classification of lifecindy

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ClassificatioClassificationn

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•There are There are 13 billion13 billion known known species of organismsspecies of organisms

•This is This is only 5% of allonly 5% of all organisms that ever organisms that ever lived!!!!!lived!!!!!

•New organismsNew organisms are still are still being found and identifiedbeing found and identified

Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms


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What is Classification?What is Classification?

ClassificationClassification is the is the arrangement of organisms arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities

Classification is also known Classification is also known as as taxonomytaxonomy

Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms


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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying

•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms names organisms

•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish

•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names

Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??


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Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names


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Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists


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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists

•2000 years ago, 2000 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the was the first taxonomistfirst taxonomist

•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants & animalsplants & animals

•He He subdividedsubdivided them by their them by their habitathabitat ---land, sea, ---land, sea, or air dwellers or air dwellers


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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778

•18th century taxonomist

•Classified organisms by their structure

•Developed naming system still used today


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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming system of naming known as known as binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature

•Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus name (Genus & species)& species)


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Standardized Standardized NamingNaming

•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused

•Genus speciesGenus species

•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek

•ItalicizedItalicized in print in print

•Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, , but NOT speciesbut NOT species

•UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

American American RobinRobincopyright cmassengale

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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?copyright cmassengale

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Classification GroupsClassification Groups

•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed

•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from broadest groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificto most specific

•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Genus, speciesspecies


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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups

DomainKingdom

Phylum (Division – used for plants)

Class Order Family

Genus Species

BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON

Most Specific


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DDidid

KKinging

PPhilliphillip

CCrossross

OOverver

FFrancerance

GGoingoing

SSouth!outh!


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•BroadestBroadest, most inclusive , most inclusive taxontaxon

•ThreeThree domains domains

•Archaea and EubacteriaArchaea and Eubacteria are are unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)organelles)

•EukaryaEukarya are more complex are more complex and have a nucleus and and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles

DomainsDomains


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ARCHAEA

•Probably the 1st cells to evolve

•Live in HARSH environments

•Found in:

–Sewage Treatment Plants

–Thermal or Volcanic Vents

–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid

–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)


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ARCHAEAN


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EUBACTERIA

•Some may cause DISEASE

•Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones

•Important decomposers for environment

•Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.


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Live in the intestines of animalsLive in the intestines of animals


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Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into KingdomsDivided into Kingdoms

•ProtistaProtista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…)

•FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)

•PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)

•AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular (multicellular animals) animals)


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ProtistaProtista

•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular

•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular

•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, , while others are while others are heterotrophicheterotrophic

•AquaticAquatic


Reproduction Asexually

Mitosis and cytokinesis - unicellularhttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=mitosis+in+protist&view=detail&mid=A9C0F9BD94702FC7343EA9C0F9BD94702FC7343E&first=0&FORM=LKVR2&adlt=strict

Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller than parent – multicellular

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JIytOL-Q18&feature=related

SEXUALLY Meiosis – special nuclear division to reduce

chromosome number to haploid - multicellular

Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two individuals - unicellular

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=mitosis+in+protist&view=detail&mid=A9C0F9BD94702FC7343EA9C0F9BD94702FC7343E&first=0&FORM=LKVR2&adlt=strict





Protists

Three TypesAnimal-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists

Fungus-like Protistshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zsdYOgTbOk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zsdYOgTbOk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zsdYOgTbOk

Protozoansanimal-like protist

UnicellularUnicellular – made up of one cell

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs – they eat other organisms or dead organic matter

Classified by how they movehttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+moving+by+pseudopodia&view=detail&mid=12BAAFBDAA246F74656112BAAFBDAA246F746561&first=0&FORM=LKVR4&adlt=stricthttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+eating&view=detail&mid=2FAC7F7118693435B4B82FAC7F7118693435B4B8&first=0&FORM=LKVR12&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+moving+by+pseudopodia&view=detail&mid=12BAAFBDAA246F74656112BAAFBDAA246F746561&first=0&FORM=LKVR4&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+moving+by+pseudopodia&view=detail&mid=12BAAFBDAA246F74656112BAAFBDAA246F746561&first=0&FORM=LKVR4&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+eating&view=detail&mid=2FAC7F7118693435B4B82FAC7F7118693435B4B8&first=0&FORM=LKVR12&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+eating&view=detail&mid=2FAC7F7118693435B4B82FAC7F7118693435B4B8&first=0&FORM=LKVR12&adlt=strict

Plant like protists - AlgaeFlagellates: the motorboatsUse a whip-like extension called

a flagellaflagella to move Some cause diseasehttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=protist+-+flagellate&view=detail&id=23798BE7F96B6F0A5984FE05B9021A3DC78B8ABD&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR&adlt=strict

Ciliates – move by tiny hairs called cilia

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=paramecium&view=detail&mid=0FFDD35BE3C8B0E5B95A0FFDD35BE3C8B0E5B95A&first=0&FORM=LKVR2&adlt=strict

Sporozoans – parasites that do not move

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwsoK8O0lXE

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=plasmodium&view=detail&id=B6D2E36FD71E1288663C0034AD66233D443960A1&first=0&FORM=IDFRIR&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=protist+-+flagellate&view=detail&id=23798BE7F96B6F0A5984FE05B9021A3DC78B8ABD&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=protist+-+flagellate&view=detail&id=23798BE7F96B6F0A5984FE05B9021A3DC78B8ABD&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR&adlt=strict



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwsoK8O0lXE



Plant-like protistWhat are Algae?

