classification of government

Classification of Government

Module 3

Classification of GovernmentPhilippine Government and Politics5:30-7:00 PM MW

Obj. To determine and define the classification of Government

College of Arts and Sciences

Social Sciences Department

Political Science Program

LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Legend• Blue - Presidential Republic• Yellow – Semi Presidential Republic• Green – Parliamentary Republic, Executive Presidency linked to a parliament• Orange – Parliamentary Republic• Red – Parliamentary Constitutional; Monarchy butno power • Magenta –Constitutional Monarchy in which the monarch personally exercises

power, often (but not always) alongside a weak parliament• Purple – Absolute Monarchy• Brown – Countries where the dominant role of the political party or coalition

codified in the constitution•Dark green – Countries where constitutional provisions for government have been

suspended•Grey – Countries that do not fit in any of the above listed systems•Light grey – No government

There are many different

types of government all

around the world

Who Rules?None One Few All

Anarchy Monarchy

Dictatorship

Oligarchy Democracy

Direct

Representative

Rule by One

• One person rules over everyone. In this case, one person in in charge with the country and government.

King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud

North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un

Monarchy• Monarchy when a King or

Queen rules thru inherited

power

King Harald and Queen Sonja of Norway

Dictatorship“A form of government in which one person or a small

group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limits.” – Encyclopedia Britannica

• As elaborated by the encyclopedic definition, a dictatorship also consists of a few key factors:

• No division of power• Little to no constitutional backbone• Little to no social liberties or personal freedoms• Swift and severe disciplinary policies on citizens• Manipulation of media and the usage of propaganda

to increase the states influence

free

partly

free

Not

free

Using Freedom House’s

predetermined criteria which takes into

account factors that are eerily similar

to those outline in the definition of a

dictatorship, it becomes increasingly

clear that there are a number of

countries across the globe that may fit

the bill.

Freedom House’s criteria includes

factors such as:

o Personal rights

o Political pluralism

o Functioning of government

o Rule of law

o Personal autonomy

Dictatorship a ruler who seizes power through military action

autocratic ruler of Belarus

Rule by FewA few people rule over everyone. In this

case few people rule over a country or government.

Some examples of the oligarchic

system of government can be found in

Russia following the fall of the Soviet

Union when a group of private

businessmen dominate both wealth and

political power in the Russian

government. In the Russian example,

oligarchs are identified as business

magnates perceived as close to the

current form of government. As of 2014,

110 Russian billionaires account for 35

percent of the country's wealth

OligarchyIn an oligarchy (OH-lih-gar-kee), a small group of people

has all the power. Oligarchy is a Greek word that means “rule by a few.” Sometimes this means that only a certain group has political rights, such as members of one political party, one social class, or one race. For example, in some societies, only noble families who owned land could participate in politics. An oligarchy can also mean that a few people control the country. For example, a junta is a small group of people—usually military officers—who rule a country after taking it over by force. A junta often operates much like a dictatorship, except that several people share power.

Religious Rule • A theocracy is a government that

recognizes God or a divine being as the ultimate authority. (“Theo” is a Greek word that means god.) In a theocracy, religious law is used to settle disputes and rule the people. A theocracy can also be a democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, or just about any other kind of government. For example, the Republic of Iran recognizes Islamic law, but Iran’s citizens vote to elect their leaders. Modern theocracies are usually found in countries where the population is strongly religiou

Iran’s Supreme

Leader Ayatollah Ali

Khamenei

Plutocracy

• Plutocracy (from Greek , ploutos, meaning "wealth", and κράτος, kratos, meaning "power, dominion, rule") or plutarchy, is a form of oligarchy and defines a society ruled or controlled by the small minority of the wealthiest citizens.

Meritocracy• The term was coined by the UK sociologist Michael

Young in 1958 book, 'The Rise Of Meritocracy.’ Governance by elites who deserve to wield power because they possess merit (defined as 'intelligence plus effort') instead of by those who merely possess wealth or belong to privileged to classes. Such a System in theory, forms the basis of an equal opportunity society. But, in practice, unrestricted meritocracy may result in a society without rules and concentrate power in only a few hands.

Technocracy Government

• A form of government in which scientists andtechnical experts are in control; "technocracy was described as that society in which those who govern justify themselves by appeal to technical experts who by appeal to scientific forms of knowledge"

Technocratic Countries in Europe: Czech Republic, Germany,

Greece, Russia

All North American Technocratic Countries: Canada, United States of

America

Rule by Many

• A lot of different people rule everyone. In this case, lot of people are in charge with the country or government

Democracy

• Democracy means power to the people and is a limited government

• Direct democracy when all people vote on every law that is passed

• In a Representative Democracy, citizens elect leaders to

represent their rights and interests in government. The elected leaders, or representatives, do the day-to-day work of governing the country: They consider the issues, work to find solutions, pass laws, and do all of the other things necessary to keep a country going. Citizens hold the ultimate power, though, because if they don’t like what their representatives are doing, they can vote in new ones

Parliamentary RepublicA Parliamentary Republic is a system in which a prime minister is

the active head of the Executive Branch of government and also leader of the Legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (e.g. Pakistan) to little (e.g. India) or none at all (e.g. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, his or her function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.

