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Classification/ Classification/ Taxonomy Taxonomy Chapter 17 Chapter 17

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Classification/Taxonomy. Chapter 17. Why Classify?. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms & group them in a logical manner. Taxonomy. Defined : Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Classification/Taxonomy

Classification/TaxonomyClassification/Taxonomy

Chapter 17Chapter 17

Page 2: Classification/Taxonomy

Why Classify?Why Classify?To study the diversity of life, biologists use a To study the diversity of life, biologists use a

classification system to name organisms & classification system to name organisms &

group them in a logical manner.group them in a logical manner.

Page 3: Classification/Taxonomy

TaxonomyTaxonomyDefinedDefined::

Discipline of classifying Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organisms and assigning each

organism a universally organism a universally accepted name.accepted name.

In other words, naming things.

Page 4: Classification/Taxonomy

Why common names don’t workWhy common names don’t workCommon names vary among languages.Common names vary among languages.

Example:Example:

United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawkUnited Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk

United States – Buzzard refers to a vultureUnited States – Buzzard refers to a vulture

Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture

Page 5: Classification/Taxonomy

Another Example:Another Example:

Dolphin Dolphin

Tursipos truncatus Mahi mahi

Page 6: Classification/Taxonomy

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

(1707 – 1778)(1707 – 1778)

Created the system of naming we use today.Created the system of naming we use today.

In taxonomy, a group or level of In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category organization is called a taxonomic category or or taxontaxon..

Page 7: Classification/Taxonomy

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature ““Bi” means 2Bi” means 2

““nomial” means namingnomial” means naming

Nomenclature means “the system of”Nomenclature means “the system of”

DefinedDefined::

In binomial nomenclature, each In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part species is assigned a two-part

scientific name. (Genus & species)scientific name. (Genus & species)

Page 8: Classification/Taxonomy

Example of Binomial NomenclatureExample of Binomial NomenclaturePolar Bear is Polar Bear is Ursus maritimusUrsus maritimus

UrsusUrsus: genus : genus

Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bearsUrsus contains 5 other kinds of bears

maritimusmaritimus: species : species

The Latin word, The Latin word, maritimusmaritimus, refers to the sea., refers to the sea.

Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea. Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.

Page 9: Classification/Taxonomy

Definitions to knowDefinitions to know

GenusGenus: is a group of closely related species: is a group of closely related species

SpeciesSpecies: Group of similar organisms that can : Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspringbreed and produce fertile offspring

Page 10: Classification/Taxonomy

FamilyFamily: Group of genera that share many : Group of genera that share many characteristicscharacteristics

OrderOrder: Group of similar families: Group of similar families

ClassClass: Group of similar orders: Group of similar orders

PhylumPhylum: Group of closely related classes: Group of closely related classes

KingdomKingdom: Largest taxonomic group,: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related consisting of closely related phyla.phyla.

Page 11: Classification/Taxonomy

Here We Go…Here We Go…Polar BearPolar Bear

Species: Species: maritimusmaritimusGenus: Genus: UrsusUrsus

Family: UrsidaeFamily: UrsidaeOrder: CarnivoraOrder: CarnivoraClass: MammaliaClass: MammaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataKingdom: AnimiliaKingdom: Animilia

What do these mean?...lets seeWhat do these mean?...lets see

Page 12: Classification/Taxonomy

What they meanWhat they mean

Species: Species: maritimus maritimus (lives in marine environment)(lives in marine environment)

Genus: Genus: Ursus Ursus (kind of bear)(kind of bear)

Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)

Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)

Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)

Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)

Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)

Page 13: Classification/Taxonomy

How to remember:How to remember:

DDa a KKing ing PPhillip hillip CCame ame OOver ver FFor or GGreen reen SSaladalad

DDomain omain KKingdom ingdom PPhylum hylum CClass lass OOrder rder FFamily amily GGenus enus SSpeciespecies

Page 14: Classification/Taxonomy

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Mammalia

Order

Carnivora

Family

Ursidae

Genus Ursus

Speciesmaritimus

Page 15: Classification/Taxonomy

Taxonomy Video Taxonomy Video

Page 16: Classification/Taxonomy

The Three-Domain SystemThe Three-Domain System There are 3 Domains:There are 3 Domains:

Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya

There are 6 Kingdoms: There are 6 Kingdoms:

1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista

4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

Page 17: Classification/Taxonomy

The Three-Domain SystemThe Three-Domain System There are 3 Domains:There are 3 Domains:

Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria Unicellular/ProkaryotesUnicellular/Prokaryotes Cell walls have PeptidoglycanCell walls have Peptidoglycan

Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular/ProkaryotesUnicellular/Prokaryotes Cell walls withOUT PeptidoglycanCell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan

Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, AnimaliaKingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Page 18: Classification/Taxonomy

