class #37: monday, november 301 human influences on climate (continued)
TRANSCRIPT
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Class #37: Monday, November 30
Human influences on climate
(continued)
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Review for test #4
• Chapter 13, pages 373-407, the entire chapter
• Chapter 14, pages 411-438, the entire chapter
• Chapter 15, pages 441-465, the entire chapter
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Primary air pollutants
• Emitted directly by sources
• Carbon monoxide, a gas, incomplete combustion, can cause death in small concentrations, emitted by vehicles and defective heating devices
• Lead, a particulate, brain damage, in some paints and treated gasoline, outlawed now
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More primary air pollutants
• Oxides of sulfur, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, respiratory irritant, emitted in burning fossil fuels containing sulfur
• Oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, pulmonary problems, emitted by high-temperature combustion of fossil fuels in transportation and electric energy generation
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More primary air pollutants
• Hydrocarbons, also called volatile organic compounds, or VOCs– Some are carcinogens– Are made up of hydrogen and carbon– Emitted by motor vehicles, dry cleaning
• Particulates, small particles– Smallest are most dangerous to lungs
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Secondary air pollutants
• Are produced in chemical reactions with primary air pollutants
• Present harder-to-solve problems than primary air pollutants
• Include acid deposition and photochemical oxidants (smog)/ozone
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Acid deposition
• Can be acid rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry
• Formed when oxides of nitrogen and sulfur combine with water vapor or liquid water to produce nitric acid and sulfuric acid
• In water, allows toxic heavy metals to leach out and contaminate drinking water
• Damage to structures, make lakes toxic
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Fig. 15-4, p. 445
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pH level of rain in 2001
Fig. 15-5, p. 446
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Photochemical oxidants/smog/ozone
• Irritates eyes, nose, throat; causes coughing chest pain, and shortness of breath, aggravates asthma and bronchitis
• Forms when sunlight acts on a combination of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxygen
• Ozone is the main component, with PAN and formaldehyde
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Table 15-1, p. 445
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Table 15-2, p. 445
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Fig. 15-7, p. 448
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Fig. 15-6, p. 447
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Fig. 15-8, p. 449
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Fig. 15-1, p. 442
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Fig. 15-22, p. 465
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