class 8 ncrt impt parts only

8/17/2019 CLASS 8 NCRT Impt Parts Only

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8th Class NCERT

1. Tribals

1.a Some were Jhum cultivators

Shifting cultivation This was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. Thecultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground,and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation.

They spread the ash from the ring, which contained potash, tofertilise the soil. They used the axe to cut trees. They broadcastthe seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the eld instead of

ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop wasready and harvested, they moved to another eld. A eld that hadbeen cultivated once was left fallow for several years,

1.b Some were hunters and gatherers

The Khonds were such a community living in the forests of Orissa. They regularly went out on collective hunts and thendivided the meat amongst themselves. They ate fruits and roots

collected from the forest and cooked food with the oil theyextracted from the seeds of the sal and mahua. They used manyforest shrubs and herbs for medicinal purposes, and sold forestproduce in the local markets. The local weavers and leatherworkers turned to the Khonds when they needed supplies of kusum and palash owers to colour their clothes and leather.


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At times they exchanged goods ! getting what they needed inreturn for their valuable forest produce. At other times theybought goods with the small amount of earnings they had. "omeof them did odd #obs in the villages, carrying loads or buildingroads, while others laboured in the elds of peasants and farmers.


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$hen supplies of forest produce shrank, tribal people had toincreasingly wander around in search of work as labourers. %utmany of them ! like the %aigas of central &ndia ! were reluctant todo work for others. The %aigas saw themselves as people of the

forest, who could only live on the produce of the forest. &t wasbelow the dignity of a %aiga to become a labourer.

1.c Some herded animals

$hen the grass in one place was exhausted, they moved toanother area. The 'an (u##ars of the )un#ab hills and the *abadisof Andhra )radesh were cattle herders, the (addis of Kulu wereshepherds, and the %akarwals of Kashmir reared goats.

1.d Some too to settled cultivation

They began to use the plough, and gradually got rights over theland they lived on. &n many cases, like the +undas of hottanagpur, the land belonged to the clan as a whole.

!. "ow #id Colonial Rule $%ect Tribal &ives'

-nder %ritish rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefschanged considerably. They were allowed to keep their land titlesover a cluster of villages and rent out lands, but they lost much of their administrative power and were forced to follow laws madeby %ritish ocials in &ndia. They also had to pay tribute to the%ritish, and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the %ritish.

They lost the authority they had earlier en#oyed amongst theirpeople, and were unable to full their traditional functions.

(. )hat ha**ened to the shifting cultivators' The %ritish were uncomfortable with groups who moved aboutand did not have a xed home. They wanted tribal groups tosettle down and become peasant cultivators. "ettled peasantswere easier to control and administer than people who werealways on the move. The %ritish also wanted a regular revenue


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source for the state. "o they introduced land settlements . /humcultivators in north0east &ndia.

+. ,orest laws and their im*act

changes in forest laws had a considerable e1ect on tribal lives. The %ritish extended their control over all forests and declaredthat forests were state property. "ome forests were classied as2eserved 3orests for they produced timber which the %ritishwanted. &n these forests people were not allowed to move freely,practise -hum cultivation, collect fruits, or hunt animals.olonial ocials came up with a solution. They decided that theywould give #hum cultivators small patches of land in the forestsand allow them to cultivate these on the condition that those wholived in the villages would have to provide labour to the 3orest4epartment and look after the forests. +any tribal groups reactedagainst the colonial forest laws. They disobeyed the new rules,continued with practices that were declared illegal, and at timesrose in open rebellion. "uch was the revolt of SongramSangma in 5678 in Assam, and the forest satyagraha of the5697s in the entral )rovinces.

. The *roblem with trade&n present0day /harkhand, was an area where the "anthals reared

cocoons. The traders dealing in silk sent in their agents who gave

loans to the tribal people and collected the cocoons .

/. The search for wor

3rom the late nineteenth century, tea plantations started comingup and mining became an important industry. Tribals wererecruited in large numbers to work the tea plantations of Assamand the coal mines of /harkhand. They were recruited throughcontractors who paid them miserably low wages, and preventedthem from returning home.