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria

- Unicellular ProkaryoteUnicellular Prokaryote- Cell walls withOUT PeptidoglycanCell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan- Extremophiles – Love extreme environmentsExtremophiles – Love extreme environments

like volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springslike volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springs

Archaea Hydrothermal Vent Hot Spring Volcaone

Page 19: Classification/Taxonomy

Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

- Unicellular ProkaryoteUnicellular Prokaryote- Cell walls with PeptidoglycanCell walls with Peptidoglycan- All other bacteria you encounter everydayAll other bacteria you encounter everyday

E. coli Staphlycoccus Streptococcus

Page 20: Classification/Taxonomy

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

- Unicellular or MulticellularUnicellular or Multicellular- Live in coloniesLive in colonies

Amoeba Euglena Paramecium

Video Clip: Amoeba

Page 21: Classification/Taxonomy

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

- Unicellular or MulticellularUnicellular or Multicellular- Cell walls made of Cell walls made of ChitinChitin- Heterotrophs….they eat!Heterotrophs….they eat!

Yeast Mushrooms

Page 22: Classification/Taxonomy

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

- MulticellularMulticellular- Cell walls made of Cell walls made of CelluloseCellulose- Autotrophs….make their own foodAutotrophs….make their own food

Trees & Grass Moss Venus Fly Trap

Page 23: Classification/Taxonomy

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

- MulticellularMulticellular- NO cell wallsNO cell walls- Heterotrophs….they eatHeterotrophs….they eat

Worms Insects Jellyfish Giraffes

Page 24: Classification/Taxonomy

6 Kingdoms6 KingdomsEubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae AnimaliaEubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

E. ecoli Paramecium Fern frodH. coccinea Homo sapiensPyrococcus furiosus

ProkaryoteProkaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

Autotroph or

heterotroph

Autotroph orheterotroph

Autotroph/heterotroph

Heterotroph HeterotrophAutotroph

Most common bacteria

Cell wall w/ Peptidoglycan

Live in very hot places

Includes Algae

Don’t belong in other euk

Cell wallsw/cellulose

& Chloroplasts

Release enzymes to digest

food

No cell wall

No chloroplasts

Multicellular

“Ancient Bacteria”

Page 25: Classification/Taxonomy

Write Scientific Names CorrectlyWrite Scientific Names Correctly

Genus species Genus species Genus capitalizedGenus capitalized Species lower caseSpecies lower case Underline if hand writtenUnderline if hand written Italics if typedItalics if typed

Homo sapiens Genus species

Canis lupis

Hippocampus erectus

Page 26: Classification/Taxonomy

If these three species belong to the same If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common genus, they are descended from a common ancestor.ancestor.

Scientific Name: Genus species

Felis

domestica

leo

margarita Sand cat`

Lion

Domestic Cat

Felis domestica

Felis leo

Felis margarita

Page 27: Classification/Taxonomy

A Problem with Traditional ClassificationA Problem with Traditional ClassificationExample: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpetExample: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet

• The barnacle and the limpet have similarly The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alikeshaped shells & look alike

• The crab has a very different body formThe crab has a very different body form

• Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different be classified together and the crab in a different group.group.

Page 28: Classification/Taxonomy

Related

This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related

Page 29: Classification/Taxonomy

Crustaceans

Even though they do not look a like, crabs & barnacles are actually

related

Gastropods

Molted Exoskeleton

Segmentation

Free swimming Larva

Draw this!

Page 30: Classification/Taxonomy

Classification Using Classification Using CladogramsCladograms

CladogramCladogram: : A diagram that shows the A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

Page 31: Classification/Taxonomy

Crustaceans

Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share similar characteristics

because they both molt & are segmented

Gastropods

Molted Exoskeleton

Segmentation

Free swimming Larva

Page 32: Classification/Taxonomy

Crustaceans

You can also see that ALL have a free

swimming larva stage

Gastropods

Molted Exoskeleton

Segmentation

Free swimming Larva

Page 33: Classification/Taxonomy
Page 34: Classification/Taxonomy

Where do viruses go?Where do viruses go?VirusesViruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein, : Are particles of nucleic acid, protein,

and in some cases lipids that can reproduce and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells. ONLY by infecting living cells.

Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.surrounded by a protein coat.

These are T4 Bacteriophage

A bacteriophage is a virus which infects

bacteria

Page 35: Classification/Taxonomy

Where do viruses go? (continued)Where do viruses go? (continued)

Viruses are not considered alive because they Viruses are not considered alive because they don’t have don’t have ALLALL the characteristics of life. the characteristics of life.

ExampleExample: They can’t reproduce independently: They can’t reproduce independently

These are the Influenza Viruses

Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory

tract that can affect millions of people every year.

Page 36: Classification/Taxonomy

The End.