Remember:

• Nearly every country in the world is ruled by a system that combines 2 or more of these (for example, the USA is not a true capitalist society, since the government actually provides some services for its citizens). Additionally, one person's opinion of the type of government may differ from another's (many argue that the USA is actually a plutocracy rather than a democracy

Module 7

Objective: To determine and discuss the functions of the branches of government

College of Arts and Sciences

Social Sciences Department

Political Science Program

LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Branches of the Government

Republic

A Republic is a sovereign state or country ] which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law.

• The power of government is held by the people.

• The people give power to leaders they elect to represent them and serve their interests.

• The representatives are responsible for helping all the people in the country, not just a few people.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic

Philippine Republic

Pres.Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino

There have been five republics in the history of the Philippines:

o First Philippine Republic (January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901)

oSecond Philippine Republic (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)

oThird Philippine Republic (July 4, 1946 – September 21, 1972)

o Fourth Philippine Republic (June 30, 1981 – February 25, 1986)

oFifth Philippine Republic (February 2, 1987 – present)

Brainbelen: Published on Apr 06, 2010http://www.slideshare.net/brianbelen/the-executive-department?qid=1a9ec2b6-c497-4825-

9d3f-a148121f4141&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1

Branches of Government

Executive Brach

• President

• Vice Pres

• Cabinet

Legislative Branch

• Senate

• House of Representatives

Judicial Branch

• Supreme Court

• RTC/MTC

• Special Courts

Executive Branch

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/brianbelen/the-executive-department

o Charged with the execution and administration of a

country’s laws

o The Executive Branch .Charged with the execution and

administration of a country’s laws. In general, the

executive branch sets the direction of national policy

o Executive power in the Philippine government is vested

in the office of the President of the Republic

o The term of the President is for six years (no re-

election). No person who has succeeded and served

as President for four (4) years can run again

o Vice-President: maximum two (2) terms

Presidential Privileges

• Appoint the heads of the different executive departments

• Appoint ambassadors, consuls and public ministers

• Appoint armed forces personnel from the rank of colonel or naval captain

• Contract / guarantee foreign loans

• Negotiate foreign treaties

• Make appointments not otherwise provided for by law

• Suspend the writ of habeas corpus

• Declare martial law

• Prepare the national budget

• Perform acts of clemency (Acts of Clemency, Amnesty, Pardon, Commutation, Reprieve, Remission of fines and forfeitures)

Presidential Privileges

• Pardon – forgiveness given to individual

• Amnesty – forgiveness given to a big group of individuals

• Commutation – reducing the penalty

• Reprieve – Delay of punishment

May grant pardon, amnesty or reduce the sentence of those convicted on the final judgment of the Supreme Court

• The President Cannot: Hold any other office or enjoy any other form of employment ; Make appointments two months prior to the next elections ; Make appointments within the 4 th civil degree of consanguinity.

• The President Cannot: Increase his/her salary or that of the Vice-President during his/her term;

• Ratify foreign treaties

• Grant clemency in cases of impeachment

Causes of Vacancy • Permanent Disability; Resignation; Impeachment

• Causes of Vacancy: Written declaration that s/he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the Office ; If a majority of the Cabinet makes a written declaration that the President cannot discharge the powers and duties of the Office

• More on Vacancy. The President can, at a later time, inform Congress s/he is fit to perform her/his duties again

• Congress can judge otherwise by a two-thirds vote of both houses voting separately.

Causes of Vacancy

• Even More on Vacancy, if the President falls seriously ill. The public will be informed of his/her state of health

• Members of the Cabinet in charge of national security and foreign relations shall have access to the President

• The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces shall have access to the President

• President can be impeached if found to accept bribes, betray his countrymen, lose of confidence, performed crimes against people, violation of the constitution, graft and corruption

Vice President

• To replace the President when he dies, resigns, or is impeached

http://www.slideshare.net/MarcyTrinidad/branches-of-government

The Legislative Branch

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/brianbelen/the-philippine-legislature


• From the Latin lex, legis meaning law

• The legislative branch broadly deals with the making, deliberation over, enactment, amendment and repealing of laws

Basic Structures

There are two basic structures for legislative branches of government:

1. Unicameral– The legislative branch consists of one

chamber/house

2. Bicameral– Legislative power is vested in two

chambers/houses

The Philippine Congress

The Philippine Congress is the country’s legislative department (Art. VI, Sec. 1)

