page 1Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

Classification of Digital Health Interventions v 1.0A shared language to describe the uses of digital technology for health

The classification of digital health interventions (DHIs) categorizes the different

ways in which digital and mobile technologies are being used to support health

system needs. Targeted primarily at public health audiences, this Classification

framework aims to promote an accessible and bridging language for health program

planners to articulate functionalities of digital health implementations. Also referred

to as a taxonomy, this Classification scheme is anchored on the unit of a “digital health

intervention,” which represents a discrete functionality of the digital technology to

achieve health sector objectives.

What is it?

How to use it? The digital health interventions are organized into the following overarching groupings

based on the targeted primary user:

Interventions for clients: Clients are members of the public who are potential

or current users of health services, including health promotion activities.

Caregivers of clients receiving health services are also included in this group.

Interventions for healthcare providers: Healthcare providers are members

of the health workforce who deliver health services.

Interventions for health system or resource managers: Health system

and resource managers are involved in the administration and oversight of

public health systems. Interventions within this category reflect managerial

functions related to supply chain management, health financing, human

resource management.

Interventions for data services: This consists of crosscutting functionality to

support a wide range of activities related to data collection, management, use,

and exchange.

1.1 Targeted client communication

1.4 Personal health tracking 1.7 Client financial

transactions

1.5 Citizen based reporting

1.6On-demand information services to clients

1.2 Untargeted client communication

1.3 Client to client communication

1.1.1Transmit health event alerts to specific population group(s)

1.1.2

Transmit targeted health information to client(s) based on health status or demographics

1.1.3 Transmit targeted alerts and reminders to client(s)

1.1.4Transmit diagnostics result, or availability of result, to client(s)

1.4.1 Access by client to own medical records

1.4.2 Self monitoring of health or diagnostic data by client

1.4.3 Active data capture/documentation by client

1.7.1Transmit or manage out of pocket payments by client(s)

1.7.2Transmit or manage vouchers to client(s) for health services

1.7.3Transmit or manage incentives to client(s) for health services

1.5.1 Reporting of health system feedback by clients

1.5.2 Reporting of public health events by clients

1.6.1 Client look-up of health information

1.2.1Transmit untargeted health information to an undefined population

1.2.2Transmit untargeted health event alerts to undefined group

1.3.1 Peer group for clients

1.0 Clients

2.1Client identification and registration

2.5Healthcare provider communication

2.6 Referral coordination

2.7Health worker activity planning and scheduling

2.8 Healthcare provider training

2.9Prescription and medication management

2.10Laboratory and Diagnostics Imaging Manangement

2.2 Client health records

2.3Healthcare provider decision support

2.4 Telemedicine

2.1.1 Verify client unique identity

2.1.2 Enrol client for health services/clinical care plan

2.5.1Communication from healthcare provider(s) to supervisor

2.5.2Communication and performance feedback to healthcare provider(s)

2.5.3Transmit routine news and workflow notifications to healthcare provider(s)

2.5.4Transmit non-routine health event alerts to healthcare provider(s)

2.5.5 Peer group for healthcare providers

2.6.1 Coordinate emergency response and transport

2.6.2Manage referrals between points of service within health sector

2.6.3 Manage referrals between health and other sectors

2.7.1 Identify client(s) in need of services

2.7.2 Schedule healthcare provider's activities

2.8.1 Provide training content to healthcare provider(s)

2.8.2 Assess capacity of healthcare provider(s)

2.9.1 Transmit or track prescription orders

2.9.2 Track client's medication consumption

2.9.3 Report adverse drug events

2.10.1 Transmit diagnostic result to healthcare provider

2.10.2 Transmit and track diagnostic orders

2.10.3 Capture diagnostic results from digital devices

2.10.4 Track biological specimens

2.2.1Longitudinal tracking of clients’ health status and services

2.2.2 Manage client’s structured clinical records

2.2.3Manage client’s unstructured clinical records

2.2.4Routine health indicator data collection and management

2.3.1Provide prompts and alerts based according to protocol

2.3.2 Provide checklist according to protocol

2.3.3 Screen clients by risk or other health status

2.4.1Consultations between remote client and healthcare provider

2.4.2Remote monitoring of client health or diagnostic data by provider

2.4.3 Transmission of medical data to healthcare provider

2.4.4Consultations for case management between healthcare provider(s)

2.0 Healthcare Providers

3.1 Human resource management

3.4 Civil Registration and Vital Statistic

3.6 Equipment and asset management

3.7 Facility management

3.5 Health financing

3.2 Supply chain management

3.3 Public health event notification

3.1.1List health workforce cadres and related identification information

3.1.2 Monitor performance of healthcare provider(s)

3.1.3Manage certification/registration of healthcare provider(s)

3.1.4 Record training credentials of healthcare provider(s)

3.4.1 Notify birth event

3.4.2 Register birth event

3.4.3 Certify birth event

3.4.4 Notify death event

3.4.5 Register death event

3.4.6 Certify death event

3.6.1 Monitor status of health equipment

3.6.2Track regulation and licensing of medical equipment

3.7.1 List health facilities and related information

3.7.2 Assess health facilities

3.5.1 Register and verify client insurance membership

3.5.2 Track insurance billing and claims submission

3.5.3 Track and manage insurance reimbursement

3.5.4Transmit routine payroll payment to healthcare provider(s)

3.5.5Transmit or manage incentives to healthcare provider(s)

3.5.6 Manage budget and expenditures

3.2.1Manage inventory and distribution of health commodities

3.2.2 Notify stock levels of health commodities

3.2.3 Monitor cold-chain sensitive commodities

3.2.4 Register licensed drugs and health commodities

3.2.5 Manage procurement of commodities

3.2.6Report counterfeit or substandard drugs by clients

3.3.1Notification of public health events from point of diagnosis

3.0 Health System Managers

4.1Data collection, management, and use

4.3 Location mapping

4.4 Data exchange and interoperability

4.2 Data coding

4.1.1Non-routine data collection and management

4.1.2 Data storage and aggregation

4.1.3 Data synthesis and visualization

4.1.4

Automated analysis of data to generate new information or predictions on future events

4.3.1 Map location of health facilities/structures

4.3.2 Map location of health events

4.3.3 Map location of clients and households

4.3.4 Map location of healthcare providers

4.4.1 Data exchange across systems

4.2.1 Parse unstructured data into structured data

4.2.2Merge, de-duplicate, and curate coded datasets or terminologies

4.2.3 Classify disease codes or cause of mortality

4.0 Data Services

page 2

The diverse communities working in digital health—including government stakeholders,

technologists, clinicians, implementers, network operators, researchers, donors—

have lacked a mutually understandable language with which to assess and articulate

functionality. A shared and standardized vocabulary was recognized as necessary to

identify gaps and duplication, evaluate effectiveness, and facilitate alignment across

different digital health implementations.

In particular, four primary use cases prompted the development of this classification

scheme: • synthesizing evidence and research;

• conducting national inventories and landscape analyses;

• developing guidance resources to inform planning;

• articulating required digital functionality based on identified

health system challenges and needs.

Although frameworks such as the Control Objectives for Information and Related

Technologies (COBIT) [1], Health Level Seven (HL7) [2], and International Standards

Organization (ISO) [3] exist, these frameworks provide highly technical terms for use

by computer scientists and software developers in health. This new classification

scheme offers a simplified language to help support a dialogue between public health

practitioners and technology-oriented audiences.

This classification of Digital Health Interventions (DHIs) should be used in tandem

with the of list Health System Challenges (HSC) in order to articulate how technology

is addressing identified health needs, such as lack of service utilisation. The HSC

framework provides an overview of needs and challenges faced in health systems,

in order to assist program planners to express what they expect to achieve through

implementation of a digital health intervention. For example, one may implement a

digital health intervention, such as “targeted communication to clients”, in order to

address a health system challenge, such as “lack of service utilisation,” to achieve an

overarching eHealth outcome of “improving clients’ access to knowledge resources and

support for better management of their health”[5].

The classification of DHIs also highlights functionalities that fit within various System

Categories, such as Logistics Management Information Systems (LMIS) or Electronic

Medical Records (EMR). System Categories represent the types of ICT applications

and information systems designed to deliver one or more digital health interventions.

A digital health intervention such as “notify stock levels of health commodities”

would fit into the System Category of LMIS. Linking digital health interventions to

system categories is critical as these serve as the starting point for interoperability

considerations.

Why was it created?

How does this link to other

classifications?

Each digital health intervention is accompanied by associated synonyms and other

commonly used terms. The framework also includes programmatic examples of these

terms based on cited descriptions from project documentation.

page 3Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

figure 1. Linkages across Health System Challenges, Digital Health Interventions, and System Categories

4.1.2 Data storage and aggregation

2.5.2 Communication and performance feedback to healthcare provider(s)

3.2.1 Manage inventory and distribution of health commodities

Health System Challenge (HSC)

Need or problem to be addressed

» Client communication system

Digital Health Intervention (DHI)Digital functionality for addressing

the Health System Challenge

System CategoryICT system that delivers one or more

of the Digital Health Interventions

Insufficient supply of

commodities

Healthcare provider’s poor adherence to clinical guidelines

Lack of access to information

or data

Loss to follow-up of clients

» Logistics Management Information System

» Telemedicine systems

» Decision support systems

» Health Management Information System (HMIS)

» Electronic Medical Record

» Electronic Medical Record

» Identification registries and directories

1.1.3 Transmit targeted alerts and reminders to client(s)

4.1.3 Data synthesis and visualizations

2.7.2 Schedule healthcare provider’s activities

3.2.2 Notify stock levels of health commodities

2.2.1 Longitudinal tracking of clients’ health status and services

2.2.4 Routine health indicator data collection and management

2.3.2 Provide checklist according to protocol

2.3.1 Provide prompts and alerts based according to protocol

This Classification scheme reflects emerging uses of digital technologies for health.

The taxonomy leverages mobile health (mHealth) categorizations from the mHealth

Technical Evidence Review Group (mTERG) and Labrique et al.[4], and expands on these

terms to to be inclusive of eHealth and broader capabilities that have relevance in

the health sector. WHO convened a series of technical consultations to further refine

these terminologies and definitions. Public feedback was solicited through the Health

Data Collaborative Digital Health and Interoperability Working Group. Additionally, a

desk review was conducted to align with reference frameworks [1-3], and to establish

examples of DHI in current use.

This reference Classification will evolve as new digital functionalities emerge. The WHO

Secretariat will periodically update and version this Classification based on technical

consultations and public feedback. Subsequent releases of this Classification will be

available at http://who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/mhealth/en/.

How was it developed?

How it will evolve?

page 4

3.2.1 Manage inventory and distribution of health commodities

1 Information 3 Quality 6 Efficiency

7 Cost

8 Accountability

2 Availability 4 Acceptability

5 Utilization

1.1 Lack of population denominator

1.2 Delayed reporting of events

1.3 Lack of quality/ reliable data

1.4 Communication roadblocks

1.5 Lack of access to information or data

1.6 Insufficient utilization of data and information

1.7 Lack of unique identifier

3.1 Poor patient experience

3.2 Insufficient health worker competence

3.3 Low quality health commodities

3.4 Low health worker motivation

3.5 Insufficient continuity of care

3.6 Inadequate supportive supervision

3.7 Poor adherence to guidelines

6.1 Inadequate workflow management

6.2 Lack of or inappropriate referrals

6.3 Poor planning and coordination

6.4 Delayed provision of care

6.5 Inadequate access to transportation

7.1 High cost of manual processes

7.2 Lack of effective resource allocation

7.3 Client-side expenses

7.4 Lack of coordinated payer mechanism

8.1 Insufficient patient engagement

8.2 Unaware of service entitlement

8.3 Absence of community feedback mechanisms

8.4 Lack of transparency in commodity transactions

8.5Poor accountability between the levels of the health sector

8.6 Inadequate understanding of beneficiary populations

2.1 Insufficient supply of commodities

2.2 Insufficient supply of services

2.3 Insufficient supply of equipment

2.4 Insufficient supply of qualified health workers

4.1 Lack of alignment with local norms

4.2Programs which do not address individual beliefs and practices

5.1 Low demand for services

5.2 Geographic inaccessibility

5.3 Low adherence to treatments

5.4 Loss to follow up

Health System Challenges

page 5Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

References

1. COBIT 5 Illustrative Governance and Management Processes. ISACA; 2017 (https://www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/Blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=193, accessed 20 November 2017 )

2. HL7 EHR System Functional Model: A Major Development Towards Consensus on Electronic Health Record System Functionality. Ann Arbor: Health Level Seven; 2004 (https://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/wg/ehr/EHR-SWhitePaper.pdf, accessed 7 March 2018)

3. Health informatics -- Capacity-based eHealth architecture roadmap -- Part 2: Architectural components and maturity model ISO/TR 14639-2:2014. Geneva: International Standards Organization (ISO); 2014 (https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:54903:en, accessed 7 March 2018)

4. Labrique AB, Vasudevan L, Kochi E, Fabricant R, Mehl G. mHealth innovations as health system strengthening tools: 12 common applications and a visual framework. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2013 Aug 1;1(2):160-71.

5. National eHealth strategy toolkit. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Telecommunication Union; 2012 (https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-STR-E_HEALTH.05-2012-PDF-E.pdf, accessed 2 March 2018).

ACensus, population information & data warehouse*

B Civil registration and vital statistics

C Client applications

D Client communication system

E Clinical terminology and classifications*

F Community-based information system

GData interchange interoperability and accessibility*

H Electronic medical record*

I Emergency response system*

J Environmental monitoring system*

K Facility management information system

L Geographic information system (GIS)

MHealth finance and insurance information system*

N Health management information system (HMIS)

O Human resource information system

P Identification registries and directories*

Q Knowledge management system*

R Laboratory and diagnostics information system*

S Learning and training system

T Logistics management information system (LMIS)

U Pharmacy information system*

V Public health and disease surveillance system*

W Research information system

XShared Health Record and health information respositories*

Y Telemedicine

System Categories

*Adapted from the International Standards Organization [3]

page 6

1.1 Targeted client communication

1.4 Personal health tracking 1.7 Client financial

transactions

1.5 Citizen based reporting

1.6On-demand information services to clients

1.2 Untargeted client communication

1.3 Client to client communication

1.1.1Transmit health event alerts to specific population group(s)

1.1.2

Transmit targeted health information to client(s) based on health status or demographics

1.1.3 Transmit targeted alerts and reminders to client(s)

1.1.4Transmit diagnostics result, or availability of result, to client(s)

1.4.1 Access by client to own medical records

1.4.2 Self monitoring of health or diagnostic data by client

1.4.3 Active data capture/documentation by client

1.7.1Transmit or manage out of pocket payments by client(s)

1.7.2Transmit or manage vouchers to client(s) for health services

1.7.3Transmit or manage incentives to client(s) for health services

1.5.1 Reporting of health system feedback by clients

1.5.2 Reporting of public health events by clients

1.6.1 Client look-up of health information

1.2.1Transmit untargeted health information to an undefined population

1.2.2Transmit untargeted health event alerts to undefined group

1.3.1 Peer group for clients

1.0 Clients

page 7Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

2.1Client identification and registration

2.5Healthcare provider communication

2.6 Referral coordination

2.7Health worker activity planning and scheduling

2.8 Healthcare provider training

2.9Prescription and medication management

2.10Laboratory and Diagnostics Imaging Manangement

2.2 Client health records

2.3Healthcare provider decision support

2.4 Telemedicine

2.1.1 Verify client unique identity

2.1.2 Enrol client for health services/clinical care plan

2.5.1Communication from healthcare provider(s) to supervisor

2.5.2Communication and performance feedback to healthcare provider(s)

2.5.3Transmit routine news and workflow notifications to healthcare provider(s)

2.5.4Transmit non-routine health event alerts to healthcare provider(s)

2.5.5 Peer group for healthcare providers

2.6.1 Coordinate emergency response and transport

2.6.2Manage referrals between points of service within health sector

2.6.3 Manage referrals between health and other sectors

2.7.1 Identify client(s) in need of services

2.7.2 Schedule healthcare provider's activities

2.8.1 Provide training content to healthcare provider(s)

2.8.2 Assess capacity of healthcare provider(s)

2.9.1 Transmit or track prescription orders

2.9.2 Track client's medication consumption

2.9.3 Report adverse drug events

2.10.1 Transmit diagnostic result to healthcare provider

2.10.2 Transmit and track diagnostic orders

2.10.3 Capture diagnostic results from digital devices

2.10.4 Track biological specimens

2.2.1Longitudinal tracking of clients’ health status and services

2.2.2 Manage client’s structured clinical records

2.2.3Manage client’s unstructured clinical records

2.2.4Routine health indicator data collection and management

2.3.1Provide prompts and alerts based according to protocol

2.3.2 Provide checklist according to protocol

2.3.3 Screen clients by risk or other health status

2.4.1Consultations between remote client and healthcare provider

2.4.2Remote monitoring of client health or diagnostic data by healthcare provider

