Classification of Living Things Review

REMEMBER

______________ total of _______________ in an ecosystem

___________ population of organisms that ____________ ____________ and ________ with each other

BIODIVERSITY

SPECIES

all the living things

share similarcharacteristics can breed

Biologists have identified and named over____________________ so far.

Estimates = between _____________ species yet be discovered

2 million species

2-100 million

WHY CLASSIFY?________________________________

________________________________

Identifies and names species

Groups organisms in a logical manner

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms

TAXONOMY

Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance __________________________.

BIRD . . . ?An animal with feathers

helps make senseof relationships

A good classification system: places organisms in a group ____________________________

other organisms that are similarwith

A good classification system: Uses names that are ______

Can ______ as new data is discovered

Shows _____________ of organisms

UNIQUE

CHANGE

RELATIONSHIPS

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher __________more than 2000 years ago.

(300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE

Aristotle’s system

Based on kind of stem

PLANTS:__________________

Based on wherethey lived

ANIMALS:__________________

By: Riedell

Common names can vary

Example: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ . . . are all names for the same animal

By using a _____________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

universally accepted scientific name

mountain lionpuma

catamount

cougar

Common names vary

________ (English)Streifenhornchen (______)Tamia (______)Ardilla listada (______)

SpanishItalian

GermanChipmunk

Common names can be misleading

Sea cucumber sounds like a _____ but… it’s an ______!

Ex: A ________ isn’t a fish, but a _________ is!

jellyFISH

animal

seaHORSE

plant

Common names can be misleading

In the United States,________ refers to a ______.

In the United Kingdom,________ refers to a ____BUZZARD

vultureBUZZARD

hawk

By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.

Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.

Latin and Greek

EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis

setaceo-mucronatis

Names too hard and long to remember!

“oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles”

Different scientists described differentcharacteristics.

PROBLEMS:

________________ comes to the rescue!

Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system

This system is still used today!(1707-1778)

Carolus Linnaeus

Linnaeus’s SystemOrganisms are grouped in a

hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR _________

The practice of assigning each organism a two part scientific

name = _____________________________

TAXONS

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

KingdomPhylum

ClassOrder

Family Genus

Species

Kids PreferCheeseOverFriedGreenSpinach

KingdomPhylum

Class Order

Family Genus

Species

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Panthera

leo

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2-name naming system)

1st name = _______________– Always capitalized

2nd name = _________________–Always lower case

Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

GENUS NAME

SPECIES NAME

UNDERLINED ITALICS

GENUS = group of closely related species

GENUS = _____ (Includes many kinds of bears)

SPECIES = ______________________

Ursusarctos

Ursusmaritimus

Ursusamericanis

Ursus

unique to each kind of bear

Binomial nomenclature

Humans

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens

In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will ______!

Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar ___________.

MATE

characteristics

BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?

Should a ______ be groupedwith ____ because it _____________________?

OR with _______ because it_______________________for its young?

mammals

fins and lives in waterhasfish

dolphin

breathes air and makes milk

Look at these 3 organisms:

LIMPETCRAB

BARNACLE

Judging by appearances you would probably put ______ and _______ together in a group and ____ in a different group.

BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!

limpets barnacles

crabs

LIMPET

CRAB

BARNACLE

Look more closely!

Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.

Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T !

Barnacles have a segmented bodyLimpets DON’T !

Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.Limpets DON’T !

LIMPET

CRAB BARNACLE

Look more closely!

Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar

Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS !

Barnacles have a segmented bodySo do CRABS !

Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.So do CRABS !

LIMPET SNAIL

Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are ________.

Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to ________

MOLLUSKS

MOLLUSKS

BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as ____________CRUSTACEANS

All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on____________________________.

Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits.

EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth.

DNA and RNA

physical similarities and differences

GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the ___________.

_______________ can be used to help determine __________ and __________________ between organisms.

relationships

level

Similarities in DNAclassification evolutionary

molecular

Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________

Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move.

MYOSIN

Most closely-relatedto humans

Most distantly-relatedto humans

Similarities in DNA can be used to help show ____________________ and ____________________.

African vulture American vulture Stork

Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family.Storks were put in a separate family.

evolutionary relationshipshow species have changed

American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off

African vulture American vulture Stork

The only other bird that does this is the STORK.

DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures

African vulture American vulture Stork

recent common ancestor