classic claim of the carib indians in west indies 1 extreme claim that men and women speak two...

Classic Claim of the Carib IndianClassic Claim of the Carib Indians in West Indies 1s in West Indies 1

Extreme Claim that men and women speak two different languages:

"…when Europeans first arrived in the Lesser Antilles and made contact with the Carib Indians who lived there, they discovered that the men and women 'spoke difference languages'."

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 65.

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Classic Claim of the Carib IndianClassic Claim of the Carib Indians in West Indies 2s in West Indies 2

More Thoughtful Conclusion / Explanation

"it seems certain that, although there were clear differences between men's and women's speech, only a relatively small number of vocabulary items were involved. The men and women, that is, did not speak different languages. Rather, they spoke different varieties of the same language—the differences were lexical only." Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 65.

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Pronouns Pronouns

MaleMale FemaleFemale OtherOther

EnglishEnglish hehe sheshe ititFrenchFrench ilil elleelleFinnishFinnish hänhän hhäännChineseChinese tata tata

他他 (( 祂祂 )) 她她它它牠牠 ThaiThai phomphom dichandichan

““I”I” “I”“I” (between equals)(between equals)ChineseChinese nini nini

你你妳妳 Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 62.

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Koasati: Accounting for Koasati: Accounting for Gender DifferencesGender Differences

Women’s FormsWomen’s Forms Men’s FormsMen’s Forms

OlderOlder NewerNewer

ConservativeConservative InnovativeInnovative

(Evaluated as “better”)(Evaluated as “better”)


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Women and the Standard / Women and the Standard / Prestige Variety Prestige Variety

““In all the cases examined, it has been shown In all the cases examined, it has been shown that, allowing for other factors such as social that, allowing for other factors such as social class, ethnic group and age, women on average class, ethnic group and age, women on average use forms which more closely approach those of use forms which more closely approach those of the standard variety or the prestige accent than the standard variety or the prestige accent than those used by men, although we cannot predict those used by men, although we cannot predict which form a given man or woman is going to which form a given man or woman is going to use on a given occasion.”use on a given occasion.”


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Variation in Men’s and Women’s Variation in Men’s and Women’s Speech in Detroit 1 Speech in Detroit 1

Percentage of multiple negation usedPercentage of multiple negation used

MaleMale FemaleFemale

UMCUMC 6.36.3 0.00.0

LMCLMC 32.332.3 1.41.4

UWCUWC 40.040.0 35.635.6

LWCLWC 90.190.1 58.958.9Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp. 70-71.

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Variation in Men’s and Women’s Variation in Men’s and Women’s Speech in Detroit 2Speech in Detroit 2

Percentage of non-prevocalic /r/ in Detroit Percentage of non-prevocalic /r/ in Detroit Black speechBlack speech

MaleMale FemaleFemaleUMCUMC 66.766.7 90.090.0LMCLMC 52.552.5 70.070.0

UWCUWC 20.020.0 44.244.2LWCLWC 25.025.0 31.7 31.7

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp. 70-71.

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Stratification according to Social Stratification according to Social Class and SexClass and Sex

Montgomery, Martin. 1995. An Introduction to Language and Society, second edition. London: Routledge, p. 152.

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Gender and Social AttitudesGender and Social Attitudes

"Gender differentiation in language, then arises because…language, as a social phenomenon, is closely related to social attitudes. Men and women are socially different in that society lays down different social roles for them and expects different behaviour patterns from them. Language simply reflects this social fact."


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Changing Social Roles Changing Social Roles Changing Language Changing Language

"If the social roles of men and women change, moreover, as they seem to be doing currently in many societies, then it is likely that gender differences in language will change or diminish also…."

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp. 79-80.

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Language and Gender Language and Gender

“Tendencies towards gender-based linguistic differentiation, then, are the result of different social attitudes towards the behaviour of men and women, and of the attitudes men and women themselves consequently have to language as a social symbol.”


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The Recognition The Recognition of Sex-Linked Registerof Sex-Linked Registerby the Intermediate and by the Intermediate and Advanced ESL StudentAdvanced ESL Student11

Robert L. GoodRobert L. GoodBrigham Young University Brigham Young University

[1][1] This paper was originally presented at a conference of the This paper was originally presented at a conference of the Intermountain Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Intermountain Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, October 15-16, 1982 and was Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, October 15-16, 1982 and was published in published in ITESOL Papers: BYUITESOL Papers: BYU. Vols. 3 and 4, 1982-83, pp. 72-80.. Vols. 3 and 4, 1982-83, pp. 72-80.

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Survey Survey

MM M/wM/w M/WM/W W/mW/m WW

1. “That’s a terrific story.”1. “That’s a terrific story.”

2. “That’s an adorable story.”2. “That’s an adorable story.”

3. “Damn it, the TV set broke!”3. “Damn it, the TV set broke!”

4. “Won’t you please close the door?”4. “Won’t you please close the door?”

5. “I was damn mad.”5. “I was damn mad.”

6. “That was an adorable movie.”6. “That was an adorable movie.”

7. “My goodness, that’s the President!”7. “My goodness, that’s the President!”

8. “That’s a divine story.”8. “That’s a divine story.”

9. “I’ll be damned, there’s a friend of mine!”9. “I’ll be damned, there’s a friend of mine!”

10. “I was so tired.”10. “I was so tired.”

Edelsky, Carole. 1974. Evidence for the Existence and Acquisition of an Aspect of Communicative Competence: Recognition of Sex of Speaker from Linguistic Cues—or—Knowing How to Talk like a Lady. Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico. 13/16

Table 1Table 1Variables and Classifications Variables and Classifications

VariableVariable ClassificationClassification

1 1 terrificterrific MWMW

2 2 adorableadorable WW

3 3 damn itdamn it MM

4 4 won't you pleasewon't you please WW

5 5 damn + ADJ.damn + ADJ. MM

6 6 my goodnessmy goodness WW

7 7 divinedivine WW

8 8 I'll be damnedI'll be damned MM

9 9 soso WW

10 10 goodgood MWMW14/16

Table 1Table 1Variables and Classifications Variables and Classifications

VariableVariable ClassificationClassification

11 11 TAG QUEST.TAG QUEST. MW/WMW/W12 12 PLAIN ADJ.PLAIN ADJ. MW/WMW/W13 13 shitshit MM14 14 greatgreat MWMW15 15 veryvery MWMW16 16 darlingdarling WW17 17 oh dearoh dear WW18 18 COMMANDCOMMAND MW/MMW/M19 19 NO TAGNO TAG MWMW20 20 justjust WW

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Table 2—ModifiedTable 2—ModifiedSubject Data and MeansSubject Data and Means

ELC ELC Sex Sex TotalsTotals RelRelLevel Level MM F F3 cell size3 cell size 77 6 6 1313 +.061+.061 meanmean 26.7126.71 23.33 23.33 25.15 25.15

4 cell size4 cell size 44 9 9 1313 +.60+.60 meanmean 26.7526.75 26.89 26.89 26.8526.85

5 cell size5 cell size 44 6 6 1010 -.32-.32 meanmean 27.7527.75 29.00 29.00 28.50 28.50

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classic claim of the carib indians in west indies 1 extreme claim that men and women speak two...

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