2.4.3 Transmission of medical data to healthcare provider

2.4.4Consultations for case management between healthcare provider(s)

2.0 Healthcare Providers

page 8

3.1 Human resource management

3.4 Civil Registration and Vital Statistic

3.6 Equipment and asset management

3.7 Facility management

3.5 Health financing

3.2 Supply chain management

3.3 Public health event notification

3.1.1List health workforce cadres and related identification information

3.1.2 Monitor performance of healthcare provider(s)

3.1.3Manage certification/registration of healthcare provider(s)

3.1.4 Record training credentials of healthcare provider(s)

3.4.1 Notify birth event

3.4.2 Register birth event

3.4.3 Certify birth event

3.4.4 Notify death event

3.4.5 Register death event

3.4.6 Certify death event

3.6.1 Monitor status of health equipment

3.6.2Track regulation and licensing of medical equipment

3.7.1 List health facilities and related information

3.7.2 Assess health facilities

3.5.1 Register and verify client insurance membership

3.5.2 Track insurance billing and claims submission

3.5.3 Track and manage insurance reimbursement

3.5.4Transmit routine payroll payment to healthcare provider(s)

3.5.5Transmit or manage incentives to healthcare provider(s)

3.5.6 Manage budget and expenditures

3.2.1Manage inventory and distribution of health commodities

3.2.2 Notify stock levels of health commodities

3.2.3 Monitor cold-chain sensitive commodities

3.2.4 Register licensed drugs and health commodities

3.2.5 Manage procurement of commodities

3.2.6Report counterfeit or substandard drugs by clients

3.3.1Notification of public health events from point of diagnosis

3.0 Health System Managers

page 9Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

4.1Data collection, management, and use

4.3 Location mapping

4.4 Data exchange and interoperability

4.2 Data coding

4.1.1Non-routine data collection and management

4.1.2 Data storage and aggregation

4.1.3 Data synthesis and visualization

4.1.4

Automated analysis of data to generate new information or predictions on future events

4.3.1 Map location of health facilities/structures

4.3.2 Map location of health events

4.3.3 Map location of clients and households

4.3.4 Map location of healthcare providers

4.4.1 Data exchange across systems

4.2.1 Parse unstructured data into structured data

4.2.2Merge, de-duplicate, and curate coded datasets or terminologies

4.2.3 Classify disease codes or cause of mortality

4.0 Data Services

page 10

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er p

regn

ancy

and

sug

gest

ions

to k

eep

her a

nd h

er b

aby

heal

thy

via

twic

e w

eekl

y ph

one

calls

.” [8]

mD

iabe

tes:

“...a

n SM

S-ba

sed

info

rmat

ion

serv

ice

for p

eopl

e w

ith

diab

etes

dur

ing

Ram

adan

fast

ing.

” [9]

1.1.3

Tran

smit

targ

eted

al

erts

an

d re

min

ders

to

cli

ent(

s)

- A

lert

s fo

r pr

even

tive

ser

vice

s

and

wel

lnes

s-

Not

ifica

tio

ns

and

rem

inde

rs f

or

appo

intm

ents

, m

edic

atio

n a

dher

ence

, or

foll

ow

-up

serv

ices

- C

om

mun

icat

ion

fo

r re

ten

tio

n in

car

e,

con

tin

uity

of

care

Enga

geTB

: “ O

nce

a cl

ient

has

bee

n co

nfirm

ed a

s TB

posi

tive

, the

Lab

Tech

nici

ans

will

regi

ster

the

clie

nt b

ack

into

the

appl

icat

ion

and

enab

le th

e cl

ient

to re

ceiv

e re

min

ders

abo

ut D

irect

ly O

bser

ved

Ther

apy

(DO

T).” [

8]m

TIKA

: “...

send

SM

S re

min

ders

to fa

mili

es w

hen

thei

r chi

ldre

n ar

e du

e fo

r im

mun

izat

ion

serv

ices

.” [8]

Mob

y A

pp:

“... s

ends

aut

omat

ed S

MS

rem

inde

rs to

clie

nts,

rem

indi

ng th

em o

f upc

omin

g ap

poin

tmen

ts, m

isse

d ap

poin

tmen

ts, a

nd

appr

oach

ing

deliv

ery

date

s so

wom

en c

an p

repa

re to

del

iver

in a

hea

lth

faci

lity.”

[8]

Wire

d M

othe

rs:

“Wom

en re

ceiv

e ap

poin

tmen

t rem

inde

rs, e

duca

tion

al m

essa

ging

and

can

cal

l the

ir pr

imar

y ca

re p

rovi

ders

to

disc

uss

non-

acut

e is

sues

.” [8]

1.1.4

Tran

smit

dia

gno

stic

s re

sult

, or

avai

labi

lity

o

f re

sult

, to

cli

ent(

s)

- La

bora

tory

res

ults

man

agem

ent,

te

sts

resu

lts

man

agem

ent

txtA

lert

: “T

his

vers

ion

of tx

tAle

rt d

eliv

ers

CD

4 co

unt r

esul

ts to

pat

ient

s w

ho h

ave

been

test

ed fo

r HIV

but

may

not

retu

rn to

the

clin

ic to

col

lect

thei

r CD

4 co

unts

resu

lts.

..” [8

]

1.2

Unt

arge

ted

clie

nt

com

mun

icat

ion

Tran

smis

sion

of u

ntar

gete

d he

alth

pro

mot

ion

cont

ent “

in

whi

ch in

whi

ch re

lati

vely

larg

e,

undi

ffer

enti

ated

aud

ienc

es re

ceiv

e id

enti

cal m

essa

ges.”

[1]

This

in

clud

es m

essa

ge b

last

s us

ually

co

nduc

ted

to a

mob

ile p

hone

use

r ba

nk. T

he c

omm

unic

atio

n ca

n be

un

idire

ctio

nal a

nd b

idire

ctio

nal.

1.2.

1Tr

ansm

it u

nta

rget

ed

heal

th in

form

atio

n t

o

an u

nde

fin

ed p

opu

lati

on

- M

ass

mes

sagi

ng

cam

paig

n o

r co

mm

unic

atio

n to

an

un

defi

ned

targ

et g

roup

- H

ealt

h m

essa

gin

g to

un

defi

ned

targ

et g

roup

re

gard

less

of

dem

ogr

aphi

c ch

arac

teri

stic

s o

r he

alth

sta

tus

WA

HA

Mat

erna

l Hea

lth

mH

ealt

h Pr

ogra

m:

“Tw

o SM

S ca

mpa

igns

wer

e la

unch

ed, t

arge

ting

the

inha

bita

nts

of th

e Ta

mba

coun

da

dist

rict.

.. The

sec

ond

cam

paig

n ta

rget

s al

l peo

ple,

so

that

they

are

regu

larly

info

rmed

of a

vaila

ble

med

ical

ser

vice

s w

ithi

n th

e di

stric

t.” [1

0]

1.2.

2Tr

ansm

it u

nta

rget

ed

heal

th e

ven

t al

erts

to

unde

fin

ed g

roup

- Pu

blic

hea

lth

even

t n

otifi

cati

on

; di

seas

e n

otifi

cati

on

- M

ass

mes

sagi

ng

cam

paig

n

Ebol

a aw

aren

ess

thro

ugh

SMS:

“As

par

t of a

mas

sive

pub

lic a

war

enes

s eff

ort,

Sene

gal’s

Min

istr

y of

Hea

lth

sent

4 m

illio

n SM

S m

essa

ges

to th

e ge

nera

l pub

lic w

arni

ng o

f the

dan

gers

of E

bola

and

how

to p

reve

nt it

.” [11

]

1.3

Cli

ent

to c

lien

t co

mm

unic

atio

nC

omm

unic

atio

n be

twee

n cl

ient

s

as p

eers

wit

hin

an o

rgan

ized

ne

twor

k/gr

oup.

1.3.

1 Pe

er g

roup

fo

r cl

ien

ts-

Peer

lea

rnin

g, p

eer

gro

up, p

eer-

to-p

eer

gro

ups,

pe

er n

etw

ork

, pee

r su

ppo

rtPr

ojec

t Khu

lum

a: “

Peer

-led

sup

port

gro

ups

for H

IV-i

nfec

ted

adol

esce

nts

to c

omm

unic

ate

amon

gst t

hem

selv

es o

n to

pics

they

wan

t to

dis

cuss

.” [8]

page 11Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

Cat

egor

yIn

terv

enti

ons

Syno

nym

sIl

lust

rati

ve e

xam

ples

*

1.4

Pers

onal

hea

lth

trac

king

The

use

of m

obile

app

licat

ions

by

clie

nts,

pho

ne b

ased

sen

sors

, he

alth

reco

rds,

and

wea

rabl

es fo

r cl

ient

s to

mon

itor

thei

r ow

n he

alth

st

atus

. Thi

s ca

n in

clud

e w

eara

ble

sens

ors,

web

-too

ls, a

nd a

pps

that

al

low

clie

nts

to re

view

and

trac

k th

eir h

ealt

h st

atus

.

1.4.

1A

cces

s by

cli

ent

to o

wn

med

ical

rec

ord

s-

Self

-acc

ess

to c

lien

t he

alth

rec

ord

; pat

ien

t’s

ow

n a

cces

s to

the

ir h

ealt

h re

cord

. -

Abi

lity

fo

r cl

ien

ts t

o t

rack

the

ir h

ealt

h hi

sto

ry

and

clin

ical

rec

ord

Dig

ital

Wei

ghin

g C

ard:

“Th

is p

roje

ct is

ther

efor

e se

ekin

g to

pro

vide

a d

igit

al c

opy

of e

very

chi

ld w

eigh

ing

card

, suc

h th

at, i

t can

be

acce

ssed

via

mob

ile p

hone

whe

neve

r nee

ded

and

upda

ted

by C

omm

unit

y he

alth

Wor

kers

at a

ny p

oint

in ti

me.

” [12

]

1.4.

2 Se

lf m

on

ito

rin

g o

f he

alth

or

diag

no

stic

da

ta b

y cl

ien

t

- Pe

rso

nal

hea

lth

mo

nit

ori

ng,

sel

f-tr

acki

ng

self

-car

e, s

elf-

mo

nit

ori

ng

- Se

nso

rs a

nd

wea

rabl

es f

or

pers

on

al h

ealt

h m

on

ito

rin

g-

Cli

ent’s

hea

lth

data

is c

oll

ecte

d ba

sed

on

a

mac

hin

e a

clie

nt

uses

on

the

ir o

wn

Wea

rabl

es a

nd fi

tnes

s tr

acke

rs:

“...tr

acks

eve

ry p

art o

f you

r day

—in

clud

ing

acti

vity

, exe

rcis

e, fo

od, w

eigh

t and

sle

ep.” [

13]

Med

opad

Pat

ient

Mon

itor

ing:

“...y

ou c

an m

onito

r vit

al s

igns

, log

sym

ptom

s, s

hare

info

rmat

ion

wit

h yo

ur c

are

prov

ider

s an

d m

ore.

” [14

]

1.4.

3 A

ctiv

e da

ta c

aptu

re/

docu

men

tati

on

by

clie

nt

- Pe

rso

nal

hea

lth

mo

nit

ori

ng,

sel

f-tr

acki

ng

self

-car

e, s

elf-

mo

nit

ori

ng,

jour

nal

ing;

ca

ptur

e pa

tien

t o

rigi

nat

ed d

ata,

cli

ent

docu

men

tati

on

of

heal

th s

tatu

s an

d ac

tivi

ties

Cyc

leTe

l Hum

safa

r: “.

..she

ent

ers

the

date

of h

er la

st p

erio

d an

d th

e se

rvic

e in

form

s he

r of h

er fe

rtile

day

s du

ring

the

cycl

e. S

he re

ceiv

es

aler

ts o

n he

r “un

safe

day

s” th

roug

hout

the

mon

th.” [

8]

1.5

Cit

izen

bas

ed r

epor

ting

Dig

ital

pla

tfor

ms,

incl

udin

g so

cial

m

edia

, tha

t ena

ble

clie

nts

to re

port

on

pub

lic h

ealt

h ev

ents

, as

wel

l as

expe

rienc

es, i

ssue

s, a

nd s

atis

fact

ion

wit

h he

alth

ser

vice

s.

1.5.

1Re

port

ing

of

heal

th

syst

em f

eedb

ack

by

clie

nts

- Pu

blic

rep

ort

ing

on

hea

lth

syst

em is

sues

, suc

h as

the

ava

ilab

ilit

y an

d q

uali

ty o

f se

rvic

es

rece

ived

, in

tera

ctio

n w

ith

heal

th w

ork

er,

sati

sfac

tio

n w

ith

serv

ices

- A

cco

unta

bili

ty m

on

ito

rin

g, a

cco

unta

bili

ty

repo

rtin

g-

Cro

wds

our

ced

feed

back

, pat

ien

t/cl

ien

t fe

edba

ck, q

uali

ty o

f ca

re f

eedb

ack

U-R

epor

t: “

Yout

h ca

n se

nd a

lert

s to

key

sta

keho

lder

s ab

out t

he is

sues

bei

ng fa

ced

in th

eir c

omm

unit

ies,

and

feed

s ba

ck u

sefu

l in

form

atio

n to

the

U-R

epor

ters

.” [8]

Mom

Con

nect

: “A

llow

wom

en to

eng

age

wit

h th

e he

alth

sys

tem

thro

ugh

help

des

k to

ols

and

feed

back

ser

vice

s.” [8

]

1.5.

2Re

port

ing

of

publ

ic

heal

th e

ven

ts b

y cl

ien

ts-

Surv

eill

ance

not

ifica

tio

n, d

isea

se n

otifi

cati

on

, cl

ien

t re

port

ing

Ebol

aTxT

: "C

itiz

ens

can

repo

rt s

uspe

cted

Ebo

la c

ases

via

SM

S." [

8]

1.6

On

dem

and

info

rmat

ion

serv

ices

to

clie

nts

Hea

lth

info

rmat

ion

acce

ssib

le to

th

e ge

nera

l pub

lic tr

igge

red

by

the

clie

nt. T

his

coul

d be

ava

ilabl

e vi

a w

ebsi

tes,

hel

plin

es, U

SSD

/SM

S m

enus

, or c

lient

app

licat

ions

, am

ong

othe

r cha

nnel

s, th

at m

ay

info

rm d

ecis

ion-

mak

ing.

1.6.

1C

lien

t lo

ok-

up o

f

heal

th in

form

atio

n -

Cli

ent

sear

ches

or

loo

ks u

p in

form

atio

n o

n a

he

alth

to

pic

- D

ecis

ion

sup

port

fo

r cl

ien

ts

Hes

peria

n H

ealt

h W

iki:

“An

onlin

e so

urce

of c

lear

, act

iona

ble,

and

thor

ough

hea

lth

info

rmat

ion

acce

ssib

le v

ia c

ompu

ter o

r mob

ile

devi

ce.” [

8]En

gage

TB:

“ The

sof

twar

e en

able

s cl

ient

s do

TB

self-

scre

enin

g an

d ac

cess

the

basi

c he

alth

info

rmat

ion

rela

ted

to T

B vi

a sh

ort m

essa

ges

(SM

S) th

roug

h th

eir p

hone

s by

sen

ding

a c

ode

wor

d “T

B” to

a n

etw

ork

neut

ral t

oll f

ree

shor

t cod

e, a

nd a

list

of h

ealt

h fa

cilit

ies

that

hav

e th

e ca

pabi

lity

to c

ondu

ct la

bora

tory

test

s to

con

firm

TB.

” [8]

m4R

H:

“A s

et o

f tex

t mes

sage

s on

fam

ily p

lann

ing

met

hods

that

use

rs in

can

acc

ess

via

thei

r mob

ile p

hone

s.” [8

]

1.7 Cli

ent

fina

ncia

l tr

ansa

ctio

nsD

igit

al a

ppro

ache

s to

faci

litat

e fin

anci

al tr

ansa

ctio

ns fo

r clie

nts.

