classification and origins of freshwater systems lecture goals: review the water cycle key concepts...
TRANSCRIPT
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Classification and Origins of Freshwater Systems
Lecture goals:
• Review the water cycle
• Key concepts and terminology in hydrology
• Field guide to freshwater systems
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The Water Cycle
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Surface Area : Volume Ratio
1:1
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Surface Area : Volume Ratio
• The smaller the lake or reach, the larger the SA:V ratio.
• The larger the lake or reach, the smaller the SA:V ratio.
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The Global Water Budget
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The Watershed
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Surface v. Groundwater
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Ephemeral Ponds
Lakes vs. Ponds
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Lake and Pond Origins
• Glacial Activity
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Glacial Scouring
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Cirques
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Paternoster Lakes
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Ice Dams
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Moraine Dams
Flathead Lake, MT Finger Lakes, NY
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Kettle Lakes
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Lake and Pond Origins
• Glacial Activity
• Tectonic Activity
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The Major Lithospheric Plates
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Uplift Lakes
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Lakes at FaultsLake Baikal
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Lakes at Faults Lake Malawi
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Lake and Pond Origins
• Glacial Activity
• Tectonic Activity
• Other
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Other cool ways lakes can be formed…
Volcanic activity
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Other cool ways lakes can be formed…
Chemical reactions
CaCO3
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Other cool ways lakes can be formed…
Rivers
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Lake Manicouagan, Quebec
5 km diameter asteroid
212 MYA
Extraterrestrials
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Lake and Pond Zones
• Benthic
• Littoral
• Limnetic
• Profundal
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Stream OrderHorne Brook, NH
Columbia River, WA
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Stream Order
• Benefits
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Order is correlated with other
characteristics
These data are from a network of streams near Santa Fe, NM
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Stream order can be used to describe real differences in drainages
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Stream Order
• Benefits
• Drawbacks
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The Problem:Order N into Order N+1
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Real Differences in Stream Networks?
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Why Classification Matters
• Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County vs. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
• In 2001, Supreme Court rules that Clean Water Act does not give Corps jurisdiction over “isolated” streams and wetlands.
• Sets off rush to re-classify streams and wetlands as “isolated”.
• In October 2005, Supreme Court agrees to hear additional arguments on wetland and stream protection.