Slide 1

Slide 2

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning

Slide 3

Slide 4

Humans are not born with a genetic layout for life Learning gives us flexibility Adaptability- Natures Greatest Gift

Slide 5

If it can be learned then it is teachable Change learned patterns through new learning

Slide 6

Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience Three types of learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational/Social Learning

Slide 7

How do we learn? Aristotle: We learn by association Learned associations feed habitual behaviors Repeating behaviors in a certain context lead those behaviors to be associated with the contexts

Slide 8

Associate Learning: learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence

Slide 9

Conditioning is the process of learning associations Classical conditioning: 2 stimuli and we can anticipate events Operant conditioning: learn to associate a response and its consequences

Slide 10

Kobe Cow

Slide 11

Conditioning is not the only type of learning Observational Learning- learn from others experience

Slide 12

Classical condition is learning by association it is sometimes called reflexive learning it is sometimes called respondent conditioning The Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, and his dogs circa 1905 discovered classical conditioning by serendipity received the Nobel Prize in science for discovery

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Association: the KEY element in classical conditioning Pavlov considered classical conditioning to be a form of learning through association, in time, of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that incites a response. Any stimulus can be paired with another to make an association if it is done in the correct way (following the classical conditioning paradigm)

Slide 17

Terminology of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): any stimulus that will always and naturally ELICIT a response Unconditioned Response (UCR): any response that always and naturally occurs at the presentation of the UCS Neutral Stimulus (NS): any stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response associated with the UCR

Slide 18

Terminology of Classical Conditioning (continued) Conditioned Stimulus (CS): any stimulus that will, after association with an UCS, cause a conditioned response (CR) when present to a subject by itself Conditioned Response (CR): any response that occurs upon the presentation of the CS

Slide 19

Certain stimuli can elicit a reflexive response Air puff produces an eye-blink Smelling a grilled steak can produce salivation The reflexive stimulus (UCS) and response (UCR) are unconditioned The neutral stimulus is referred to as the conditioned stimulus (CS) In classical conditioning, the CS is repeatedly paired with the reflexive stimulus (UCS) Conditioning is best when the CS precedes the UCS Eventually the CS will produce a response (CR) similar to that produced by the UCS

Slide 20

The Classical Conditioning paradigm paradigm is a scientific word similar to using the word recipe in a kitchen, I.e., this is how you do it UCS--------------------->UCR NS------------->UCS--------------------->UCR CS------------------------------------------>CR Thats all there is to it

Slide 21

Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Response

Slide 22

Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Response Neutral Stimulus

Slide 23

Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Response Neutral Stimulus

Slide 24

Conditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus

Slide 25

Classical conditioning is involved in many of our behaviors wherever stimuli are paired together over time we come to react to one of them as if the other were present a particular song is played and you immediately think of a particular romantic partner a particular cologne is smelled and you immediately think of a romantic partner

Slide 26

Pepper and Smoking Treatment for phobias and aversions Relief for Insomniacs Cancer and Chemotherapy Acne and the folks

Slide 27

Some pointers on effective conditioning NS and UCS pairings must not be more than about 1/2 second apart for best results Repeated NS/UCS pairings are called training trials Presentations of CS without UCS pairings are called extinction trials Intensity of UCS effects how many training trials are necessary for conditioning to occur

Slide 28

Generalization Learning on stimulus A changes behavior regarding stimulus B Discrimination Learning on stimulus A doesnt change behavior regarding stimulus B Extinction Loss of learned behavior after training stops Spontaneous Recovery Exhibiting learned behavior after extinction has occurred.

Slide 29

B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

Slide 30

Different from classical conditioning Classical conditioning is respondent behavior Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli

Slide 31

Operant conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Slide 32

Operant behavior: behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences We can distinguish by asking if the organism learns association between events it does not control or is it learning associations between its behavior and resulting events?

Slide 33

Operant conditioning works on the law of effect: Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by un favorable consequences become less likely

Slide 34

Skinner developed the Skinner box, or the operant chamber

Slide 35

Shaping: an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Slide 36

Reinforcers: Any event that strengthens behavior it follows

Slide 37

Types: Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

Slide 38

Positive Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli, such as food. This should strengthen the response

Slide 39

Negative Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ex. Pushing your soonze button or taking an aspirin

Slide 40

Types of reinforcers Primary: meets some biological need Conditioned: gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (secondary) Ex. Light in the Skinner box

Slide 41

Punishment An event that decreases the behavior it follows

Slide 42

Positive Punishment: Physical Punishment Ex. Spanking Negative Punishment: Removal of a pleasant stimulus Ex. Grounding, taking away phone, etc.

Slide 43

Notes on physical punishment (Gershoff and Marshall, 2002) Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten 9/10 parents of 3-4 year olds spank Punishment teaches discrimination Punishment can teach fear Physical punishment could model aggression as way to cope with problems

Slide 44

The question with operant conditioning is: how often should one reinforce a behavior?

Slide 45

Two schedules of reinforcement: Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement

Slide 46

Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Examples of continuous reinforcement: Also the way to reinforce when potty training

Slide 47

Continuous Reinforcement: Extinction happens quickly once reinforcement is stopped

Slide 48

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement: Reinforcing a response only part of the time Results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Slide 49

Types of partial reinforcement Fixed-ration schedules Variable-ratio schedules Fixed-interval schedules Variable-interval schedules

Slide 50

Fixed Ratio Schedules: reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Example: for every ten cups of coffee you purchase, the 11 th is free

Slide 51

Variable Ratio Schedules: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a random number of behaviors have occurred Example:

Slide 52

Fixed-Interval schedules: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Example:

Slide 53

Variable Interval Schedules: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Examples:

Slide 54