Th

ese

digi

tal fi

nanc

ial t

rans

acti

ons

can

be u

sed

to fa

cilit

ate

cond

itio

nal

cash

tran

sfer

s an

d pa

ymen

ts

rela

ted

to h

ealt

h se

rvic

e de

liver

y.

1.7.1

Tran

smit

or

man

age

o

ut o

f po

cket

pay

men

ts

by c

lien

t

- M

obi

le m

on

ey p

aym

ents

dir

ectl

y m

ade

by c

lien

t (t

his

can

incl

ude

paym

ents

fo

r an

y he

alth

se

rvic

es s

uch

as e

mer

gen

cy t

ran

spo

rtat

ion

, he

alth

fee

s, e

tc)

mH

ealt

h fo

r Saf

er D

eliv

erie

s: “

use

mob

ile b

anki

ng in

stea

d of

cas

h to

pay

for t

rans

port

atio

n to

the

heal

th fa

cilit

y w

hen

the

wom

an is

in

labo

r or i

n ca

se o

f com

plic

atio

ns.” [

8]C

hang

amka

Mat

erna

l Hea

lth

Smar

tCar

d: ”

The

mat

erna

l hea

lth

smar

tcar

d is

a p

re-p

aid

card

that

allo

ws

the

bear

er to

obt

ain

ante

nata

l, de

liver

y, an

d po

stna

tal s

ervi

ces

at li

sted

pric

es in

par

tici

pati

ng m

ater

nity

faci

litie

s.” [8

]

1.7.2

Tr

ansm

it o

r m

anag

e vo

uche

rs t

o c

lien

t fo

r he

alth

ser

vice

s

- H

ealt

h vo

uche

r is

suan

ce (e

.g. f

or

mo

squi

to

net

s, f

or

tran

spo

rt, e

tc) a

nd

rede

mpt

ion

serv

ices

Mob

ile F

inan

ce to

Rei

mbu

rse

Sexu

al a

nd R

epro

duct

ive

Vouc

hers

: “V

ouch

er p

rogr

am’s

tran

smit

s SM

S m

oney

tran

sfer

to re

imbu

rse

soci

al fr

anch

ise

serv

ice

prov

ider

s fo

r FP

serv

ices

to c

lient

s.” [8

]A

irte

l Ins

uran

ce w

ith

Mic

roEn

sure

: “ A

irtel

rew

ards

loya

l cus

tom

ers

(who

regi

ster

ed fo

r the

pro

duct

by

dial

ing

a sh

ortc

ode)

wit

h fr

ee

insu

ranc

e as

long

as

they

spe

nt a

min

imum

am

ount

of a

irtim

e...t

hrou

gh m

onth

ly S

MS

com

mun

icat

ion.

” [8]

Tanz

ania

Nat

iona

l eVo

uche

r Sch

eme:

“W

eb p

latf

orm

that

allo

ws

clin

ic w

orke

rs to

issu

e vo

uche

rs fo

r lon

g-la

stin

g in

sect

icid

e-tr

eate

d ne

ts, r

edee

med

at n

earb

y re

taile

rs.” [

8]

1.7.3

Tr

ansm

it o

r m

anag

e in

cen

tive

s to

cli

ents

fo

r he

alth

ser

vice

s

- C

ash

tran

sfer

s to

cli

ents

co

ndi

tio

nal

on

heal

th r

elat

ed b

ehav

iour

sIn

tera

ctiv

e A

lert

s/Zi

ndag

i Meh

fooz

: “A

vac

cine

regi

stry

sys

tem

that

use

s SM

S re

min

ders

to c

areg

iver

s an

d co

ndit

iona

l cas

h tr

ansf

ers

to

care

give

rs ..

. The

am

ount

of c

ash

the

care

give

r is

elig

ible

to w

in in

crea

ses

wit

h ea

ch s

ubse

quen

t vac

cine

thei

r chi

ld c

ompl

etes

.” [8]

1.0

Cli

ents

page 12

Cat

egor

yIn

terv

enti

ons

Syno

nym

sIl

lust

rati

ve e

xam

ples

*

2.1

Cli

ent

iden

tifi

cati

on

and

regi

stra

tion

Clie

nt id

enti

ty v

erifi

cati

on a

nd

enro

llmen

t int

o he

alth

ser

vice

s.

2.1.1

Veri

fy c

lien

t

uniq

ue id

enti

ty-

Bio

met

rics

, cli

ent

regi

stry

MP3

You

th:

“Par

tici

pant

’s bi

omet

rics

are

colle

cted

usi

ng M

obio

tric

s, a

sm

artp

hone

-bas

ed s

yste

m fo

r ide

ntifi

cati

on a

nd fo

llow

-up

at th

e di

ffer

ent s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

poin

t.” [8

]eC

ompl

ianc

e: “

A po

rtab

le b

iom

etric

iden

tific

atio

n sy

stem

ope

rate

d by

CH

Ws

that

is c

apab

le o

f ide

ntify

ing

pati

ents

by

thei

r fing

erpr

int

and

com

pilin

g pa

tien

t adh

eren

ce d

ata

for t

uber

culo

sis

drug

trea

tmen

t (D

OTS

).” [8

]

2.1.

2En

rol

clie

nt

for

he

alth

ser

vice

s/

clin

ical

car

e pl

an

- Re

gist

er c

lien

t/pa

tien

t fo

r he

alth

ser

vice

sM

omC

onne

ct:

“ Reg

iste

r eac

h pr

egna

ncy

at a

gov

ernm

ent h

ealt

h fa

cilit

y...”

[8]

iCM

M:

“The

firs

t com

pone

nt o

f the

iCC

M a

pplic

atio

n ca

ptur

es a

ll el

emen

ts o

f the

vill

age

regi

ster

use

d by

the

HSA

. The

app

licat

ion

has

built

-in

func

tion

alit

ies

that

sup

port

HSA

s to

regi

ster

chi

ldre

n be

twee

n th

e ag

es o

f tw

o an

d 59

mon

ths

only

and

adh

ere

to s

tand

ard

prot

ocol

s.” [8

]

2.2

Cli

ent

heal

th r

ecor

dsD

igit

ized

reco

rd u

sed

to c

aptu

re,

stor

e, a

cces

s an

d sh

are

heal

th

info

rmat

ion

on a

clie

nt o

r gro

upin

g of

clie

nts

[2].

2.2.

1Lo

ngi

tudi

nal

tra

ckin

g

of

clie

nts

’ hea

lth

stat

us

and

serv

ices

- D

om

ain

-spe

cifi

c re

gist

ers;

eRe

gist

ries

; eR

egis

ter,

dig

ital

reg

iste

r, d

igit

al s

ervi

ce

reco

rd, i

mm

uniz

atio

n r

egis

try

- D

igit

ized

reg

iste

rs f

or

lon

gitu

din

al h

ealt

h pr

ogr

am, i

ncl

udin

g tr

acki

ng

of

mig

ran

t po

pula

tio

ns’

ben

efits

an

d he

alth

sta

tus

- C

ase

man

agem

ent

logs

wit

hin

spe

cifi

c ta

rget

po

pula

tio

ns,

incl

udin

g m

igra

nt

popu

lati

on

s

mTI

KA:

“...al

low

s th

e he

alth

wor

ker t

o di

gita

lly re

gist

er c

hild

ren,

trac

k th

eir i

mm

uniz

atio

n re

cord

s, c

onne

ct w

ith

nona

dher

ent f

amili

es

befo

re v

acci

nati

on s

essi

ons

end.

” [8

]M

obyA

pp:

“Eac

h pr

egna

nt w

oman

sta

rtin

g AN

C, r

egar

dles

s of

HIV

sta

tus,

is re

gist

ered

into

a p

hone

-bas

ed e

lect

roni

c re

cord

. Thi

s ph

one-

base

d ap

p is

then

use

d to

pro

mpt

the

nurs

e to

pro

vide

(and

reco

rd) a

ste

p by

-ste

p as

sess

men

t of t

he m

othe

r and

reco

rd a

ll fin

ding

s in

th

e m

othe

r’s h

ealt

h re

cord

.” [8

]C

omm

Car

e M

obile

Job

Aid

for S

ahiy

as:

“...el

ectr

onic

dat

a co

llect

ion

to tr

ack

and

supp

ort t

he re

gist

rati

on, f

ollo

w-u

p, a

nd c

ompl

etio

n of

ca

re fo

r pre

gnan

t wom

en, p

ostp

artu

m m

othe

rs, a

nd c

hild

ren

up to

the

age

of tw

o ye

ars.”

[8]

Ope

nSm

art R

egis

ter P

latf

orm

(Ope

nSRP

): “a

clie

nt re

gist

ry fo

r enu

mer

atio

n an

d m

anag

ing

cont

inui

ty o

f car

e...”

[8]

Dis

tric

t Hea

lth

Info

rmat

ion

Syst

ems

2 (D

HIS

2) Tr

acke

r: “.

..let

s yo

u st

ore

info

rmat

ion

abou

t ind

ivid

uals

and

trac

k th

ese

pers

ons

over

tim

e us

ing

a fle

xibl

e se

t of i

dent

ifier

s.” [1

5]

2.2.

2M

anag

e cl

ien

t’s

stru

ctur

ed c

lin

ical

re

cord

s

- C

lin

ical

rec

ord

of

an in

divi

dual

wit

h in

form

atio

n t

hat

span

s ac

ross

mul

tipl

e cl

inic

al d

om

ain

s.

- El

ectr

on

ic m

edic

al r

eco

rd, p

erso

nal

hea

lth

reco

rd

Ope

nMed

ical

Rec

ord

Syst

em (O

penM

RS):

“…a

soft

war

e pl

atfo

rm a

nd a

refe

renc

e ap

plic

atio

n w

hich

ena

bles

des

ign

of a

cus

tom

ized

m

edic

al re

cord

s sy

stem

.” [16

]Ep

ic S

yste

ms:

“...p

rovi

de a

full

pict

ure

of h

ealt

h an

d m

embe

rshi

p in

form

atio

n fo

r you

r mem

bers

and

a s

ecur

e w

eb p

orta

l for

pro

vide

rs to

in

tera

ct w

ith

and

view

man

aged

car

e in

form

atio

n.”[1

7]

2.2.

3M

anag

e cl

ien

t’s

unst

ruct

ured

cli

nic

al

reco

rds

(e.g

. not

es,

imag

es, d

ocu

men

ts)

- El

ectr

on

ic m

edic

al r

eco

rd a

nd

pers

on

al

heal

th r

eco

rds

wit

h th

at a

re n

ot b

ased

on

stru

ctur

ed d

ata,

an

d in

stea

d in

clud

ing

not

es,

imag

es, d

ocu

men

ts

Unp

ublis

hed

exam

ple:

Rec

ords

are

uns

truc

ture

d an

d de

sign

ed to

be

read

able

by

peop

le ra

ther

than

mac

hine

read

able

, dis

tinc

t fro

m

stru

ctur

ed m

edic

al re

cord

s w

hich

are

cod

ed in

que

stio

n/an

swer

form

at.

2.2.

4Ro

utin

e he

alth

indi

cato

r da

ta c

oll

ecti

on

an

d m

anag

emen

t

- D

ata

coll

ecti

on

fo

r H

ealt

h M

anag

emen

t In

form

atio

n S

yste

m (H

MIS

)-

Cli

ent

heal

th d

ata

coll

ecti

on

Cat

holic

Rel

ief S

ervi

ces

(CRS

) Sen

egal

[Com

mC

are]

mH

ealt

h Pi

lot:

“Th

e ap

p w

as d

evel

oped

to c

olle

ct d

ata

on c

hild

hood

illn

esse

s an

d m

anag

e ch

ild d

iarr

hea

case

s th

at is

acc

essi

ble

via

a ce

ntra

l dat

abas

e.” [

8]SE

DA

Aut

omat

ed H

ealt

h D

ata

Exch

ange

Sys

tem

(SED

A):

“Dat

a [f

acili

ty-l

evel

indi

cato

rs] a

re a

ggre

gate

d in

a w

eb-b

ased

cen

tral

sys

tem

to

vis

ualiz

e an

d m

anag

e de

cisi

on s

uppo

rt. A

ggre

gate

-lev

el d

ata

repo

rted

into

the

mob

ile s

yste

m fr

om h

ealt

h fa

cilit

ies

are

auto

mat

ical

ly

uplo

aded

into

DH

IS2

once

val

idat

ed.” [

8]D

HIS

2:

“...us

ed a

s na

tion

al h

ealt

h in

form

atio

n sy

stem

s fo

r dat

a m

anag

emen

t and

ana

lysi

s pu

rpos

es, f

or h

ealt

h pr

ogra

m m

onito

ring

and

eval

uati

on.” [

15]

2.3

Hea

lthc

are

prov

ider

de

cisi

on s

uppo

rtD

igit

ized

job

aids

that

com

bine

an

indi

vidu

al’s

heal

th in

form

atio

n w

ith

the

heal

th-c

are

prov

ider

’s kn

owle

dge

and

clin

ical

pro

toco

ls

in o

rder

to a

ssis

t hea

lth-

care

pr

ovid

ers

in m

akin

g di

agno

sis

and

trea

tmen

t dec

isio

ns [2

].

2.3.

1Pr

ovi

de p

rom

pts

and

aler

ts b

ased

acc

ord

ing

to p

roto

col

- C

lin

ical

dec

isio

n s

uppo

rt, j

ob

aid-

-lin

ked

to

clie

nts

dig

ital

hea

lth

reco

rd-

Pro

visi

on

of

aler

ts f

or

abn

orm

al fi

ndi

ngs

/lab

va

lues

, “IF

TH

EN s

tate

men

ts,”

- Pr

oce

ss a

lgo

rith

ms

to s

uppo

rt s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

acco

rdin

g to

car

e pl

ans,

gui

deli

nes

, an

d pr

oto

cols

Cat

holic

Rel

ief S

ervi

ces

(CRS

) Sen

egal

[Com

mC

are]

mH

ealt

h Pi

lot:

“Th

e ap

p co

uld

prov

ide

appr

opria

te m

essa

ging

and

ste

ps fo

r CH

Ws

to in

crea

se th

e qu

alit

y of

hea

lth

serv

ices

or r

efer

ence

to th

e ne

xt le

vel h

ealt

h po

st.” [

8]eP

arto

gram

: “T

he a

pplic

atio

n us

es v

alid

ated

clin

ical

alg

orit

hms

base

d on

WH

O g

uide

lines

to a

lert

pro

vide

rs w

hen

crit

ical

obs

erva

tion

s ne

ed to

be

mad

e an

d if

they

are

abn

orm

al.” [

8]M

obile

App

for M

anag

emen

t of H

IV in

Pre

gnan

cy:

“Clin

ical

and

adm

inis

trat

ive

flags

are

gen

erat

ed o

n bo

th p

atie

nt-s

peci

fic a

nd c

linic

po

pula

tion

-spe

cific

bas

es fo

r mis

sed

appo

intm

ents

, con

cern

ing

labo

rato

ry a

naly

sis

valu

es, a

nd m

issi

ng in

form

atio

n.” [

8]

2.3.

2Pr

ovi

de c

heck

list

ac

cord

ing

to p

roto

col

- Jo

b ai

d an

d as

sess

men

t to

ols

to

sup

port

se

rvic

e de

live

ry—

may

or

may

not

be

lin

ked

to a

di

gita

l he

alth

rec

ord

- D

ecis

ion

tre

es t

o s

uppo

rt s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

acco

rdin

g to

car

e pl

ans,

gui

deli

nes

, an

d pr

oto

cols

cIM

CI:

“HSA

s ar

e gu

ided

ste

p by

ste

p th

roug

h th

e pr

oces

s of

regi

ster

ing

sick

chi

ldre

n, li

sten

ing

to th

eir c

ompl

aint

s, p

erfo

rmin

g an

ex

amin

atio

n, d

eliv

erin

g di

agno

sis,

and

adm

inis

terin

g tr

eatm

ent.

..” [8

] AS

HA

-Lin

ks:

“ The

app

licat

ion

incl

uded

a d

ecis

ion

tree

to g

uide

ASH

As th

roug

h as

sess

men

ts a

nd a

com

bina

tion

of t

ext p

rom

pts,

aud

io

reco

rdin

gs, a

nd im

ages

to a

ssis

t in

iden

tify

ing,

man

agin

g, a

nd re

ferr

ing

com

plic

atio

ns.” [

8]

2.3.

