class report yun-huei ju 2004-2-26. movement science motor control, motor learning, and motor...
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Class Report
Yun-Huei Ju
2004-2-26
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Movement Science
• Motor control, motor learning, and motor development
• “Kinesiology”
• Socrates said that before we begin to understand our world, we must first understand ourselves
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Legacy-1
• Socrates
• Aristotle (384-322 B. C.)
• Archimedes (287-212 B. C.)
• Galen (131-201 A. D.)
• Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
• Galileo Galilee (1564-1642)http://paperairplane.mit.edu/16.423J/Space/SBE/projects/swing/HumanMovement.htm
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Legacy-2
• René Descartes (1596-1690)
• Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679)
• Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)
• Francesco Maria Grimaidi (1613-1663)
• Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
• Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)
• Etienne Jules Marey (1830-1904)http://paperairplane.mit.edu/16.423J/Space/SBE/projects/swing/HumanMovement.htm
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Motor and Sensory Nerve
• Galen (131-201 A.D.)
• distinguished between motor & sensory nerves and agonist & antagonist muscles
http://paperairplane.mit.edu/16.423J/Space/SBE/projects/swing/HumanMovement.htm
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Automatic Reaction
• René Descartes (1596-1690)
• “external motions affect the peripheral ends of the nerve fibrils, which in turn displace the central ends. As the central ends are displaced, the pattern of interfibrillar space is rearranged and the flow of animal spirits is thereby directed into the appropriate nerves.”
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/Descartes.html
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Withdrawal Reflex
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences/9-05Neural-Basis-of-MovementSpring2003/CourseHome/
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Muscle Contraction
• Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679) • The basis of muscle contraction is in the mu
scle fibers
http://encarta.msn.com
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Electrical Potential
• Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)• “Father of Experimental Neurol
ogy”• “The Effects of Electricity on
Muscular Motion was probably earliest explicit statement of the presence of electrical potentials in nerve & muscle”
http://paperairplane.mit.edu/16.423J/Space/SBE/projects/swing/HumanMovement.htm
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Experimental Set-up
http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/galvani.htm
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Function of Sensory and Motor Nerve
• Charles Bell (1774-1842)• “Bell discovered the law on prim
arily anatomical evidence; Magendie verified it in living animals. The definite proof, however, is credited Johannes Peter M (1801-1858), who performed his experiment on the frog in 1831”
http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/2383.html
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Achievements
• Bell Nerve– The posterior or long thoracic nerve
• Bell-Magendie Law– The anterior spinal nerve roots consist only motor fiber
s and posterior roots only sensory fibers
• Bell’s Palsy– Peripheral, idiopathic paralysis of facial muscles
http://hsc.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/classics/Bell.html
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Functions of The Neurons
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932
• Sir Charles Scott Sherrington & Edgar Douglas Adrian
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Reflex Model
• Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952)
• “ The unit reaction of nervous integration is the reflex, because every reflex is an integrative reaction, and no nervous action short of a reflex is a complete act of integration….Coordination, therefore, is in part the compounding of reflexes”
http://encarta.msn.com; Horak, 1991
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Sherrington's law
• when one set of muscles is stimulated, muscles opposing the action of the first are simultaneously inhibited.
• Sensory information is important
http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/542_91.html; Horak, 1991
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Hierarchical Model
• Sir Hughlings Jacksons (1835-1911)• Observation of his wife’s epileptic seizures• “The brain was divided into different sectio
ns, and that each section controlled the motor function (or movement) of a different part of the body. And since the pattern never varied, the way the brain is organized must also be set.”
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26727
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Hierarchical Model
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=44135; Horak, 1991
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Different View
• Sherrington’s colleague, T. Graham Brown
• No sensory is needed to drive movement
• Motor program proposed
http://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/neuro/chap8/index.php?print
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http://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/neuro/chap8/index.php?print
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Different View
• Nikolai Bernstein (1896- 1966)
• “To understand neural control of movement, must understand the characteristics of the system you are moving and the forces acting on the system”
• Emergence
http://faculty.uca.edu/~amymac/motor-control/Theories%20of%20Motor%20Control.rtf http://www.pmciv.unicaen.fr/
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System Model
Horak, 1991
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Summary
• Start from Descartes
• CNS is the only mechanism– Hardwire and fixed, singular direction, passive
role of CNS
• Complicated mechanism– Flexible, adaptation, & active participation of
CNS