classical genetics - objectives identify and label parts of chromosomes describe mendels discoveries...
DESCRIPTION
There are _____ pairs of chromosomes in humans giving ______ Total chromosomes A. The Chromosome This picture shows two copies of the chromosomes. Both sides are a single _____________. chromosome ____________ Single Strands of a chromosome ____________ Center of two identical chromosomes ________ A specific place on chromosome that is a genetic trait (the color coded parts) Chromatids Centromere GeneTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Classical Genetics - Objectives
• Identify and label parts of chromosomes• Describe Mendel’s discoveries• Perform genetic crosses• Identify and perform a karyotype• Analyze probabilities• Distinguish genotype and phenotype• Use Punnett Squares• Predict genetic outcomes• Use a Pedigree Chart
![Page 2: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A. The Chromosome
Chromosome
_______________ Thread-like strand made of DNA and proteins that transmits hereditary information.
Chromosome
Histones (proteins)
DNA
This is what we had to break down in the onion
![Page 3: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
There are _____ pairs of chromosomes in humans giving ______ Total chromosomes.
2346
A. The Chromosome
This picture shows two copies of the chromosomes. Both sides are a single _____________.chromosome
____________ Single Strands of a chromosome____________ Center of two identical chromosomes________ A specific place on chromosome that is a genetic trait (the color coded parts)
Chromatids
Centromere
Gene
![Page 4: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
B. Karyotype___________ An orderly arrangement of the chromosomes in an organism
Karyotype
Arrangement: Largest to Smallest
First 22 pairs are called: Autosomes
Last pair: ____________________ but may not match
Sex Chromosomes
XX = ________ XY = ______X is __________ than the Y chromosome
Female MaleLarger
![Page 5: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
B. KaryotypeKaryotypes detect:
__________________Genetic diseases
Find the mistakes?1.2.3.
Partial deletion (2)Total deletion (16)Trisomy (21) ?1.A _____copy of a gene2.Trisomy 21 is ___________________
3rd
Down’s Syndrome
![Page 6: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
__________ Type of organism with one copy of chromosomes. Some plants, algae, fungi.
C. InheritanceChromosomes are __________fromparents
inherited___ from mother___ from father11
__________ Type of organism with two copies of chromosomesHaploid
Diploid
_________ Cells that contain one-half the genetic information; sperm and egg in humans
Gamete
![Page 7: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
D. Genes and DominanceLet us say we are studying freckles.The blue gene is the gene for freckles.
But the two genes are different!One gene codes for Freckles andis labeled ___.
F
The other codes for NO Freckles and is labeled ___.f F f_________ are different forms of the same gene.Alleles
![Page 8: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
D. Genes and Dominance
F f
____________What the genes both are.
Genotype
____________What the organism LOOKS like.Phenotype
So the GENOTYPE IS ______
But what does the person LOOK LIKE?1. Lots of freckles?2. A few freckles?3. No freckles?
Ff
![Page 9: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
D. Genes and Dominance
F f
___________ genes always override____________ genes.DOMINANTRECESSIVE
Dominant = ___________________1. Are not the most ___________
Like polydactylism2. Most common are __________
Recessive = ___________________1. Act like they are ____________
CAPITAL LETTERS
lowercase lettersTurned off
common
wild type
![Page 10: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
D. Genes and Dominance
F f
Genotype PhenotypeFFFfff
FRECKLESFRECKLES
NO FRECKLES
Therefore our person has:
This is called _____________________.Complete Dominance
![Page 11: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
C. Inheritance
![Page 12: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
E. Other Types of Dominance
_________________________ The dominant and recessive blend together making a new phenotype.
Incomplete Dominance
RR rrRr
________________ Both phenotypes are displayed. Neither is dominant
Codominance
![Page 13: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
F. Punnett Squares
E eEePupil size in guinea pigsE = ____________ e = ___________
Mother and father are both ___Mother can give __ OR __Father can give __ OR __
EeEE
ee
Large pupil Small pupil
________________ shows all genetic possibilities of the offspring.Punnett Square
![Page 14: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
F. Punnett Squares
E
e
E eEE Ee
Ee ee
What % have genotype EE? ___________What % have genotype Ee?___________What % have genotype ee? ___________What % have PHENOTYPE Small pupils?______________What % have PHENOTYPE Large pupils?______________
¼ or 25%
¼ or 25%½ or 50%
¼ or 25%¾ or 75%
_________________________ Genotype EE; both dominant
_________________________ Genotype ee; both recessive
_________________________ Genotype Ee; mixed dom/rec
Homozygous Dominant
Homozygous Recessive
Heterozygous
![Page 15: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
F. Punnett Squares
In orchids, Purple flower (P) is dominant to White (p). If a Pp flower is crossed with a pp flower, show the Punnett square
What percent are Purple? ____________What percent are White? _____________
![Page 16: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
F. Punnett Squares - Dihybrid_____________________ using a Punnett square to track ONE genetic trait.Monohybrid crosses
_____________________ using a Punnett square to track TWO genetic traits.
Dihybrid crosses
Test cross of peas Y =y =W =w =
YellowGreenWrinkledSmooth
Parent peas’ genotypes:YyWw x YyWw
![Page 17: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
F. Punnett Squares - Dihybrid
YyWw x YyWw
![Page 18: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
F. Punnett Squares - DihybridYW Yw yW yw
YWYwyWyw
YYWWYYwwYYWw
YYWwYyWW
YyWW
yywwYyWw
YyWw
YyWwYyww
YywwYyWwyyWWyyWw
yyWw
% Yellow/Wrinkled: _______
% Yellow/Smooth:________
% Green/Wrinkled: _______
% Green/Smooth:________
![Page 19: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
G. Gregor MendelGregor Mendel is called _____________________
1. Was a _______2. Studied ____________3. Discovered the ______ laws of genetics
The father of geneticsMonk
Pea Plants2
Law 1: Law of Segregation: Alleles __________ during formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells)
Law 2: Independent Assortment: Each Trait is ______________ of one another
separate
Independent
![Page 20: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
H. Pedigree Chart• Male =
• Female =
• Sexual union =
• Offspring =
![Page 21: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
H. Pedigree ChartRecessive gene on X chromosome; affects males more than females.
![Page 22: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
H. Pedigree and X-linkage
Males with trait are: XrY
Females with trait are: XrXr
Males without the trait are XRY
![Page 23: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
I. Meiosis
___________ Cells with two copies of chromosomes
Diploid
___________ Cells with one copy of chromosomesHaploid
What cells need to be haploid?
GAMETES: The egg and sperm cellsGametes need to be haploid so you get 1 copy of chromosomes from each parent:
1 chromosome from mother1 chromosome from father= 2 copies!
![Page 25: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
I. Meiosis
Just like Mitosis!
![Page 26: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
I. Meiosis
NO interphase,This meansNO DNAREPLICATION
1 copy of eachChromosome!
![Page 27: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
I. Meiosis – Mr. Anderson 8:25
![Page 28: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
I. Meiosis ________________ Exchange of genetic material between identical chromosomes.
Crossing Over
McClintock &Creighton - discovery
Increases genetic diversity
![Page 29: Classical Genetics - Objectives Identify and label parts of chromosomes Describe Mendels discoveries Perform genetic crosses Identify and perform a karyotype](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b509b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
I. Meiosis
______________ - Genes on the same chromosome are usuallyInherited together.
Mendel’s Independent assortment does not apply during meiosis
Gene Linkage
_____________ - The closer together genes are, the more likely to be linked. A map of the chromosome can be developed.
Gene Map