3Sc

reen

cli

ents

by

risk

or

othe

r he

alth

sta

tus

- To

ols

fo

r sc

reen

ing,

ris

k as

sess

men

t, tr

iage

an

d cl

ien

t pr

iori

tiza

tio

n;

- Jo

b ai

d to

sup

port

ser

vice

del

iver

y ac

cord

ing

to c

are

plan

s, g

uide

lin

es, a

nd

prot

oco

ls

Ope

nSRP

: “...

cont

ains

ele

ctro

nic

form

s w

ith

embe

dded

logi

c an

d de

cisi

on-s

uppo

rt, i

nclu

ding

che

cklis

ts a

nd a

lgor

ithm

s fo

r ris

k as

sess

men

t.” [8

]Em

erge

ncy

Tria

ge A

sses

smen

t and

Trea

tmen

t (ET

AT):

“Usi

ng th

e ap

p w

ith

the

ETAT

pro

toco

l, he

alth

wor

kers

sca

n th

roug

h th

e qu

eues

at

the

heal

th c

ente

rs a

sses

sing

eac

h ch

ild’s

for t

he le

vel o

f acu

ity

and

iden

tify

ing

child

ren

who

nee

d im

med

iate

ass

essm

ent.”

[8]

ePar

togr

am:

“...sy

ncs

data

wit

hin

a fa

cilit

y an

d au

tom

atic

ally

prio

ritiz

es la

borin

g cl

ient

s ba

sed

on c

linic

al a

lgor

ithm

s, h

elpi

ng s

uper

viso

rs

allo

cate

sta

ffing

app

ropr

iate

ly.”

Com

mC

are

Mob

ile Jo

b A

id fo

r Sah

iyas

: “It

is b

uilt

on

a co

mpl

ex d

ecis

ion-

and

logi

c-pr

oces

sing

pla

tfor

m th

at c

an s

uppo

rt th

ese

CH

Ws

to

deliv

er ti

mel

y se

rvic

es.” [

8]

2.0

Hea

lthc

are

Prov

ider

s

page 13Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

Cat

egor

yIn

terv

enti

ons

Syno

nym

sIl

lust

rati

ve e

xam

ples

*

2.4

Tele

med

icin

ePr

ovis

ion

of h

ealt

h-ca

re s

ervi

ces

at

a d

ista

nce

[2].

The

deliv

ery

of

heal

th c

are

serv

ices

, whe

re p

atie

nts

and

prov

ider

s ar

e se

para

ted

by

dist

ance

[3].

2.4.

1C

on

sult

atio

ns

betw

een

rem

ote

clie

nt

and

heal

thca

re p

rovi

der

- Re

mot

e co

nsu

ltat

ion

, tel

e co

nsu

ltat

ion

, cli

ent

base

d te

lem

edic

ine,

hot

lin

es, c

all

cen

ters

, he

lpli

ne

- Re

al-t

ime

tele

med

icin

e, i

nte

ract

ive

tele

med

icin

e, s

ynch

ron

ous

tel

emed

icin

e -

Cli

ent

call

s a

heal

th w

ork

er o

r ho

tlin

e to

re

ceiv

e cl

inic

al g

uida

nce

on

hea

lth

issu

e

Villa

geRe

ach

Chi

pata

la c

ha p

a Fo

ni (C

CPF

): “A

toll-

free

hea

lth

hotl

ine

that

is s

taff

ed b

y tr

aine

d he

alth

wor

kers

who

pro

vide

info

rmat

ion,

ad

vice

and

refe

rral

s ov

er th

e ph

one.

” [8]

Lign

e Ve

rte:

“By

dia

ling

a to

ll-fr

ee n

umbe

r, ca

llers

spe

ak to

a tr

aine

d ed

ucat

or a

nd g

et a

ccur

ate

info

rmat

ion

abou

t birt

h sp

acin

g, th

e co

rrec

t use

of f

amily

pla

nnin

g m

etho

ds, h

ow to

avo

id u

nwan

ted

preg

nanc

ies,

and

loca

ting

the

near

est p

artn

er c

linic

.” [8]

2.4.

2Re

mot

e m

on

ito

rin

g o

f cl

ien

t he

alth

or

diag

no

stic

dat

a by

pr

ovi

der

- Te

lem

on

ito

rin

g, v

irtu

al m

on

ito

rin

g.

- Pr

ovi

der

is a

ble

to m

on

ito

r cl

ien

t’s h

ealt

h th

roug

h an

impl

ante

d se

nso

r/di

agn

ost

ic

equi

pmen

t.

Body

Sen

sor N

etw

orks

for M

obile

Hea

lth

Mon

itor

ing:

“...p

atie

nts’

bios

igna

ls a

re m

easu

red

by m

eans

of b

ody

wor

n se

nsor

s w

hich

co

mm

unic

ate

wire

less

ly w

ith

a ha

ndhe

ld d

evic

e. A

larm

s an

d bi

osig

nals

can

be

tran

smitt

ed o

ver w

irele

ss c

omm

unic

atio

n lin

ks to

a

rem

ote

loca

tion

, and

a re

mot

e he

alth

pro

fess

iona

l can

vie

w th

e bi

osig

nals

via

a w

eb a

pplic

atio

n.” [

18]

2.4.

3Tr

ansm

issi

on

of

med

ical

da

ta (e

.g. i

mag

es, n

otes

, an

d vi

deo

s) t

o h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

der

- St

ore

an

d fo

rwar

d-

Asy

nch

ron

ous

tel

emed

icin

eAf

rica

Tele

derm

atol

ogy

Proj

ect:

“Th

e Af

rica

Tele

derm

atol

ogy

Proj

ect o

pera

tes

in s

ix A

fric

an c

ount

ries,

usi

ng c

amer

as a

nd la

ptop

PC

s to

cap

ture

and

sen

d im

ages

of p

atie

nts

to s

peci

alis

ts in

oth

er A

fric

an c

ount

ries,

Aus

tria

and

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es p

rovi

ding

dia

gnos

tic

and

trea

tmen

t sup

port

loca

l phy

sici

ans,

der

mat

olog

ists

, and

hea

lth

care

wor

kers

in h

ospi

tals

and

clin

ics

in u

nder

serv

ed re

gion

s.”[1

9]

2.4.

4C

on

sult

atio

ns

for

case

m

anag

emen

t be

twee

n he

alth

care

pro

vide

rs

- In

ter-

pro

vide

r co

mm

unic

atio

n, c

lose

d us

er-

gro

up, h

ealt

h, h

ealt

h w

ork

er t

o h

ealt

h w

ork

er

com

mun

icat

ion

. -

Co

nsu

ltin

g ot

her

heal

th c

are

pro

vide

rs,

part

icul

arly

spe

cial

ists

, fo

r pa

tien

t ca

se

man

agem

ent;

see

kin

g se

con

d o

pin

ion

fo

r pa

tien

t ca

se m

anag

emen

t

Mob

ile-b

ased

Ear

ly D

etec

tion

and

Pre

vent

ion

of O

ral C

ance

r (m

EPO

C):

“Info

rmat

ion

colle

cted

in th

e m

obile

pho

nes

is u

ploa

ded

to

Ope

nMRS

A s

peci

alis

t in

rem

ote

loca

tion

s se

nds

the

reco

mm

enda

tion

thro

ugh

SMS.

” [8]

Peek

Vis

ion:

“A

heal

th w

orke

r wit

h m

inim

al tr

aini

ng c

an u

se P

eek

to g

athe

r det

aile

d cl

inic

al in

form

atio

n. Im

ages

are

gra

ded

and

pati

ents

di

agno

sed,

eit

her t

hrou

gh a

n au

tom

ated

pro

cess

, or v

ia c

asca

ding

of d

igit

al im

ages

to a

net

wor

k of

exp

erts

aro

und

the

wor

ld.” [

8]

2.5

Hea

lthc

are

prov

ider

co

mm

unic

atio

nC

omm

unic

atio

n an

d tr

ansm

issi

on

of in

form

atio

n am

ong

heal

thca

re

prov

ider

s, s

uper

viso

rs, a

nd h

ealt

h sy

stem

man

ager

s.

2.5.

1C

om

mun

icat

ion

fro

m

heal

thca

re p

rovi

der(

s) t

o su

perv

iso

r

mH

ERO

: “..

.a tw

o-w

ay, m

obile

pho

ne-b

ased

com

mun

icat

ion

syst

em th

at u

ses

basi

c te

xt m

essa

ging

, or S

MS,

to c

onne

ct m

inis

trie

s of

he

alth

and

hea

lth

wor

kers

.” [8]

Hea

lth

Enab

lem

ent a

nd L

earn

ing

Plat

form

(HEL

P):

“...in

clud

es a

gro

up c

hat f

eatu

re w

hich

allo

ws

CH

Ws

to s

hare

kno

wle

dge

and

com

mun

icat

e di

rect

ly w

ith

supe

rvis

ors,

and

a to

ll-fr

ee h

elp

desk

ena

bles

end

-use

rs to

acc

ess

supp

ort w

hen

they

nee

d it

.” [8]

2.5.

2C

om

mun

icat

ion

an

d pe

rfo

rman

ce f

eedb

ack

to

heal

thca

re p

rovi

der(

s)

- Su

ppo

rtiv

e su

perv

isio

n, c

oac

hin

g/m

ento

rin

g,

audi

t an

d fe

edba

ck-

Co

mm

unic

atio

n t

o h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

der

base

d o

n t

heir

per

form

ance

Com

mC

are

for p

erfo

rman

ce fe

edba

ck in

Mad

hya

Prad

esh:

“To

com

mun

icat

e de

taile

d pe

rfor

man

ce fe

edba

ck, w

e se

t up

a ca

ll ce

nter

, pl

acin

g w

eekl

y ca

lls to

the

com

mun

ity

nutr

itio

n ex

pert

s an

d re

layi

ng fe

edba

ck o

n pe

rfor

man

ce m

etric

s. P

hone

cal

ls p

rovi

ded

a w

ay to

di

scus

s an

d re

ceiv

e fe

edba

ck fr

om th

e co

mm

unit

y nu

trit

ion

expe

rts

rega

rdin

g an

y w

ork-

rela

ted

issu

es, p

erso

nal n

eeds

, or t

echn

ical

di

fficu

ltie

s...”

[20]

2.5.

3Tr

ansm

it r

out

ine

new

s an

d w

ork

flo

w

not

ifica

tio

ns

to

heal

thca

re p

rovi

der(

s)

- A

lert

s an

d re

min

ders

to

hea

lthc

are

pro

vide

r-

Mot

ivat

ion

al c

om

mun

icat

ion

hea

lthc

are

pro

vide

r-

Tran

smis

sio

n o

f w

ork

flo

w u

pdat

es t

o

heal

thca

re p

rovi

der

eLM

IS B

angl

ades

h: “

This

sys

tem

gen

erat

es S

MS

aler

ts, s

ent i

n th

e na

me

of th

e M

inis

try

of H

ealt

h an

d Fa

mily

Wel

fare

(MO

HFW

)/

Proc

urem

ent a

nd L

ogis

tics

Man

agem

ent C

ell (

PLM

C) f

or a

ctio

n re

min

der -

tim

e to

repo

rt; t

rack

ing

repo

rt s

ubm

issi

on a

gain

st ti

mel

ine;

an

d al

erts

for p

oten

tial

sto

ck im

bala

nce/

stoc

k ou

t of F

P co

mm

odit

ies.”

[8]

Text

mes

sage

rem

inde

rs to

Ken

yan

heal

th w

orke

rs:

“...a

one-

way

com

mun

icat

ion

of te

xt m

essa

ge re

min

ders

abo

ut p

aedi

atric

mal

aria

ca

se m

anag

emen

t sen

t to

heal

th w

orke

rs’ p

erso

nal m

obile

pho

nes.

All

heal

th w

orke

rs d

oing

out

pati

ent c

onsu

ltat

ions

in th

e in

terv

enti

on

grou

p re

ceiv

ed te

xt m

essa

ges

abou

t mal

aria

cas

e-m

anag

emen

t for

6 m

onth

s.” [2

1]

2.5.

4Tr

ansm

it n

on

-ro

utin

e he

alth

eve

nt

aler

ts t

o he

alth

care

pro

vide

r(s)

- Pu

blic

hea

lth

rela

ted

upda

tes

to h

ealt

h w

ork

ers

- Em

erge

ncy

ale

rts

to h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

ders

- M

ass

mes

sagi

ng

to h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

ders

mH

ERO

: “..

.a tw

o-w

ay, m

obile

pho

ne-b

ased

com

mun

icat

ion

syst

em th

at u

ses

basi

c te

xt m

essa

ging

, or S

MS,

to c

onne

ct m

inis

trie

s of

he

alth

and

hea

lth

wor

kers

to c

omm

unic

ate

crit

ical

mes

sage

s to

hea

lth

wor

kers

dur

ing

a cr

isis

or e

mer

genc

y re

spon

se.” [

8]

2.5.

5Pe

er g

roup

fo

r he

alth

care

pro

vide

rs-

Peer

sup

port

, pee

r le

arn

ing,

clo

sed

user

gro

ups

- C

om

mun

icat

ion

mec

han

ism

s fo

r he

alth

care

pr

ovi

ders

to

dis

cuss

am

on

g th

emse

lves

Hea

lth

Enab

lem

ent a

nd L

earn

ing

Plat

form

(HEL

P):

“...in

clud

es a

gro

up c

hat f

eatu

re w

hich

allo

ws

CH

Ws

to s

hare

kno

wle

dge

and

com

mun

icat

e di

rect

ly w

ith

supe

rvis

ors,

and

a to

ll-fr

ee h

elp

desk

ena

bles

end

-use

rs to

acc

ess

supp

ort w

hen

they

nee

d it

.” [8]

2.6

Refe

rral

coo

rdin

atio

nD

igit

al a

ppro

ache

s to

sup

port

co

mm

unic

atio

n an

d co

ordi

nati

on

mec

hani

sms

to fa

cilit

ate

refe

rral

s,

both

wit

hin

the

heal

th s

ecto

r and

to

oth

er h

ealt

h-re

late

d se

ctor

s

2.6.

1C

oo

rdin

ate

emer

gen

cy

resp

on

se a

nd

tran

spo

rt-

Am

bula

nce

sys

tem

s, e

mer

gen

cy r

espo

nse

m

anag

emen

t-

Car

e co

ord

inat

ion

mH

ealt

h fo

r Saf

er D

eliv

erie

s: “.

..use

text

or v

oice

com

mun

icat

ion

to n

otify

a h

ealt

h fa

cilit

y th

at a

wom

an is

in tr

ansi

t to

ensu

re th

e fa

cilit

y is

pre

pare

d.” [

8]

2.6.

2M

anag

e re

ferr

als

betw

een

po

ints

of

serv

ice

wit

hin

hea

lth

sect

or

- C

lin

ical

task

lin

kin

g-

Refe

rral

man

agem

ent

Mob

ile-b

ased

Ear

ly D

etec

tion

and

Pre

vent

ion

of O

ral C

ance

r (m

EPO

C):

“CH

Ws

can

com

mun

icat

e w

ith

the

spec

ialis

ts th

roug

h op

en

Med

ical

Rec

ord

Syst

em (O

penM

RS) a

nd re

fer p

atie

nts

for t

reat

men

t in

a ti

mel

y m

anne

r.” [8

]eP

arto

gram

: “It

als

o st

reng

then

s th

e re

ferr

al p

athw

ay b

etw

een

perip

hera

l and

refe

rral

faci

litie

s by

ena

blin

g el

ectr

onic

tran

smis

sion

of

data

bet

wee

n fa

cilit

ies.

..” [8

]

2.6.

3M

anag

e re

ferr

als

betw

een

hea

lth

and

othe

r se

cto

rs (s

oci

al s

ervi

ces,

po

lice

, jus

tice

, eco

no

mic

su

ppo

rt s

chem

es)

- In

ters

ecto

ral

refe

rral

man

agem

ent

Unn

amed

pro

ject

: Re

ferr

als

do n

ot o

nly

take

pla

ce w

ithi

n th

e he

alth

sec

tor,

but a

lso

betw

een

the

heal

th s

ecto

r and

oth

er n

on-h

ealt

h se

rvic

es. F

or e

xam

ple

in c

ases

of g

ende

r bas

ed v

iole

nce

refe

rral

s m

ay b

e m

ade

betw

een

soci

al s

ervi

ces,

pol

ice,

just

ice

serv

ices

and

hea

lth

serv

ices

. In

case

s of

traffi

c cr

ashe

s re

ferr

als

are

need

ed b

etw

een

polic

e, e

mer

genc

y se

rvic

es a

nd h

ealt

h se

rvic

es. I

n ca

ses

of m

alnu

trit

ion

refe

rral

s m

ay b

e ne

eded

bet

wee

n he

alth

and

food

sup

port

ser

vice

s. I

n ca

ses

whe

re h

ealt

h an

d po

vert

y an

d cl

osel

y in

ter-

rela

ted,

re

ferr

als

may

be

need

ed b

etw

een

econ

omic

str

engt

heni

ng, s

ocia

l ser

vice

s an

d he

alth

ser

vice

s. D

igit

al s

yste

ms

may

pro

vide

feat

ures

for

supp

orti

ng a

nd tr

acki

ng th

ese

refe

rral

s.