Congress is bicameral

oUpper House: Senate

oLower House: House of Representatives

SenateComposition

Qualifications

Term of Office

o 24 Senators elected at large

o Natural-born citizen

o At least 35 years old on election day

o Literate (can read and write)

o Registered voter

o Philippine resident for 2 years prior to election day

o 6 years

o Maximum: 2 terms

House of Representativeso 200 district reps, 50 party list

o Natural-born citizen

o At least 25 years old on election day

o Literate (can read and write)

o Registered voter of the district

o District resident for 1 year prior to election day

o 3 years

o Maximum: 3 terms

Composition

Qualifications

Term of Office

In Case of Vacancy

• Vacancy can be filled through regular election

• Special elections can be called for the purpose of filling the vacancy

• In either circumstance, the one elected merely sits for the unexpired term

Article VI, Section 9


o It passes law

o It punishes and determine crimes against the state

o It determine the taxes people should pay

o It determine the budget to be spent for puclic

o can create and abolish courts except SC

o The power to declare war

Parliamentary PrivilegesCongressmen have two parliamentary privileges while Congress is in session:

1. Privilege from arrest

o Immunity from offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment

2. Privilege of speech and debate

o Immunity from libel and slander

Article VI, Section 11

Transparency

Elected Congressmen must:

1. Fully disclose their financial and business interests

2. Disclose potential conflicts of interests that arise in the course of legislation

3. Keep from any other office or employment (appointed or otherwise), forfeit his/her seat to do so

(Article VI, Sections 12-13)

Structure and Dynamicso Senate President and House Speaker elected

by majority vote

o Other officers, procedures and the discipline of its members is at the discretion of each house

o Quorum: Majority

o Each House maintains a journal and record of proceedings

o Neither House can adjourn without the other’s consent while in session

(Article VI, Section 16)

Powers of Congress

1. Appointment of Public Officials (Article VI,

Sections 17-19 (esp. 18)

2. Legislative inquiry and investigation(Investigations in aid of legislation:

Article VI, Section 21)

3. Declare the existence of a state of war : (Article VI, Section 23)

Powers of Congress

4. Ratify the country’s international treaties (Senate) Treaties: Article VII, Section

21 (The Executive Branch)

5. Authorize limited emergency powers for the President (Emergency Powers: Article VI,

Section 23)

Powers of Congress

6. Approve the government budget

(Article VI, Sec. 4-52)

7. Undertake projects under the CDF

8. Propose, review, and adopt bills for enactment into law (Article VI, Sec. 27).

Powers of Congress

9. Overturn a Presidential veto with respect to proposed legislation ( Article VI, Sec. 32)

10. Allow for referenda ( Article XVII, Sections 1-2)

11. Propose amendments to the constitution and call for a constitutional convention

Legislative Limitations

Congress may not:

1. Increase appropriations recommended by the executive branch

2. Pass tax exemptions without the concurrence of a majority of its members

3. Grant titles of nobility

4. Pass ex post facto bills

5. Pass bills of attainder

How a Bill Becomes Law

~House of Representatives~

1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/brianbelen/the-philippine-judiciary


~Senate~



~House of Representatives~



PresidentAPPROVE VETO

30 DAY PERIOD


The Judicial Department

Article VIII, Section 1: Judicial power will be vested in the Supreme Court and all lower courts

Judicial power: the power to apply the laws to contests or disputes concerning legally recognized rights

Loosely, the judiciary refers to the court system

Judicial Power

Generally entails two activities:

o Settling legal controversies

o Determining whether there has been grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction by any branch of government

Scope of Judicial Power

Adjudicating Power

o The power to settle legal disputes

Power of Judicial Review

o Refers to the power of the Supreme Court to interpret and make judgments with respect to the law

Incidental Powers

o Powers necessary for the discharge of the judicial function

The Supreme Court

Composition

o 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices

o Sits en banc or in divisions

Qualifications

o By appointment

o 40 years of age

o Natural born citizen

o Judge or legal practitioner for 15 years

Powers of the Supreme CourtSC has jurisdiction over:

o Cases involving ambassadors and public ministers

o Petitions for certiorari, mandamus, quo warranto, prohibition & habeas corpus

Review judgments of lower courtso Cases involving constitutionality, legality of

any tax, reclusion perpetua and errors on questions of law

o Assignment of judges to the lower courts

o Order a change of venue for a trial

o Promulgate rules of court

o Appoint officials of the judiciary and hire employees for the judicial branch

Powers of the Supreme Court

Judicial and Bar Council

o Tasked with nominating appointees to the Judiciary (SC 3)

o Composition:o Chief Justice

o Secretary of Justice

o Representative from Congress

o IBP Representative

o Prof. of law

o Private Sector Representative

Rendering Court Decisions

o Once a decision is reached, a SC Justice is assigned to write an opinion

o The opinion is certified by the Chief Justice and served to the parties concerned

o Dissentions and abstentions must be explained

o The opinion must explain facts of law

classification of government

Education