classical biological control...cassava green mite also invaded africa, causing important losses...
TRANSCRIPT
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Classical Biological Control
The ecological response to
invasive insects and plants
Read chs 9 &11
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Conceptual Model of Classical Biological Control
Goal is not reconstruction of the whole trophic superstructure, only transference of specialized
primary natural enemies
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Many insect pests are nonnative species. In MA, 48% of pests of ornamental plants are invasive
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Olive scale
Larch sawfly
CA red scale
Winter moth
90% control
99.9% control
99.9% control
95% control
How much are pest densities reduced by classical biological control of insects?
Date of natural enemyintroduction
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Steps in Classical Biological Control
Research1.Target selection and taxonomy2. Foreign exploration3. Quarantine host range estimation4. Introduction and establishment5. Intensive and then wide evaluation6. Grower and public education
Extension
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Example#1 of CBC:Ash whitefly in CA in
the 1990s
nymph
adult
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Ash whitefly infested yard and street trees over thousands of square miles in southern California
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Whiteflies reached high densities, covering all available leaf surfaces
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Encarsia inaron, the aphelinid that completely controlled Ash whitefly in the United States
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The parasitoid Encarsia inaron, introduced from Europe reduced the pest over 99.99% in 18 months
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Example #2: Euonymous scale in MA
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Euonymus scale is an Asian armored scale capable of killing ornamental euonymus plants in the landscape
Dead euonymus hedgekilled by scale
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The imported natural enemies included the coccinellid Chilocorus kuwanae
Pupae
Larva adult
egg
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Natural enemies introduced against euonymus scale included the cybocephalid
Cybocephalus nr nipponicus
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Natural enemies introduced against euonymus scale included the aphelinid parasitoids in
Encarsia, Coccobius, and Aphytis
parasitoid
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parasitoid
Numerous pupae and larvae of C. kuwanae on euonymus scale
Establishment and Spread-requires high population growth rate of natural enemy
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Documentation of spread of Chilocorus kuwanaeafter release– predator of euonymus scale
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Dead euonymous hedgekilled by scale
Spread of natural enemies: % of euonymus in landscape with heavy scale infestations with Chilocorus kuwanae
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Spread of natural enemies% of euonymus in landscape with Chilocorus kuwanae
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Evaluation of Natural Enemy Impact- study sites for determination of effect of Chilocorus kuwanae
on euonymus scale
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Evaluation of Natural Enemy Impact- effect of Chilocorus kuwanae on euonymus scale,
Control Site- no predator release
Plant died in fall
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Evaluation of Natural Enemy Impact- effect of Chilocorus kuwanae on euonymus scale-Release site
Predator build up
Scale decline
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Predator build up
Scale decline
Evaluation of Natural Enemy Impact- effect of Chilocorus kuwanae on euonymus scale Release site
Predator build up
Scale decline
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Predator build up
Evaluation of Natural Enemy Impact- SUMMARY Effect of Chilocorus kuwanae on euonymus scale
averaged over all 28 research sites
Predator presentPredator absent
Conclusion: sites with increasing scale typically lacked the predator, while sites with the predator typically decreased in scale density
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Predator build up
Scale decline
Effect of physical size of area on speed of impact of Chilocorus kuwanae on euonymus scale. At a small
scale (apartment complex with shrubs dispersed over about 100 acres) control was seen in 1 year
Data are % of shrubs with various scale density (N= none, L= light, M= medium, H= heavy)
release
impact46.012.7
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Predator build up
For all MA, impact was detectable 4-5 years after release and but increased further by 13 years post release
2002 - 1119 38.5 38.8 11.1 11.6
20.9
13.7
11.6
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Predator build upPredator presentPredator absent
Economic evaluation of Natural Enemy Impact-Cohort study of effect of scale density on 1-yr plant
survival in the landscape
No effect for L or M, high impact H
3.0% 2.1% 4.2% 12.1%
Control value
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Example #3: Cassava mealybug in Africa
Cassava roots Cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti
Cassava in West Africa-staple for millions
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Cassava roots Cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti
Healthy cassava
Cassava tip killed by mealbugs
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Cassava roots Cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihotiHealthy
cassava
Cassava tip killed by mealbugsCassava belt is as big as the United States
Cassava mealybug invaded Africa in early 1970s, As it spread and reached high densities,
cassava yields plummeted
Cassava mealybug invaded Africa in early 1970s, As it spread and reached high densities,
cassava yields plummeted
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The new species, later called P. manihoti, was found in subtropical Paraguay (red)
With financial support from international donors, a CBC program was instigated
Search at first concentrated on the full tropics because the pest was though to be P. herreni, but later was recognized as a new species
With financial support from international donors, a CBC program was instigated
With financial support from international donors, a CBC program was instigated
P. herreni is found in northern SA (yellow)
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Example #2: Cassava mealybug in Africa
This parasitoid controlled the pest in Africa
Epidinocarsis lopesiEncyrtidae
Chemical check method
Decline due to onset of rainy season
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Example #4: Cassava green mite in Africa
Cassava green mite and its damageMononychellus tanajoa
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Cassava green mite also invaded Africa, causing important losses
Classical biological control of spider mites had never been done before
A massive search of phytoseiids associated with cassava in South America found over 60 species
Climate matching of infested areas of Africa and source areas in South America suggested 5 species for initial introduction
Among those introduced, one species, Typhlodromalus aripo, increased and controlled the pest
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Typhlodromalus aripo, the phytoseiid that controlled cassava green mite in Africa
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Typhlodromalus aripo was widely released and established, using an aerial release system to cover
roadless areas
Areas with T. aripoestablishment; cross hatched areas, releases made but est. not confirmed
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Planes were used to release mites in roadless areas, dropping vials with that released threads that tangled in bushes. Mites exited vials by climbing on threads onto foliageVials exit from special tube
Release vials contained mites and threads
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Typhlodromalus aripo controlled cassava green mite upon release and has continued to suppress it
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Typhlodromalus aripo controlled cassava green mite in Africa and yields increased 32%
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The value of control of cassava green mite in Africa by Typhlodromalus aripo has been over
$100,000,000 in West Africa alone
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Example #5: Blue gum psyllid in California
Eucalyptus pulverulentais grown in CA for use in floral bouquets
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Blue gum psyllids
feeding on species of
Eucalyptus
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Many eucalypt insects are invading California where these trees are widely planted as exotics.
Control depends on releasing specific parasitoids.
Blue gum psyllid
Its parasitoidPsyllaephagus pilosus
Blue gum pysllid is not a pest in its native Australia
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Example #5: Blue gum psyllid in California
Parasitoidbuild up
BC of blue gum psyllid in California
Parasitoid build up
Pre CBC pysllid #s
Post CBCpysllid #s
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Economic of CBC of Blue gum psyllid in California
Prior to CBC, blue gum growers applied 3 pesticide applications per year at $45-100 / acre each
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Example #6: Pathogen CBC control of mist flower in Hawaii
All dark is mist flower
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All dark is mist flowerSmut-killed mist flower shrub
The white smut Entyloma ageratinae was the highly effective control agent
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Close up of mist flower shoots infected by the white smut Entyloma ageratinae
See black marks on leaves
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Dark green shrubs are goneReplaced by light green grass
Post CBC picture showing disappearance of most of the mist flower shrubs
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Example #7: Control of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) by two Neochetina weevils
N. eichhornia N. bruchi
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Example #7: Control of waterhyacinth in LousianaControl of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) by the weevils Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae
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Biological control of waterhyacinth in Lake Victoria in Africa
Before After