2.0

Hea

lthc

are

Prov

ider

s

page 14

Cat

egor

yIn

terv

enti

ons

Syno

nym

sIl

lust

rati

ve e

xam

ples

*

2.7

Sche

duli

ng a

nd

acti

vity

pla

nnin

g fo

r he

alth

care

pro

vide

rsAu

tom

ated

sch

edul

ing

and

plan

ning

tool

s to

ass

ist i

n pr

iorit

izin

g pr

ovid

er fo

llow

-up

. Dig

ital

wor

k pl

anni

ng a

nd

sche

dulin

g to

ols

can

take

the

form

of r

emin

ders

to h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovid

ers

on u

pcom

ing/

over

due

serv

ices

and

oth

er m

echa

nism

s to

flag

clie

nts

that

nee

d to

be

prio

ritiz

ed fo

r ser

vice

del

iver

y [4

].

2.7.1

Sche

dule

cli

ent

appo

intm

ents

bas

ed o

n cl

inic

al c

are

plan

- A

uto

mat

ed s

ched

ulin

g o

f cl

ien

t’s h

ealt

h ap

poin

tmen

tsO

penS

RP:

“The

pla

tfor

m in

tegr

ates

sch

edul

ing

and

serv

ice

rem

inde

r too

ls...”

[8]

2.7.

2Sc

hedu

le h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

der’

s ac

tivi

ties

- W

ork

pla

nn

ing

- Pr

iori

tiza

tio

n o

f da

ily

acti

viti

es/t

asks

-

Task

man

agem

ent

mC

ARE

: “..

.inte

grat

ed m

obile

pho

ne a

nd s

erve

r-ba

sed

soft

war

e sy

stem

for C

HW

s th

at h

elps

them

to d

igit

ally

man

age

thei

r dai

ly

wor

kflow

.” [8]

Com

mC

are

for h

ome-

base

d ca

re:

“...pr

ovid

es C

HW

s a

chec

klis

t of a

ctiv

itie

s w

hich

are

exp

ecte

d to

be

perf

orm

ed d

urin

g ea

ch h

ome

visi

t, as

wel

l as

rem

inde

rs o

f app

oint

men

ts.” [

8]

2.8

Hea

lthc

are

prov

ider

tr

aini

ngTh

e m

anag

emen

t and

pro

visi

on

of e

duca

tion

and

trai

ning

con

tent

in

ele

ctro

nic

form

for h

ealt

h pr

ofes

sion

als

[2].

In c

ontr

ast

to d

ecis

ion

supp

ort,

heal

thca

re

prov

ider

trai

ning

doe

s no

t nee

d to

be

use

d at

the

poin

t of c

are.

2.8.

1Pr

ovi

de t

rain

ing

con

ten

t an

d re

fere

nce

mat

eria

l

to h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

der(

s)

- m

Lear

nin

g, e

Lear

nin

g, v

irtu

al l

earn

ing

- Ed

ucat

ion

al v

ideo

s, m

ulti

med

ia l

earn

ing

and

acce

ss t

o c

lin

ical

gui

dan

ce-

Trai

nin

g re

info

rcem

ent

and

refr

eshe

rs

Proj

ecti

ng H

ealt

h: “

Fron

tlin

e he

alth

care

wor

kers

are

equ

ippe

d w

ith

educ

atio

nal v

ideo

s fo

r con

duct

ing

vide

o sc

reen

ings

and

lead

ing

grou

p di

scus

sion

s on

issu

es ra

ised

in th

e vi

deos

.” [8]

iDEA

: Int

erac

tive

Dis

tanc

e Ed

ucat

ion

App

licat

ion:

“Pr

ovid

ing

heal

th w

orke

rs w

ith

mob

ile-b

ased

vid

eo in

stru

ctio

n an

d re

fere

nce

mat

eria

ls...”

[8]

Safe

Del

iver

y A

pp:

“The

App

con

tain

s th

ree

anim

ated

clin

ical

inst

ruct

ion

film

s...c

an a

lso

be u

sed

as a

refe

renc

e to

ol d

urin

g cl

inic

al

wor

k...”

[8]

Opp

iaM

obile

: “...

mob

ile le

arni

ng p

latf

orm

for d

eliv

erin

g le

arni

ng c

onte

nt, v

ideo

, and

qui

zzes

.”[8]

Mob

ile A

cade

my:

“...

an in

tera

ctiv

e vo

ice

resp

onse

(IVR

) tra

inin

g co

urse

des

igne

d to

refr

esh

CH

Ws’

know

ledg

e of

sim

ple

step

s fa

mili

es

can

take

to im

prov

e th

e he

alth

of m

othe

rs a

nd b

abie

s, a

nd to

impr

ove

thei

r abi

lity

to c

lear

ly c

omm

unic

ate

them

.” [8]

2.8.

2A

sses

s ca

paci

ty o

f he

alth

care

pro

vide

r(s)

- Q

uizz

es a

nd

and

inte

ract

ive

exer

cise

s to

ass

ess

kno

wle

dge

and

com

pete

nce

Safe

Del

iver

y A

pp:

“ The

App

feat

ures

pus

h m

essa

ges

wit

h qu

iz q

uest

ions

spu

rrin

g th

e he

alth

wor

ker t

o us

e th

e ap

plic

atio

n to

upd

ate

thei

r kno

wle

dge.

” [8]

2.9

Pres

crip

tion

and

m

edic

atio

n m

anag

emen

tD

igit

al a

ppro

ache

s to

faci

litat

e th

e m

anag

emen

t of p

resc

ripti

ons,

in

clud

ing

trac

king

pre

scrip

tion

or

ders

and

mon

itor

ing

phys

ical

co

nsum

ptio

n of

med

icat

ion.

2.9.

1Tr

ansm

it o

r tr

ack

pres

crip

tio

n o

rder

s-

Trac

kin

g m

edic

atio

n o

rder

s-

Too

ls t

o p

lace

pre

scri

ptio

n o

rder

s o

r tr

ack

the

stat

us o

f pr

escr

ipti

on

s an

d re

fill

s

Bahm

ni:

“Pha

rmac

y m

anag

emen

t ena

bles

a h

ealt

hcar

e fa

cilit

y to

eff

ecti

vely

dis

pens

e m

edic

atio

ns to

pat

ient

s, m

onito

r & m

anag

e st

ock

and

supp

liers

and

in b

illin

g an

d ac

coun

ting

for d

rugs

and

ser

vice

s.” [2

2]

2.9.

2Tr

ack

clie

nt’

s

med

icat

ion

co

nsu

mpt

ion

- M

on

ito

rin

g ad

here

nce

to

med

icat

ion

s an

d dr

ugs

- M

on

ito

rin

g/o

bser

vin

g w

heth

er p

atie

nts

hav

e ta

ken

the

ir p

resc

ribe

d m

edic

atio

ns

SIM

pill®

Med

icat

ion

Adh

eren

ces

Solu

tion

: “W

hen

the

pati

ent o

pens

his

bot

tle

of m

edic

atio

n, a

n au

tom

atic

SM

S m

essa

ge is

sen

t fro

m

the

bott

le’s

SIM

car

d to

the

pati

ent’s

hea

lth

faci

lity,

whi

ch re

cord

s th

at th

e m

edic

atio

n ha

s be

en ta

ken.

“ [8]

2.9.

3Re

port

adv

erse

dr

ug e

ven

ts-

Repo

rtin

g co

ntr

ain

dica

tio

ns,

dru

g in

tera

ctio

ns,

adv

erse

eff

ects

Text

ing-

base

d re

port

ing

of a

dver

se d

rug

reac

tion

s to

ens

ure

pati

ent s

afet

y: “

Text

mes

sage

s re

ceiv

ed b

y an

y of

the

thre

e m

obile

pho

ne

com

pani

es w

ere

dire

cted

to a

cen

tral

sys

tem

. The

sys

tem

was

acc

essi

ble

24 h

ours

a d

ay a

nd 7

day

s a

wee

k an

d w

as c

onfig

ured

to s

et a

n al

ert i

f the

re w

as a

clu

ster

of s

imila

r adv

erse

dru

g re

acti

ons

(AD

Rs) f

rom

one

or m

ore

drug

s or

one

dru

g re

peat

edly

repo

rted

for s

ever

al

ADRs

ent

erin

g th

e sy

stem

.” [23

]

2.10

Labo

rato

ry a

nd

diag

nost

ics

imag

ing

man

agem

ent

Dig

ital

app

roac

hes

to m

anag

e an

d ex

chan

ge la

bora

tory

and

dia

gnos

tic

orde

rs a

nd re

sult

s.

2.10

.1Tr

ansm

it c

lien

t di

agn

ost

ic r

esul

t to

he

alth

care

pro

vide

r

- La

bora

tory

res

ults

man

agem

ent

- Te

sts

resu

lts

com

mun

icat

ion

bet

wee

n he

alth

care

pro

vide

rs

Proj

ect M

wan

a-SM

S fo

r Ear

ly In

fant

Dia

gnos

is o

f HIV

: “W

hen

test

resu

lts

are

read

y, th

e ce

ntra

l SM

S sy

stem

sen

ds a

mes

sage

ale

rtin

g th

e cl

inic

wor

kers

.” [8]

2.10

.2Tr

ansm

it a

nd

trac

k di

agn

ost

ic o

rder

s-

Labo

rato

ry t

est

req

uisi

tio

n a

nd

man

agem

ent

Bahm

ni-O

penE

LIS:

“W

hen

a pa

tien

t is

regi

ster

ed in

Bah

mni

usi

ng th

e re

gist

rati

on m

odul

e, th

e pa

tien

t nam

e an

d de

mog

raph

ic

info

rmat

ion

is s

ynce

d au

tom

atic

ally

to th

e la

b sy

stem

. Whe

n th

e pa

tien

t goe

s to

the

lab,

the

lab

tech

nici

an c

olle

ctin

g th

e sa

mpl

e ca

n lo

ok

up th

e pa

tien

t and

add

test

s fo

r tha

t pat

ient

.” [22

]

2.10

.3C

aptu

re d

iagn

ost

ic

resu

lts

fro

m d

igit

al

devi

ces

- Po

int

of

care

dia

gno

stic

s-

Dia

gno

stic

acc

esso

ries

add

ed t

o d

igit

al

devi

ces

FioN

et:”..

.a m

obile

, in

vitr

o di

agno

stic

dev

ice

that

inte

rpre

ts c

omm

erci

ally

ava

ilabl

e RD

Ts fo

r inf

ecti

ous

dise

ases

...; a

irFio

is a

sec

ure

clou

d da

taba

se th

at s

tore

s po

int -

of-c

are

data

tran

smitt

ed b

y D

eki o

ver l

ocal

mob

ile p

hone

net

wor

ks.” [

8]G

XAle

rt:

A sy

stem

whi

ch a

ttac

hes

a 3G

USB

mod

em to

Gen

eXpe

rt m

achi

nes

and

ensu

res

real

-tim

e re

port

ing

of re

sult

s to

a

cent

raliz

ed d

atab

ase.

” [8]

Mob

ile P

hone

Mic

rosc

opy

for t

he d

iagn

osis

of P

aras

itic

Wor

m In

fect

ions

: “C

onve

rts

iPho

ne in

to a

fiel

d m

icro

scop

e fo

r poi

nt-o

f-ca

re

diag

nosi

s of

soi

l-tr

ansm

itted

hel

min

ths

in s

choo

l-ag

ed c

hild

ren.

” [8]

2.10

.4Tr

ack

bio

logi

cal

spec

imen

s -

Trac

kin

g o

f bl

oo

d do

nat

ion

sU

nnam

ed e

xam

ple:

Bio

logi

cal p

rodu

cts

such

as

bloo

d do

nati

ons

and

spec

imen

s ar

e co

llect

ed, t

este

d an

d tr

ansp

orte

d to

the

poin

t of

use.

Dig

ital

sys

tem

s ca

n su

ppor

t the

iden

tific

atio

n an

d tr

acki

ng o

f the

se p

rodu

cts

from

the

poin

t of c

olle

ctio

n, th

roug

h qu

alit

y co

ntro

l pr

oced

ures

, to

the

poin

t of u

se.

2.0

Hea

lthc

are

Prov

ider

s

page 15Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

Cat

egor

yIn

terv

enti

ons

Syno

nym

sIl

lust

rati

ve e

xam

ples

*

2.7

Sche

duli

ng a

nd

acti

vity

pla

nnin

g fo

r he

alth

care

pro

vide

rsAu

tom

ated

sch

edul

ing

and

plan

ning

tool

s to

ass

ist i

n pr

iorit

izin

g pr

ovid

er fo

llow

-up

. Dig

ital

wor

k pl

anni

ng a

nd

sche

dulin

g to

ols

can

take

the

form

of r

emin

ders

to h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovid

ers

on u

pcom

ing/

over

due

serv

ices

and

oth

er m

echa

nism

s to

flag

clie

nts

that

nee

d to

be

prio

ritiz

ed fo

r ser

vice

del

iver

y [4

].

2.7.1

Sche

dule

cli

ent

appo

intm

ents

bas

ed o

n cl

inic

al c

are

plan

- A

uto

mat

ed s

ched

ulin

g o

f cl

ien

t’s h

ealt

h ap

poin

tmen

tsO

penS

RP:

“The

pla

tfor

m in

tegr

ates

sch

edul

ing

and

serv

ice

rem

inde

r too

ls...”

[8]

2.7.

2Sc

hedu

le h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

der’

s ac

tivi

ties

- W

ork

pla

nn

ing

- Pr

iori

tiza

tio

n o

f da

ily

acti

viti

es/t

asks

-

Task

man

agem

ent

mC

ARE

: “..

.inte

grat

ed m

obile

pho

ne a

nd s

erve

r-ba

sed

soft

war

e sy

stem

for C

HW

s th

at h

elps

them

to d

igit

ally

man

age

thei

r dai

ly

wor

kflow

.” [8]

Com

mC

are

for h

ome-

base

d ca

re:

“...pr

ovid

es C

HW

s a

chec

klis

t of a

ctiv

itie

s w

hich

are

exp

ecte

d to

be

perf

orm

ed d

urin

g ea

ch h

ome

visi

t, as

wel

l as

rem

inde

rs o

f app

oint

men

ts.” [

8]

2.8

Hea

lthc

are

prov

ider

tr

aini

ngTh

e m

anag

emen

t and

pro

visi

on

of e

duca

tion

and

trai

ning

con

tent

in

ele

ctro

nic

form

for h

ealt

h pr

ofes

sion

als

[2].

In c

ontr

ast

to d

ecis

ion

supp

ort,

heal

thca

re

prov

ider

trai

ning

doe

s no

t nee

d to

be

use

d at

the

poin

t of c

are.

2.8.

1Pr

ovi

de t

rain

ing

con

ten

t an

d re

fere

nce

mat

eria

l

to h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

der(

s)

- m

Lear

nin

g, e

Lear

nin

g, v

irtu

al l

earn

ing

- Ed

ucat

ion

al v

ideo

s, m

ulti

med

ia l

earn

ing

and

acce

ss t

o c

lin

ical

gui

dan

ce-

Trai

nin

g re

info

rcem

ent

and

refr

eshe

rs

Proj

ecti

ng H

ealt

h: “

Fron

tlin

e he

alth

care

wor

kers

are

equ

ippe

d w

ith

educ

atio

nal v

ideo

s fo

r con

duct

ing

vide

o sc

reen

ings

and

lead

ing

grou

p di

scus

sion

s on

issu

es ra

ised

in th

e vi

deos

.” [8]

iDEA

: Int

erac

tive

Dis

tanc

e Ed

ucat

ion

App

licat

ion:

“Pr

ovid

ing

heal

th w

orke

rs w

ith

mob

ile-b

ased

vid

eo in

stru

ctio

n an

d re

fere

nce

mat

eria

ls...”