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Tribal groups in di1erent parts of the country rebelled against thechangesin laws, the restrictions on their practices, the new taxes they hadto pay, and the exploitation by traders and moneylenders. The

Kols rebelled in 5:9509;, "anthals rose in revolt in 5:the age of truth? ! when +undas lived a good life, constructedembankments, tapped natural springs, planted trees and

orchards, practised cultivation to earn their living. They did not killtheir brethren and relatives. They lived honestly. %irsa alsowanted people to once again work on their land, settle down andcultivate their elds. $hat worried %ritish ocials most was thepolitical aim of the %irsa movement, for it wanted to drive outmissionaries, moneylenders, @indu landlords, and the governmentand set up a +unda 2a# with %irsa at its head. The movementidentied all these forces as the cause of the misery the +undaswere su1ering. %irsas followers began targeting the symbols of

diku and Buropean power. They attacked police stations andchurches, and raided the property of moneylenders andCamindars. They raised the white ag as a symbol of %irsa 2a#. &n5677 %irsa died of cholera and the movement faded out.@owever, the movement was signicant in at least two ways. 3irst! it forced the colonial government to introduce laws so that theland of the tribals could not be easily taken over by dikus. "econd


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The rst cotton mill in &ndia was set up as a spinning mill in%ombay in 5:T&"O?that came up began producing steel in 565;.

Together with @enry Thomas olebrooke and Gathaniel @alhed, /ones set up the $siatic Societ3 of %engal, and started a #ournal

called Asiatick 2esearches. The ourt of 4irectors of the Bast &ndiaompany in *ondon sent an educational despatch to the(overnor0(eneral in &ndia. &ssued by harles $ood, the )residentof the %oard of ontrol of the ompany, it has come to be knownas )ood4s #es*atch. +adrasa was set up in alcutta in 5D:5 topromote the study of Arabic, )ersian and &slamic lawH and the@indu ollege was established in %enaras in 5D65 to encourage


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the study of ancient "anskrit texts that would be useful for theadministration of the country. /ames +ill was one of those whoattacked the Orientalists. The %ritish e1ort, he declared, shouldnot be to teach what the natives wanted, or what minute, the

Bnglish Bducation Act of 5:9< was introduced. The decision wasto make Bnglish the medium of instruction for higher education,and to stop the promotion of Oriental institutions like the alcutta+adrasa and %enaras "anskrit ollege. These institutions wereseen as Itemples of darkness that were falling of themselves intodecayJ. Bnglish textbooks now began to be produced for schools.

5:


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5hule claimed that before Aryan rule there existed a golden agewhen warrior0peasants tilled the land and ruled the +arathacountryside in #ust and fair ways. @e proposed that "hudras

>labouring castes? and Ati "hudras >untouchables? should unite tochallenge caste discrimination. The "atyashodhak "ama#, anassociation )hule founded, propagated caste eEuality. &n 5:D9,)hule wrote a book named (ulamgiri, meaning slavery.

)eriyar founded the Self Res*ect 2ovement.

8. The 5rarthana Sama-

Bstablished in 5:8D at %ombay, the )rarthana "ama# sought to

remove caste restrictions, abolish child marriage, encourage theeducation of women, and end the ban on widow remarriage. &tsreligious meetings drew upon @indu, %uddhist and hristiantexts..

6. The 7eda Sama-

Bstablished in +adras >hennai? in 5:8=, the 'eda "ama# wasinspired by the %rahmo "ama#. &t worked to abolish castedistinctions and promote widow remarriage and womenseducation. &ts members believed in one (od. They condemnedthe superstitions and rituals of orthodox @induism.

1. The $ligarh 2ovement

The +ohammedan Anglo0Oriental ollege, founded by "ayyidAhmed Khan in 5:D< at Aligarh, later became the Aligarh +uslim-niversity. The institution o1ered modern education, including$estern science, to +uslims. The Aligarh +ovement, as it was

known, had an enormous impact in the area of educationalreform.


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11. The Singh Sabha 2ovement

2eform organisations of the "ikhs, the rst "ingh "abhas wereformed at Amritsar in 5:D9 and at *ahore in 5:D6. The "abhassought to rid "ikhism of superstitions, caste distinctions and

practices seen by them as non0"ikh. They promoted educationamong the "ikhs, often combining modern instruction with "ikhteachings.

class 8 ncrt impt parts only

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