classification of antibiotics - western washington...
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Classification of Antibiotics:
1. Inhibit growth – “stat”Kill bacterium – “cide”
2. Broad and Narrow spectrum
3. Production Types:NaturalSyntheticSemi-synthetic
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Salvarsan: The first magic bulletWorks against syphilusEhrlich, 1900s Idea of selective toxicity
medicine?
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Growth Factor Analog
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Antibiotics Affecting Replication, Transcription, & Translation
DNA replication:Nalidixic Acid & Novobiocin – Inhibits DNA gyrase
Transcription:Rifampin – Beta subunit of RNA polymeraseActinomycin – DNA binding, blocks elongation
Translation:Streptomycin – Blocks initiation on SSU of ribosomeChloramphenicol – Blocks elongation on LSU via peptide bondTetracycline – Blocks elongation SSUCycloheximide – Eucarya ribosome specificDiptheria Toxin – EF blocker; both Archaea and Eucarya
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How to build a better mouse trap: PenicillinA β-lactam antibiotic
Inhibits transpeptidation of peptidoglycan chainsForms the old 1-2-punch with autolysins
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Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
1. Lacks structure antibiotic inhibits:Mycoplasms lack a typical cell wall.
2. Impermeable to the antibiotic:Gram - bacteria impermeable to penicillin G.
3. Alteration of antibiotic:β-lactamase degrades antibiotic e.g., springs open the mouse trap.
4. Modifies the target of the antibiotic.
5. Genetically modifies the pathway that theantibiotic affects.
6. Efflux of the antibiotic:Tetracycline gets pumped back out of the cell.
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*symbol indicates that some multi-drug resistant strains of these organisms are now untreatable with known antimicrobial drugs.
Vancomycin is generallyconsidered your last chance…
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Viral structures
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Viral genomes. The genomes of viruses can be composed of eitherDNA or RNA, and some use both as their genomic material at different
stages in their life cycle. However, only one type of nucleic acid is found in the virion of any particular type of virus.
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Comparison of naked and enveloped virus, two basic types of virus particles.
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Hantavirus, 1997
Spongiform encephalitis, 1996Spongiform encephalitis, 2003
Recent outbreaks of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases.
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