[8]

Safe

Del

iver

y A

pp:

“The

App

con

tain

s th

ree

anim

ated

clin

ical

inst

ruct

ion

film

s...c

an a

lso

be u

sed

as a

refe

renc

e to

ol d

urin

g cl

inic

al

wor

k...”

[8]

Opp

iaM

obile

: “...

mob

ile le

arni

ng p

latf

orm

for d

eliv

erin

g le

arni

ng c

onte

nt, v

ideo

, and

qui

zzes

.”[8]

Mob

ile A

cade

my:

“...

an in

tera

ctiv

e vo

ice

resp

onse

(IVR

) tra

inin

g co

urse

des

igne

d to

refr

esh

CH

Ws’

know

ledg

e of

sim

ple

step

s fa

mili

es

can

take

to im

prov

e th

e he

alth

of m

othe

rs a

nd b

abie

s, a

nd to

impr

ove

thei

r abi

lity

to c

lear

ly c

omm

unic

ate

them

.” [8]

2.8.

2A

sses

s ca

paci

ty o

f he

alth

care

pro

vide

r(s)

- Q

uizz

es a

nd

and

inte

ract

ive

exer

cise

s to

ass

ess

kno

wle

dge

and

com

pete

nce

Safe

Del

iver

y A

pp:

“ The

App

feat

ures

pus

h m

essa

ges

wit

h qu

iz q

uest

ions

spu

rrin

g th

e he

alth

wor

ker t

o us

e th

e ap

plic

atio

n to

upd

ate

thei

r kno

wle

dge.

” [8]

2.9

Pres

crip

tion

and

m

edic

atio

n m

anag

emen

tD

igit

al a

ppro

ache

s to

faci

litat

e th

e m

anag

emen

t of p

resc

ripti

ons,

in

clud

ing

trac

king

pre

scrip

tion

or

ders

and

mon

itor

ing

phys

ical

co

nsum

ptio

n of

med

icat

ion.

2.9.

1Tr

ansm

it o

r tr

ack

pres

crip

tio

n o

rder

s-

Trac

kin

g m

edic

atio

n o

rder

s-

Too

ls t

o p

lace

pre

scri

ptio

n o

rder

s o

r tr

ack

the

stat

us o

f pr

escr

ipti

on

s an

d re

fill

s

Bahm

ni:

“Pha

rmac

y m

anag

emen

t ena

bles

a h

ealt

hcar

e fa

cilit

y to

eff

ecti

vely

dis

pens

e m

edic

atio

ns to

pat

ient

s, m

onito

r & m

anag

e st

ock

and

supp

liers

and

in b

illin

g an

d ac

coun

ting

for d

rugs

and

ser

vice

s.” [2

2]

2.9.

2Tr

ack

clie

nt’

s

med

icat

ion

co

nsu

mpt

ion

- M

on

ito

rin

g ad

here

nce

to

med

icat

ion

s an

d dr

ugs

- M

on

ito

rin

g/o

bser

vin

g w

heth

er p

atie

nts

hav

e ta

ken

the

ir p

resc

ribe

d m

edic

atio

ns

SIM

pill®

Med

icat

ion

Adh

eren

ces

Solu

tion

: “W

hen

the

pati

ent o

pens

his

bot

tle

of m

edic

atio

n, a

n au

tom

atic

SM

S m

essa

ge is

sen

t fro

m

the

bott

le’s

SIM

car

d to

the

pati

ent’s

hea

lth

faci

lity,

whi

ch re

cord

s th

at th

e m

edic

atio

n ha

s be

en ta

ken.

“ [8]

2.9.

3Re

port

adv

erse

dr

ug e

ven

ts-

Repo

rtin

g co

ntr

ain

dica

tio

ns,

dru

g in

tera

ctio

ns,

adv

erse

eff

ects

Text

ing-

base

d re

port

ing

of a

dver

se d

rug

reac

tion

s to

ens

ure

pati

ent s

afet

y: “

Text

mes

sage

s re

ceiv

ed b

y an

y of

the

thre

e m

obile

pho

ne

com

pani

es w

ere

dire

cted

to a

cen

tral

sys

tem

. The

sys

tem

was

acc

essi

ble

24 h

ours

a d

ay a

nd 7

day

s a

wee

k an

d w

as c

onfig

ured

to s

et a

n al

ert i

f the

re w

as a

clu

ster

of s

imila

r adv

erse

dru

g re

acti

ons

(AD

Rs) f

rom

one

or m

ore

drug

s or

one

dru

g re

peat

edly

repo

rted

for s

ever

al

ADRs

ent

erin

g th

e sy

stem

.” [23

]

2.10

Labo

rato

ry a

nd

diag

nost

ics

imag

ing

man

agem

ent

Dig

ital

app

roac

hes

to m

anag

e an

d ex

chan

ge la

bora

tory

and

dia

gnos

tic

orde

rs a

nd re

sult

s.

2.10

.1Tr

ansm

it c

lien

t di

agn

ost

ic r

esul

t to

he

alth

care

pro

vide

r

- La

bora

tory

res

ults

man

agem

ent

- Te

sts

resu

lts

com

mun

icat

ion

bet

wee

n he

alth

care

pro

vide

rs

Proj

ect M

wan

a-SM

S fo

r Ear

ly In

fant

Dia

gnos

is o

f HIV

: “W

hen

test

resu

lts

are

read

y, th

e ce

ntra

l SM

S sy

stem

sen

ds a

mes

sage

ale

rtin

g th

e cl

inic

wor

kers

.” [8]

2.10

.2Tr

ansm

it a

nd

trac

k di

agn

ost

ic o

rder

s-

Labo

rato

ry t

est

req

uisi

tio

n a

nd

man

agem

ent

Bahm

ni-O

penE

LIS:

“W

hen

a pa

tien

t is

regi

ster

ed in

Bah

mni

usi

ng th

e re

gist

rati

on m

odul

e, th

e pa

tien

t nam

e an

d de

mog

raph

ic

info

rmat

ion

is s

ynce

d au

tom

atic

ally

to th

e la

b sy

stem

. Whe

n th

e pa

tien

t goe

s to

the

lab,

the

lab

tech

nici

an c

olle

ctin

g th

e sa

mpl

e ca

n lo

ok

up th

e pa

tien

t and

add

test

s fo

r tha

t pat

ient

.” [22

]

2.10

.3C

aptu

re d

iagn

ost

ic

resu

lts

fro

m d

igit

al

devi

ces

- Po

int

of

care

dia

gno

stic

s-

Dia

gno

stic

acc

esso

ries

add

ed t

o d

igit

al

devi

ces

FioN

et:”..

.a m

obile

, in

vitr

o di

agno

stic

dev

ice

that

inte

rpre

ts c

omm

erci

ally

ava

ilabl

e RD

Ts fo

r inf

ecti

ous

dise

ases

...; a

irFio

is a

sec

ure

clou

d da

taba

se th

at s

tore

s po

int -

of-c

are

data

tran

smitt

ed b

y D

eki o

ver l

ocal

mob

ile p

hone

net

wor

ks.” [

8]G

XAle

rt:

A sy

stem

whi

ch a

ttac

hes

a 3G

USB

mod

em to

Gen

eXpe

rt m

achi

nes

and

ensu

res

real

-tim

e re

port

ing

of re

sult

s to

a

cent

raliz

ed d

atab

ase.

” [8]

Mob

ile P

hone

Mic

rosc

opy

for t

he d

iagn

osis

of P

aras

itic

Wor

m In

fect

ions

: “C

onve

rts

iPho

ne in

to a

fiel

d m

icro

scop

e fo

r poi

nt-o

f-ca

re

diag

nosi

s of

soi

l-tr

ansm

itted

hel

min

ths

in s

choo

l-ag

ed c

hild

ren.

” [8]

2.10

.4Tr

ack

bio

logi

cal

spec

imen

s -

Trac

kin

g o

f bl

oo

d do

nat

ion

sU

nnam

ed e

xam

ple:

Bio

logi

cal p

rodu

cts

such

as

bloo

d do

nati

ons

and

spec

imen

s ar

e co

llect

ed, t

este

d an

d tr

ansp

orte

d to

the

poin

t of

use.

Dig

ital

sys

tem

s ca

n su

ppor

t the

iden

tific

atio

n an

d tr

acki

ng o

f the

se p

rodu

cts

from

the

poin

t of c

olle

ctio

n, th

roug

h qu

alit

y co

ntro

l pr

oced

ures

, to

the

poin

t of u

se.

3.0

Hea

lth

Syst

em M

anag

ers

Cat

egor

yIn

terv

enti

ons

Syno

nym

sIl

lust

rati

ve e

xam

ples

*

3.1

Hum

an r

esou

rce

man

agem

ent

Dig

ital

app

roac

hes

to m

anag

e th

e he

alth

wor

kfor

ce, i

nclu

ding

th

e us

e of

dat

abas

es to

reco

rd

trai

ning

leve

ls, c

erti

ficat

ions

, and

id

enti

ficat

ion

of h

ealt

h w

orke

rs.

3.1.1

List

hea

lth

wo

rkfo

rce

cadr

es a

nd

rela

ted

iden

tifi

cati

on

info

rmat

ion

- H

ealt

h w

ork

er r

egis

try;

pro

vide

r re

gist

ry-

Do

cum

enta

tio

n o

f he

alth

care

pro

vide

rs’

dem

ogr

aphi

cs, i

den

tifi

cati

on

, hea

lth

faci

lity

as

sign

men

t, an

d ot

her

iden

tifi

er in

form

atio

n

iHRI

S M

anag

e: “.

.. su

ppor

ts M

inis

try

of H

ealt

h an

d ot

her s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

orga

niza

tion

s to

trac

k, m

anag

e, d

eplo

y, an

d m

ap th

eir h

ealt

h w

orkf

orce

.” [24

]

3.1.

2M

on

ito

r pe

rfo

rman

ce o

f he

alth

care

pro

vide

r(s)

- Re

mot

e m

on

ito

rin

g o

f he

alth

care

pro

vide

rs-

Wo

rkfo

rce

man

agem

ent

- A

udit

an

d fe

edba

ck

- Su

perv

isio

n, s

uppo

rtiv

e su

perv

isio

n-

Cli

nic

al ta

sk t

rack

ing

iCC

M:

The

appl

icat

ion

incl

udes

a “r

outi

ne s

uper

visi

on c

heck

list o

n fe

w k

ey in

dica

tors

of p

erfo

rman

ce b

y th

e H

ealt

h Su

rvei

llanc

e As

sist

ants

(HSA

s)...

and

a da

shbo

ard

that

ena

bles

use

rs to

see

at a

gla

nce

the

stat

us o

f the

wor

k be

ing

done

by

HSA

.” [8]

Hea

lth

Enab

lem

ent a

nd L

earn

ing

Plat

form

(HEL

P):

“Com

mun

ity

Hea

lth

Exte

nsio

n W

orke

rs (C

HEW

s)re

ceiv

e w

eekl

y re

port

s on

wor

ker

perf

orm

ance

and

are

abl

e to

targ

et th

ose

in n

eed

of a

ddit

iona

l sup

port

.” [8]

mH

ealt

h fo

r Com

mun

ity-

Base

d Fa

mily

Pla

nnin

g Se

rvic

es:

“A s

yste

m fo

r the

fiel

d te

am to

mon

itor d

ata

and

prov

ide

feed

back

to C

HW

s on

a w

eekl

y ba

sis.

..” [8

]

3.1.

3M

anag

e re

gist

rati

on

/ce

rtifi

cati

on

of

heal

thca

re p

rovi

der(

s)

- M

anag

emen

t o

f he

alth

wo

rker

reg

istr

atio

n-

Cer

tifi

cati

on

or

lice

nsu

re w

ith

regu

lato

ry

auth

ori

ty s

uch

as a

pro

fess

ion

al c

oun

cil

iHRI

S Q

ualif

y: “.

..ena

bles

a li

cens

ing

or c

erti

ficat

ion

auth

orit

y, su

ch a

s a

nurs

ing

coun

cil,

to tr

ack

com

plet

e da

ta o

n a

heal

th w

orke

r cad

re

from

pre

-ser

vice

trai

ning

thro

ugh

attr

itio

n. It

cap

ture

s in

form

atio

n ab

out h

ealt

h pr

ofes

sion

als

in th

at c

adre

from

the

tim

e th

ey e

nter

pre

-se

rvic

e tr

aini

ng th

roug

h re

gist

rati

on, c

erti

ficat

ion,

and

/or l

icen

sure

.” [24

]

3.1.

4Re

cord

tra

inin

g in

form

atio

n o

n he

alth

care

pro

vide

r(s)

- Tr

ack

or

man

age

pres

ervi

ce a

nd/

or

in-s

ervi

ce

trai

nin

g re

ceiv

ed b

y a

heal

th w

ork

eriH

RIS

Trai

n: “

Con

solid

ates

hea

lth

wor

ker t

rain

ing

atte

ndan

ce a

nd re

late

d da

ta fr

om s

ever

al tr

aini

ng o

rgan

izat

ions

into

a c

entr

aliz

ed

data

base

that

can

be

quer

ied

and

used

to g

ener

ate

repo

rts

for f

urth

er a

naly

sis.”

[24]

3.2

Supp

ly c

hain

m

anag

emen

tD

igit

al a

ppro

ache

s fo

r mon

itor

ing

and

repo

rtin

g st

ock

leve

ls,

cons

umpt

ion

and

dist

ribut

ion

of

med

ical

com

mod

itie

s. T

his

can

incl

ude

the

use

of c

omm

unic

atio

n sy

stem

s (e

.g. S

MS)

and

dat

a da

shbo

ards

to m

anag

e an

d re

port

on

supp

ly le

vels

of m

edic

al

com

mod

itie

s.

3.2.

1M

anag

e in

ven

tory

an

d di

stri

buti

on

of

heal

th

com

mo

diti

es

- St

ock

mo

nit

ori

ng

of

heal

th c

om

mo

diti

es-

Logi

stic

s m

anag

emen

t-

Sto

ck m

anag

emen

t-

Co

mm

odi

ty s

ecur

ity

Inte

rnat

iona

l Qua

lity

Shor

t Mes

sagi

ng S

yste

m (I

QSM

S):

“Hea

lthc

are

wor

kers

’ sen

d pr

efor

mat

ted

com

mod

ity

repo

rts

on k

ey H

IV s

tock

st

atus

to a

cen

tral

ser

ver v

ia S

MS.

The

tool

ena

bles

dis

tric

ts to

full

orde

r of a

ll co

mm

odit

ies

as q

uant

ified

by

the

syst

em a

nd b

ased

on

wha

t has

bee

n co

nsum

ed.” [

8]eL

MIS

Ban

glad

esh:

“...e

lect

roni

c Lo

gist

ics

Man

agem

ent I

nfor

mat

ion

Syst

em (e

LMIS

) col

lect

s da

ta o

n co

nsum

ptio

n an

d av

aila

bilit

y of

FP

com

mod

itie

s, w

hich

is c

onso

lidat

ed a

nd e

nter

ed fo

r [vi

ewin

g on

] an

inte

ract

ive

dash

boar

d.” [

8]cS

tock

: “H

SAs

sent

a to

ll-fr

ee S

MS

usin

g th

eir p

erso

nal m

obile

pho

nes

repo

rtin

g cu

rren

t sto

ck le

vels

and

med

icin

es re

ceiv

ed...”

[8]

3.2.

2N

otif

y st

ock

lev

els

of

heal

th c

om

mo

diti

es-

Sto

cko

ut p

reve

nti

on

an

d m

on

ito

rin

g-

Ale

rts

and

not

ifica

tio

ns

of

sto

ck l

evel

s-

Rest

ock

ing

coo

rdin

atio

n

iCC

M:

“Hea

lth

wor

kers

can

repo

rt s

tock

leve

ls a

nd th

en s

ubm

itted

the

data

to c

Stoc

k, a

pro

gram

to im

prov

e th

e tr

acki

ng o

f in

vent

orie

s...”

[8]

cSto

ck:

“... a

utom

atic

ally

cal

cula

ted

resu

pply

qua

ntit

ies

and

noti

fied

staff

at h

ealt

h ce

nter

s, w

ho c

heck

thei

r sto

ck le

vels

and

adv

ise

HSA

s w

heth

er s

tock

was

ava

ilabl

e fo

r pic

k up

or a

lert

ed h

ealt

h fa

cilit

ies

and

dist

rict m

anag

ers

that

ther

e w

as in

suffi

cien

t sto

ck.”[

8]In

form

ed P

ush

Mod

el:

“Log

isti

cs p

rofe

ssio

nals

ent

er lo

gist

ics

data

into

Com

mTr

ack

on ta

blet

s at

the

mom

ent o

f del

iver

y, an

d C

omm

Trac

k au

tom

atic

ally

cal

cula

tes

deliv

ery

quan

titi

es b

ased

on

prev

ious

con

sum

ptio

n.” [

8]

3.2.