MulticellularMulticellular – made of more than one cell

PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic – make their own food

No roots, stems, or leavesEach has chlorophyllchlorophyll and other

photosynthetic pigmentsphotosynthetic pigmentsExamples Examples Euglena, Diatoms, Red Algae, Euglena, Diatoms, Red Algae,

Brown Algae, Green AlgaeBrown Algae, Green Algaehttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=euglena+video&mid=C67E436CB272D7AAD478C67E436CB272D7AAD478&view=detail&FORM=VIRE5&adlt=stricthttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=diatoms&view=detail&id=E76D2C31E51A3DF7230E4CD13C14ACABE8B0E9BA&first=0&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=euglena+video&mid=C67E436CB272D7AAD478C67E436CB272D7AAD478&view=detail&FORM=VIRE5&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=euglena+video&mid=C67E436CB272D7AAD478C67E436CB272D7AAD478&view=detail&FORM=VIRE5&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=diatoms&view=detail&id=E76D2C31E51A3DF7230E4CD13C14ACABE8B0E9BA&first=0&adlt=strict

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=diatoms&view=detail&id=E76D2C31E51A3DF7230E4CD13C14ACABE8B0E9BA&first=0&adlt=strict

Fungus-like protistCharacteristics in Common

Obtain energy by decomposing organic material

Not in kingdom fungi because they have cellulose instead of chitin in their cell walls

Examples - Plasmodium Slime Molds, Cellular Slime Molds,Water Molds, & Downy Mildews

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk

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FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,

except yeastexcept yeast

•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)

•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin


The Characteristics of Fungi

Fungi are NOT plants

NonphotosyntheticEukaryotesNonmotileMost are saprobes

(live on dead organisms)

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Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment

Lack true roots, stems or leaves

Some fungi are internal or external parasites

A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms

MULTICELLULAR MUSHROOM

UNICELLULAR YEAST

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Produce both sexual and asexual spores

Classified by their sexual reproductive structures

Spores come in various

shapes

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Grow best in warm, moist environments

Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds

The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold

Penicillium mold

Puffball33

Cladogram

Which of the following is most closely related to a mushroom (fungus)?

WHY?WHY?

Recent DNA-Recent DNA-based studies based studies show that fungi show that fungi are more are more similar tosimilar to

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PlantaePlantae

•MulticellularMulticellular

•AutotrophicAutotrophic

•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – Photosynthesis– Photosynthesis

•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose


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Plant Divisions


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TaxonomyPlants are divided into two groupsBased on the presence (vascular plants) or absence (nonvascular plants) of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials

VasculaVascular r BundleBundless


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Vascular SystemXylem tissue carries water and

minerals upward from the roots

Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used


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Nonvascular Plants

Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materialsRequire a constantly moist environmentPlants can’t grow as tallCells must be in direct contact with moistureMaterials move by diffusion cell-to-cell


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Nonvascular Plants

LiverwortsLiverworts HornwortsHornwortscopyright cmassengale

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Main Parts of Vascular PlantsLeaves- Photosynthetic part of plant that contains chloroplast- have stomata on underneath side for gas exchange Stems- carry water and nutrients to leavesRoots-Found below ground-Absorb water & minerals-Anchor the plant

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Vascular PlantsSubdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants

Club Club MossMoss


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Seedless Vascular Plants

HorsetailsHorsetailsWhisk fernsWhisk fernscopyright cmassengale

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Seed-Producing Vascular Plants

Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones

Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds


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Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms


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AnimaliaAnimalia

•MulticellularMulticellular

•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)

•Feed on Feed on plantsplants or or animalsanimals


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TaxonsTaxons

•Most Most generagenera contain a contain a number of similar number of similar speciesspecies

•The genus The genus HomoHomo is an is an exception (only contains exception (only contains modern humans)modern humans)

•Classification is based on evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships


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Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy

•Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, (same structure, different function)different function)

•Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment

•Molecular SimilarityMolecular Similarity in in DNADNA, , RNARNA, or , or amino acidamino acid sequence of Proteinssequence of Proteins


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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.shows Similarities in mammals.


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Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos


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CladogramCladogramDiagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related

based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales


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Primate Primate CladogramCladogram


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Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying

•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms

•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs

•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and and either go to another set either go to another set of characteristics of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism


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Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey

1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44

3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–4a Balloon-shaped body–JellyfishJellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5


classification of lifecindy

Technology

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archaean copyright cmassengale

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protists plant

printcapitalize genus

red algae

inclusive taxon

latin names