3M

on

ito

r co

ld-c

hain

se

nsi

tive

co

mm

odi

ties

- Se

nso

rs t

o m

on

ito

r te

mpe

ratu

re a

nd

stab

ilit

y o

f va

ccin

esEl

ectr

onic

Dat

a Lo

ggin

g Th

erm

omet

ers:

“C

onti

nuou

s m

onito

ring

thro

ugh

data

logg

ing

ther

mom

eter

s lin

k w

ith

alar

m c

apab

iliti

es a

nd

emai

l not

ifica

tion

.” [25

]

3.2.

4Re

gist

er l

icen

sed

drug

s an

d he

alth

co

mm

odi

ties

- D

rug

regu

lati

on

an

d re

gist

rati

on

Acc

redi

ted

Dru

g D

ispe

nsin

g O

utle

t (A

DD

O):

The

app

also

incl

udes

“an

SMS-

base

d in

form

atio

n ex

chan

ge m

odul

e, w

hich

allo

ws

ADD

O

and

phar

mac

y pe

rson

nel t

o se

nd a

nd re

ceiv

e in

form

atio

n, fo

r exa

mpl

e, o

n ac

cred

itat

ion

requ

irem

ents

or d

rug

reca

lls.” [

8]

3.2.

5M

anag

e pr

ocu

rem

ent

of

com

mo

diti

es-

Logi

stic

s m

anag

emen

t-

Pro

cure

men

t m

anag

emen

ti-

Impo

rt:

“An

onlin

e pl

atfo

rm to

trac

k al

l pha

rmac

euti

cal i

mpo

rt a

pplic

atio

ns a

nd a

ppro

vals

mad

e by

Eth

iopi

a’s p

harm

aceu

tica

l re

gula

tor..

.It a

lso

elec

tron

ical

ly in

tegr

ates

wit

h pr

ocur

emen

t dat

a fr

om P

FSA

, the

pro

cure

men

t and

sup

ply

arm

of t

he th

e M

inis

try

of

Hea

lth.

”[26]

3.2.

6Re

port

co

unte

rfei

t o

r su

bsta

nda

rd d

rugs

by

clie

nts

- C

oun

terf

eit

drug

not

ifica

tio

n-

Mo

nit

ori

ng

drug

aut

hen

tici

ty a

nd

qua

lity

- Ph

arm

aco

vigi

lan

ce

mPe

digr

ee:

“...al

low

s bu

yers

to v

erify

the

auth

enti

city

of m

edic

ines

for f

ree

by te

xt m

essa

ging

a u

niqu

e sc

ratc

h-off

cod

e fo

und

on th

e pr

oduc

t to

a un

iver

sal n

umbe

r. Th

is re

ques

t is

rout

ed to

mPe

digr

ee’s

serv

ers

and

cons

umer

s re

ceiv

e a

quic

k re

spon

se to

aut

hent

icat

e th

eir p

urch

ase.

” [8]

Mob

ile P

rodu

ct A

uthe

ntic

atio

n: “

Con

sum

ers

send

an

SMS

to th

e Sp

roxi

l ser

ver o

f a o

ne-t

ime-

use

scra

tch

card

cod

e lis

ted

on th

e ph

arm

aceu

tica

l pro

duct

s an

d re

ceiv

e re

ply

SMS

dete

rmin

ing

drug

aut

hent

icit

y.” [8

]

3.3

Publ

ic h

ealt

h ev

ent

noti

fica

tion

Dig

ital

app

roac

hes

for a

lert

ing

and

com

pilin

g in

form

atio

n on

non

-ro

utin

e pu

blic

hea

lth

even

ts.

3.3.

1N

otifi

cati

on

of

publ

ic

heal

th e

ven

ts f

rom

po

int

of

diag

no

sis

- Pu

blic

hea

lth

surv

eill

ance

- Su

rvei

llan

ce f

rom

lab

ora

tory

sys

tem

s-

Dis

ease

sur

veil

lan

ce

mSO

S Eb

ola

(KEM

RI L

abor

ator

y m

odul

e): “

Resu

lts

on th

e la

bora

tory

con

firm

atio

n of

the

pati

ent s

erum

sam

ples

wer

e up

date

d us

ing

th

e m

SOS

Ebol

a w

eb p

orta

l, an

d te

xt m

essa

ges

wer

e au

tom

atic

ally

del

iver

ed to

sen

ior m

anag

emen

t and

pol

icy

deci

sion

mak

ers

at th

e M

OH

.” [8]

GXA

lert

: “A

utom

atic

ally

sen

d SM

S te

xt o

r em

ail a

lert

s to

MO

H o

ffici

als

whe

n a

new

MD

R po

siti

ve o

r Rif

posi

tive

cas

e is

det

ecte

d.” [

8]

page 16

Cat

egor

yIn

terv

enti

ons

Syno

nym

sIl

lust

rati

ve e

xam

ples

*

3.4

Civ

il R

egis

trat

ion

and

Vita

l St

atis

tics

(CRV

S)D

igit

al a

ppro

ache

s to

sup

port

the

regi

stra

tion

of b

irth

s an

d de

aths

, is

sue

birt

h an

d de

ath

cert

ifica

tes,

an

d co

mpi

le a

nd d

isse

min

ate

vita

l st

atis

tics

, inc

ludi

ng c

ause

of d

eath

in

form

atio

n [5

].

3.4.

1N

otif

y bi

rth

even

t -

Birt

h ev

ent

aler

tm

Tika

: “H

ealt

h As

sist

ants

can

rece

ive

birt

h no

tific

atio

ns fr

om c

lient

s vi

a SM

S.” [

8]

3.4.

2Re

gist

er b

irth

eve

nt

- Bi

rth

regi

stra

tio

n (c

an in

clud

e re

gist

rati

on

for

heal

th s

yste

m p

urpo

ses,

as

wel

l as

re

gist

rati

on

to

civ

il r

egis

trar

)

Mob

ile b

irth

regi

stra

tion

init

iati

ve in

Tanz

ania

: “H

ealt

h pr

ovid

ers

can

regi

ster

new

born

s by

ent

erin

g th

e ch

ild’s

info

rmat

ion

in a

mob

ile

phon

e ap

plic

atio

n an

d se

ndin

g it

to a

cen

tral

dat

abas

e at

the

Regi

stra

tion

, Ins

olve

ncy

and

Trus

tees

hip

Agen

cy (R

ITA)

, whi

ch is

the

Gov

ernm

ent A

genc

y re

spon

sibl

e fo

r Birt

h Re

gist

rati

on in

Tanz

ania

.” [27

]

3.4.

3C

erti

fy b

irth

eve

nt

- C

ivil

Reg

istr

atio

n a

nd

Vita

l St

atis

tics

(CRV

S)-

Issu

ance

of

birt

h ce

rtifi

cate

Mob

ile b

irth

regi

stra

tion

init

iati

ve in

Tanz

ania

: “O

nce

heal

th p

rovi

ders

regi

ster

the

new

born

wit

h RI

TA, t

hey

can

issu

e bi

rth

cert

ifica

tes

to th

e ch

ild’s

pare

nts

at th

e sa

me

clin

ical

vis

it.” [

27]

3.4.

4N

otif

y de

ath

even

t -

Dea

th s

urve

illa

nce

- D

eath

eve

nt

aler

t11

7 C

all A

lert

Sys

tem

: “T

he te

leph

one

num

ber ‘

117’

coul

d be

use

d at

no

char

ge to

the

calle

r fro

m a

ny m

ajor

mob

ile te

leco

mm

unic

atio

n ne

twor

k in

the

coun

try.

Cal

ls w

ere

mad

e to

ale

rt a

utho

ritie

s of

sic

k pe

rson

s re

quiri

ng is

olat

ion

and

Ebol

a te

stin

g (li

ve a

lert

s), a

nd d

eath

s fr

om a

ny c

ause

(dea

th a

lert

s), w

hich

und

er n

atio

nal p

olic

y re

quire

d sa

fe a

nd d

igni

fied

buria

ls p

erfo

rmed

by

trai

ned

team

s.” [2

8]M

OVE

-IT:

“H

ealt

h w

orke

rs c

an u

se S

MS

on m

obile

pho

nes

to n

otify

a d

eath

eve

nt.” [

29]

3.4.

5Re

gist

er d

eath

eve

nt

- D

eath

sur

veil

lan

ce; m

ort

alit

y su

rvei

llan

ceIn

nova

tive

Mob

ile-p

hone

Tech

nolo

gy fo

r Com

mun

ity

Hea

lth

Ope

rati

on (I

mTe

CH

O):

“Acc

redi

ted

Soci

al H

ealt

h Ac

tivi

sts

(ASH

As) c

an

reco

rd in

fant

dea

ths

usin

g a

mob

ile p

hone

app

licat

ion.

” [30

]

3.4.

6C

erti

fy d

eath

eve

nt

- Is

suan

ce o

f de

ath

cert

ifica

teSm

artV

A s

yste

m:

“Hea

lth

care

pro

vide

rs c

an c

olle

ct a

nd a

naly

ze v

erba

l aut

opsy

dat

a us

ing

a m

obile

pho

ne a

pplic

atio

n.” [

31]

3.5

Hea

lth

fina

ncin

gD

igit

al a

ppro

ache

s to

man

age

finan

cial

tran

sact

ions

for h

ealt

h sy

stem

rela

ted

expe

nses

. The

se

digi

tal fi

nanc

ial t

rans

acti

ons

can

be u

sed

for p

aym

ents

to h

ealt

h w

orkf

orce

, ins

uran

ce/p

ayer

s, a

s w

ell

as a

dmin

istr

ativ

e m

anag

emen

t of

budg

et a

nd e

xpen

ditu

res.

3.5.

1Re

gist

er a

nd

veri

fy c

lien

t in

sura

nce

mem

bers

hip

- El

igib

ilit

y ve

rifi

cati

on

fo

r in

sura

nce

- D

eter

min

atio

n o

f in

sura

nce

co

vera

ge-

Reco

rdin

g an

d ve

rify

ing

that

a c

lien

t is

a

mem

ber

of

a sc

hem

e o

r en

titl

ed t

o b

enefi

ts-

Soci

al p

rote

ctio

n

mTI

BA:

“Fun

ds w

ill b

e pl

aced

in s

peci

aliz

ed h

ealt

h w

alle

ts th

roug

h M

-Pes

a an

d th

eir u

se w

ill b

e re

stric

ted

to s

pend

ing

at h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovid

ers

who

form

par

t of a

nat

ionw

ide

M-T

IBA

netw

ork.

..the

trea

tmen

t dat

a is

then

che

cked

by

a m

edic

al p

erso

n. If

the

trea

tmen

t has

be

en a

ppro

ved,

The

resa

’s pa

ymen

t req

uest

is im

med

iate

ly a

ccep

ted

and

the

mon

ey is

tran

sfer

red

to th

e he

alth

care

pro

vide

r.” [3

2]

3.5.

2Tr

ack

insu

ran

ce b

illi

ng

and

clai

ms

subm

issi

on

- So

cial

pro

tect

ion

, adm

inis

trat

ive

tran

sact

ion

pro

cess

ing;

cla

ims

man

agem

ent

Gha

naia

n N

HIA

e-c

laim

s: “

The

Nat

iona

l Hea

lth

Insu

ranc

e Au

thor

ity

(NH

IA) i

s in

trod

ucin

g el

ectr

onic

pay

men

t of c

laim

s (e

-cla

ims)

to 4

7 he

alth

car

e pr

ovid

ers

acro

ss th

e co

untr

y to

eas

e de

lays

ass

ocia

ted

wit

h pa

ymen

t of c

laim

s.” [3

3]

3.5.

3Tr

ack

and

man

age

insu

ran

ce r

eim

burs

emen

t-

Cla

ims

and

enco

unte

r re

port

s fo

r re

imbu

rsem

ent

- In

sura

nce

fin

anci

al t

ran

sact

ion

s

Bahm

ni:

“Man

age

pati

ent i

nfor

mat

ion

acro

ss re

gist

rati

on, p

oint

of c

are,

inve

stig

atio

ns, a

nd b

illin

g.” [

22]

3.5.

4Tr

ansm

it o

r m

anag

e ro

utin

e pa

yro

ll p

aym

ent

to h

ealt

hcar

e pr

ovi

der(

s)

- H

ealt

h w

ork

er r

out

ine

paym

ents

- Pa

yro

ll m

anag

emen

tA

ccre

dite

d D

rug

Dis

pens

ing

Out

let (

AD

DO

): “T

he a

pplic

atio

n in

clud

ed a

mob

ile p

aym

ent c

ompo

nent

for p

rem

ises

and

per

sonn

el

fees

...”[8

]

3.5.

5Tr

ansm

it o

r m

anag

e in

cen

tive

s to

hea

lthc

are

pro

vide

r (s

)

- Fi

nan

cial

ince

nti

ves

for

heal

th w

ork

er

mot

ivat

ion

- C

on

diti

on

al p

aym

ents

, per

form

ance

-bas

ed

fin

anci

ng

for

heal

th w

ork

ers,

res

ults

bas

ed

fin

anci

ng

mH

ealt

h fo

r Com

mun

ity-

Base

d Fa

mily

Pla

nnin

g Se

rvic

es:

“...pa

y-fo

r-pe

rfor

man

ce s

yste

m w

ith

mon

thly

per

form

ance

targ

ets

wit

h re

al-

tim

e pe

rfor

man

ce tr

acki

ng o

n th

e C

HW

pho

ne a

nd p

rogr

am d

ashb

oard

.”[8]

3.5.

6M

anag

e bu

dget

an

d ex

pen

ditu

res

- Fi

nan

cial

man

agem

ent

- Re

sour

ce p

lan

nin

gPl

anRe

p: “

A pl

anni

ng a

nd re

port

ing

data

base

use

d by

Loc

al G

over

nmen

t Aut

horit

ies

(LG

As) a

nd d

esig

ned

to in

corp

orat

e th

e St

rate

gic

Plan

(Med

ium

-Ter

m E

xpen

ditu

re F

ram

ewor

k), r

even

ue p

roje

ctio

n, b

udge

ts, f

unds

rece

ived

, and

trac

k ex

pend

iture

and

phy

sica

l im

plem

enta

tion

.” [34

]

3.6

Equi

pmen

t an

d as

set

man

agem

ent

Dig

ital

app

roac

hes

to tr

ack

and

man

age

the

mai

nten

ance

of h

ealt

h eq

uipm

ent.

Thi

s ca

n in

clud

e th

e us

e of

dat

abas

es, a

s w

ell a

s se

nsor

s an

d fe

edba

ck m

echa

nism

s fo

r m

onit

orin

g he

alth

equ

ipm

ent.

3.6.

1M

on

ito

r st

atus

an

d m

ain

ten

ance

of

heal

th e

qui

pmen

t

- Li

stin

g o

f av

aila

ble

equi

pmen

t an

d ph

ysic

al

asse

ts, e

.g. h

osp

ital

bed

s-

Trac

kin

g m

ain

ten

ance

of

equi

pmen

t

Unp

ublis

hed

exam

ple:

Mec

hani

sms

to re

gula

rly u

pdat

e a

list o

f ava

ilabl

e ph

ysic

al a

sset

s w

ithi

n he

alth

faci

litie

s an

d tr

ack

thei

r m

aint

enan

ce n

eeds

.

3.6.

2Tr

ack

regu

lati

on

an

d li

cen

sin

g o

f

med

ical

eq

uipm

ent

- Ph

ysic

al a

sset

man

agem

ent

- Re

gula

tio

n o

f ph

ysic

al a

sset

sU

npub

lishe

d ex

ampl

e: C

ount

ries

have

regu

lato

ry a

nd li

cens

ing

proc

edur

es fo

r equ

ipm

ent u

sed

in th

e he

alth

sec

tor.

Dig

ital

sys

tem

s ca

n he

lp tr

ack

equi

pmen

t thr

ough

the

regu

lato

ry p

roce

ss a

nd m

anag

e in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he re

gula

tory

sta

tus

of d

iffer

ent t

ypes

and

bra

nds

of e

quip

men

t.

3.7

Faci

lity

man

agem

ent

Dig

ital

app

roac

hes

that

ena

ble

adm

inis

trat

ive

func

tion

s re

late

d to

th

e m

anag

emen

t of f

acili

ties

.

3.7.1

List

hea

lth

faci

liti

es a

nd

rela

ted

info

rmat

ion

- Re

gist

er h

ealt

h fa

cili

ties

- Li

st u

niq

ue ID

s an

d lo

cati

on

s o

f he

alth

fa

cili

ties

- H

ealt

h fa

cili

ty r

egis

try

Keny

a M

aste

r Hea

lth

Faci

lity

List

: “A

n ap

plic

atio

n w

ith

all h

ealt

h fa

cilit

ies

and

com

mun

ity

unit

s in

Ken

ya. E

ach

heal

th fa

cilit

y an

d co

mm

unit

y un

it is

iden

tifie

d w

ith

uniq

ue c

ode

and

thei

r det

ails

des

crib

ing

the

geog

raph

ical

loca

tion

, adm

inis

trat

ive

loca

tion

, ow

ners

hip,

ty

pe a

nd th

e se

rvic

es o

ffer

ed.” [

35]

3.7.

2A

sses

s he

alth

fac

ilit

ies

- A

sses

s pe

rfo

rman

ce a

nd

capa

city

of

serv

ices

pr

ovi

ded

at h

ealt

h fa

cili

ties

- Re

gula

te a

nd

mo

nit

or

serv

ices

pro

vide

d at

he

alth

fac

ilit

ies

- Su

perv

isio

n o

f he

alth

fac

ilit

ies

Acc

redi

ted

Dru

g D

ispe

nsin

g O

utle

t (A

DD

O):

“Web

-bas

ed d

atab

ase

of in

form

atio

n on

priv

ate

sect

or d

rug

outl

ets’

prem

ises

and

pe

rson

nel,

incl

udin

g fa

cilit

y re

gist

rati

on, p

erso

nnel

qua

lifica

tion

s an

d ce

rtifi

cati

ons,

insp

ecti

ons,

and

pay

men

ts o

f ass

ocia

ted

fees

.” [8]

Supp

orti

ve s

uper

visi

on fo

r TB

in N

iger

ia:

“...a

sta

ndar

d, in

tegr

ated

TB

supe

rvis

ion

chec

klis

t to

asse

ss a

nd m

onito

r dia

gnos

tic

labo

rato

ries

and

DO

TS s

ervi

ces

in th

e pu

blic

and

priv

ate

sect

ors.”

[8]

3.0

Hea

lth

Syst

em M

anag

ers

page 17Wo r l d H e a lt h O r g a n i z at i o n C l a s s i f i c at i o n o f D i g i ta l H e a lt h I n t e r v e n t i o n s

Cat

egor

yIn

terv

enti

ons

Syno

nym

sIl

lust

rati

ve e

xam

ples

*

4.1

Dat

a co

llec

tion

, m

anag

emen

t,

and

use

Dig

ital

app

roac

hes

to d

ata

colle

ctio

n, m

anag

emen

t, an

alys

is, s

tora

ge. T

his

can

incl

ude

stan

dalo

ne in

terv

enti

ons

focu

sing

ex

clus

ivel

y on

dat

a co

llect

ion

and

man

agem

ent,

as w

ell a

s da

ta s

ervi

ces

to s

uppo

rt o

ther

in

terv

enti

ons,

suc

h as

dat

a vi

sual

izat

ion

wit

hin

supp

ly c

hain

m

anag

emen

t.

4.1.1

No

n-r

out

ine

data

co

llec

tio

n a

nd

man

agem

ent

- El

ectr

on

ic d

ata

coll

ecti

on

, dig

ital

dat

a co

llec

tio

n-

Mo

bile

bas

ed s

urve

ys, u

sin

g ap

plic

atio

ns

such

as

Ope

nD

ataK

it (O

DK)

, En

keto

, Fo

rmH

ub, e

tc

PMI A

fric

a In

door

Res

idua

l Spr

ayin

g (A

IRS)

: “S

taff

wer

e in

itia

lly ta

sked

to re

cord

dat

a on

sm

artp

hone

s fr

om ro

ughl

y 12

,000

hou

seho

lds

and

elec

tron

ical

ly s

ubm

it to

a c

loud

-bas

ed s

yste

m a

cces

sibl

e to

the

M&

E m

anag

er a

t the

hom

e offi

ce.” [

8]H

ang-

Up

and

Trac

k: “

OD

K fo

rm c

olle

cted

dis

trib

utio

n da

ta o

n th

e nu

mbe

r of s

leep

ing

plac

es a

nd th

e am

ount

of L

LIN

s gi

ven

and

inst

alle

d...”

[8]

mH

BB:

“Mob

ile p

hone

-bas

ed m

etho

ds fo

r col

lect

ion

of H

BB tr

aini

ng a

nd q

ualit

y im

prov

emen

t dat

a am

ong

faci

lity-

base

d bi

rth

atte

ndan

ts. 1

2 ex

isti

ng H

BB p

aper

form

s w

ere

digi

tize

d fo

r use

on

Andr

oid

mob

ile p

hone

s us

ing

OD

K.”

[8]

4.1.

2D

ata

sto

rage

an

d ag

greg

atio

n-

Dat

a w

areh

ous

e, r

epo

sito

ryA

nest

hesi

olog

ical

Dat

a W

areh

ouse

Pro

ject

: “A

web

inte

rfac

e th

at w

ill a

llow

use

rs to

inpu

t and

acc

ess

pre-

, per

i- a

nd p

osto

pera

tive

an

aest

hesi

olog

y da

ta.”

[36]

4.1.

3D

ata

syn

thes

is a

nd

visu

aliz

atio

ns

- Re

port

ing

dash

boar

ds, r

epo

rt g

ener

atio

n-

Pres

enta

tio

ns

of

data

- Bu

sin

ess

inte

llig

ence

cSto

ck:

“Dis

tric

t- a

nd c

entr

al-l

evel

man

ager

s co

uld

mon

itor s

uppl

y ch

ain

perf

orm

ance

, usi

ng o

ver 1

0 in

dica

tors

dis

play

ed o

n a

web

-ba

sed

dash

boar

d.”

[8]

DH

IS2:

“G

et th

e co

mpl

ete

over

view

thro

ugh

the

pivo

t tab

le fe

atur

e, s

pot t

rend

s in

you

r dat

a w

ith

char

ting

and

vis

ualiz

e yo

ur

geog

raph

ical

dat

a as

pect

s us

ing

the

GIS

func

tion

alit

y.” [1

5]

4.1.

4A

uto

mat

ed a

nal

ysis

o

f da

ta t

o g

ener

ate

n

ew in

form

atio

n

or

pred

icti

on

s o

n

futu

re e

ven

ts

- Pr

edic

tive

an

alyt

ics

- M

achi

ne

lear

nin

g-

Art

ifici

al in

tell

igen

ce

Sim

plifi

ed, E

ffec

tive

, Lab

our M

onit

orin

g-to

-Act

ion

(SEL

MA

) too

l: “P

redi

ctio

n m

odel

s w

ill b

e de

velo

ped

to id

enti

fy w

omen

at r

isk

of

intr

apar

tum

-rel

ated

per

inat

al d

eath

or m

orbi

dity

(prim

ary

outc

omes

) thr

ough

out t

he c

ours

e of

labo

ur.” [

37]

4.2

Dat

a co

ding

Dig

ital

app

roac

hes

to c

ode

data

an

d m

anag

e th

e us

e of

st

anda

rdiz

ed d

atas

ets.

4.2.

1Pa

rse

unst

ruct

ured

dat

a in

to s

truc

ture

d da

ta-

Dir

ty d

ata

man

agem

ent

- A

uto

mat

ed d

ata

clea

nin

gU

npub

lishe

d ex

ampl

e: T

his

tool

will

dev

elop

a s

et o

f aut

omat

ed a

lgor

ithm

s fo

r cle

anin

g an

d lin

king

uns

truc

ture

d in

form

atio

n (e

.g.

med

ical

not

es) t

o st

ruct

ured

dat

aset

s.

4.2.

2M

erge

, de-

dupl

icat

e an

d cu

rate

co

ded

data

sets

or

term

ino

logi

es

- M

ain

ten

ance

an

d ve

rsio

nin

g o

f he

alth

in

form

atic

s te

rmin

olo

gy s

tan

dard

s-

Term

ino

logy

ser

vice

s-

Sem

anti

c in

tero

pera

bili

ty

Ope

n C

once

pt L

ab:

“Thi

s to

olse

t will

incl

ude

a w

eb a

pplic

atio

n to

sea

rch,

exp

ort,

subs

crib

e, a

nd m

ap to

sta

ndar

dize

d te

rmin

olog

y an

d in

dica

tors

...an

d fu

ncti

onal

ity

to c

olla

bora

tive

ly c

reat

e, e

xpor

t, an

d su

bscr

ibe

to s

ubse

ts o

f ter

ms

and

indi

cato

rs th

at re

pres

ent p

arti

cula

r sp

ecia

lty

area

s.” [3

8]

4.2.

3C

lass

ify

dise

ase

code

s an

d ca

use

of

mo

rtal

ity

- Re

cord

ing

caus

e o

f de

ath

- IC

D c

odi

ng,

cli

nic

al c

odi

ng

for

repo

rtin

g an

d in

sura

nce

- M

appi

ng

loca

l te

rmin

olo

gy, c

ode

s, a

nd

form

ats

Bahm

ni:

“The

clin

icia

ns c

an c

aptu

re d

iagn

osis

of p

atie

nts

and

man

age

thei

r old

dia

gnos

is. I

n th

e ba

cken

d th

ese

diag

nose

s ca

n be

m

appe

d to

ICD

-10

code

s fo

r rep

orti

ng p

urpo

ses.”

[22]

4.3

Loca

tion

map

ping

The

use

of g

eolo

cati

on c

oord

inat

es

to m

ap o

bjec

ts a

nd e

vent

s.

4.3.

1M

ap l

oca

tio

n o

f

heal

th f

acil

itie

s/st

ruct

ures

- G

loba

l Po

siti

on

ing

Syst

em (G

PS) m

appi

ng

mW

ater

: “A

mob

ile p

latf

orm

for m

appi

ng s

ites

such

as

wat

er s

ourc

es, s

harin

g te

st re

sult

s an

d pe

rfor

min

g su

rvey

s.” [8

]G

IS M

appi

ng o

f Hea

lth

Faci

litie

s: “

The

port

al d

ispl

ayed

the

loca

tion

of e

ach

faci

lity

loca

tion

on

Goo

gle

Map

s. It

allo

ws

a us

er to

con

duct

se

arch

es fo

r fac

iliti

es b

y di

stric

t, pu

blic

or p

rivat

e se

ctor

ow

ners

hip,

and

ser

vice

s.” [8

]

4.3.

2M

ap l

oca

tio

n o

f

heal

th e

ven

t-

Geo

spat

ial

visu

aliz

atio

n-

GPS

map

pin

gm

SOS:

“Pa

tien

t-le

vel i

nfor

mat

ion

on th

e su

spec

ted

case

s, re

spon

se a

ctio

n co

nduc

ted,

[whe

re th

e ca

se w

as id

enti

fied]

, and

labo

rato

ry

confi

rmat

ion

wer

e di

spla

yed

on th

e pa

ssw

ord-

prot

ecte

d w

eb p

orta

l das

hboa

rd.” [

8]

4.3.

3M

ap l

oca

tio

n o

f

clie

nts

an

d

hous

eho

lds

- D

emar

cati

on

of

catc

hmen

t ar

eas

- M

appi

ng

cove

rage

are

as-

Geo

spat

ial

visu

aliz

atio

n-

GPS

map

pin

g

mSp

ray:

“Te

am le

ader

s en

ter d

ata

on th

eir t

able

ts w

hile

sta

ndin

g at

eac

h ho

use,

whi

ch is

sen

t to

the

clou

d se

rver

as

soon

as

a da

ta

conn

ecti

on is

est

ablis

hed.

The

spa

tial

ly-i

nteg

rate

d sp

ray

data

is th

en v

isua

lized

on

the

tabl

et b

y th

e te

am le

ader

s sh

owin

g th

e lo

cati

on

and

type

of s

pray

poi

nt.” [

8]

4.3.

4M

ap l

oca

tio

n o

f he

alth

care

pro

vide

rs-

Map

pin

g o

f he

alth

wo

rker

ro

ute

to t

rack

the

se

rvic

es p

rovi

ded

Vacc

inat

ion

Trac

king

Sys

tem

: “S

uppo

rt e

nhan

cem

ents

to Im

mun

izat

ion

Plus

Day

s (IP

D) p

roce

sses

by

reco

rdin

g th

e va

ccin

atio

n te

am p

osit

ions

(the

“tra

cks”

) at r

egul

ar in

terv

al. T

he u

se o

f GIS

map

s an

d G

PS tr

acki

ng h

as b

een

iden

tifie

d as

a v

alua

ble

tool

to lo

cate

se

ttle

men

ts, h

elp

prep

are

mic

ropl

ans

and

to m

onito

r the

act

ivit

y of

vac

cina

tion

team

s.” [3

9]

4.4

Dat

a ex

chan

ge a

nd

inte

rope

rabi

lity

The

capa

bilit

y of

two

or m

ore

syst

ems

to c

omm

unic

ate

and

exch

ange

dat

a th

roug

h sp

ecifi

ed

data

form

ats

and

com

mun

icat

ion

prot

ocol

s. [6

]

4.4.

1D

ata

exch

ange

ac

ross

sys

tem

s-

Dat

a m

edia

tio

n-

Inte

rope

rabi

lity

an

d ac

cess

ibil

ity

- In

form

atio

n e

xcha

nge

- In

tero

pera

bili

ty l

ayer

- D

ata

orc

hest

rati

on

Ope

nHIM

: “It

pro

vide

s se

cure

com

mun

icat

ions

and

dat

a go

vern

ance

as

wel

l as

supp

ort f

or ro

utin

g, o

rche

stra

ting

and

tran

slat

ing

requ

ests

as

they

flow

bet

wee

n sy

stem

s.” [3

6]

4.0

Dat

a Se

rvic

es

page 18

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Dr. Garrett Mehl | mehlg@who.int

Tigest Tamrat | tamratt@who.int

For questions or feedback, please contact

Development of this document was coordinated by Garrett Mehl, Tigest Tamrat, Maeghan Orton, and Lale Say of

the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, in collaboration with Edward Kelley and Diana Zandi of the

Department of Service Delivery and Safety, of the World Health Organization (WHO).

WHO is grateful to the following contributors (in alphabetical order):

Elaine Baker, PATH

Sean Blaschke, UNICEF

James BonTempo, Johns Hopkins University-Center for Communication Programs

Nicolas DeBorma, BlueSquare

Hani Eskandar, International Telecommunications Union

Dennis Falzon, WHO Global TB Program

Thomas Fogwill, Meraka Institute

Michael Frost, Norwegian Institute of Public Health

Skye Gilbert, PATH

Hallie Goertz, PATH

Jan Grevendonk, WHO Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals

Surabhi Joshi, WHO Preventing Non-Communicable Diseases

Manish Kumar, MEASURE Evaluation

Alain Labrique, Johns Hopkins University-Global mHealth Initiative

Mark Landry, WHO South-East Asia Regional Office

Carl Leitner, Digital Square

Kelly L’Engle, University of San Francisco

Alvin Marcelo, Asian eHealth Information Network

Donna Medeiros, Asian Development Bank

Derek Muneene, WHO Regional Office for Africa

Henry Mwanyika, PATH

David Novillo, WHO Region of the Americas

Steve Ollis, John Snow Inc.

Jonathan Payne, Independent Consultant

Liz Peloso, Independent Consultant

Derek Ritz, ecGroup Inc

Merrick Schaefer, United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

Anneke Schmider, WHO Information, Evidence and Research

Chris Seebregts, Jembi Health Systems

Dykki Settle, PATH

Chaitali Sinha, International Development Research Centre

Michael Stahl, Independent Consultant

Hazim Timimi, WHO Global TB Program

Steven Uggowitzer, Essential Support for Health Informatics

Lavanya Vasudevan, Duke University

Adele Waugaman, USAID

William Weiss, USAID

WHO/RHR/18.06

© World Health Organization 2018

Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO Licence (CCBY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).

Suggested citation. Classification of digital health interventions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018(WHO/RHR/18.06). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

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