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CORPUS LINGUISTICS
Critical Concepts in LinguisticsSeries editor: Carlos P. Otero
Other titles in this series:
MorphologyEdited with a new introduction by Francis Katamba
6 volume set
LexicographyEdited with a new introduction by Reinhard Hartmann
SemanticsEdited with a new introduction by Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach
6 volume set
PragmaticsEdited with a new introduction by Asa Kasher
6 volume set
PhonologyEdited with a new introduction by Charles W. Kreidler
6 volume set
Critical Discourse AnalysisEdited with a new introduction by Michael Toolan
4 volume set
World EnglishesEdited with a new introduction by Kingsley Bolton and
Braj B. Kachru6 volume set
SyntaxEdited with a new introduction by Robert Freidin and
Howard Lasnik6 volume set
Forthcoming:
LexicologyEdited with a new introduction by Patrick Hanks
6 volume set
SociolinguisticsEdited with a new introduction by Nikolas Coupland and
Adam Jaworski6 volume set
Language AcquisitionEdited with a new introduction by Charles Yang
4 volume set
CORPUS LINGUISTICS
Critical Concepts in Linguistics
Edited byWolfgang Teubert
&Ramesh Krishnamurthy
Volume I
First published 2007by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Editorial material and selection © 2007 Wolfgang Teubert & RameshKrishnamurthy; individual owners retain copyright in their own material
Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Graphicraft Limited, Hong KongPrinted and bound in Great Britain byMPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted orreproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafterinvented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission inwriting from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataA catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN10: 0-415-33895-6 (Set)ISBN10: 0-415-33896-4 (Volume I)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-33895-0 (Set)ISBN13: 978-0-415-33896-7 (Volume I)
Publisher’s NoteReferences within each chapter are as they appear in the original complete work
Dedication
In fond memory of John Sinclair (1933–2007) a pioneer of corpuslinguistics and an illuminating mentor, colleague, and friend
vi
vii
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements xixChronological table of reprinted articles and chapters xxiiiForeword xxxvii
General introduction 1
VOLUME I
PART 1
Theoretical aspects of corpus linguistics 39
1 The importance of corpus linguistics to understanding thenature of language 41
2 Does corpus linguistics exist? Some old and new issues 58
3 The corpus-driven approach 74 -
4 “Corporate bridges” twixt text and language 93
5 Corpora, databases and the organisation of linguistic data 119
6 Writing, hermeneutics, and corpus linguistics 134
7 Apples and oranges: on comparing data from different corpora 160
viii
8 Corpus linguistics, Chomsky and fuzzy tree fragments 173
9 Meaning in the framework of corpus linguistics 182
10 “Corpus linguistics” or “computer-aided armchair linguistics” 197
PART 2
History of corpus linguistics 221
11 English lexical collocations: a study in computationallinguistics 223
12 Interview with John Sinclair conducted by WolfgangTeubert 270
13 Problems of assembling and computerizing large corpora 285.
14 Towards a description of English usage 299
15 The value of a corpus in English language research:a reappraisal 315
16 Claimed and unclaimed sources of corpus linguistics 326
VOLUME II
Acknowledgements ix
PART 3
Corpus composition and compilation 1
17 Corpora 3
ix
18 Compiling and using the IJS-ELAN parallel corpus 18t
19 Where did we go wrong? A retrospective look at theBritish National Corpus 35
20 Towards an English–Norwegian parallel corpus 55
21 The American National Corpus: overall goals and thefirst release 69
22 Parallel corpora: a real-time approach to the study oflanguage change in progress 77
23 The development of the International Corpus of English 91
24 Corpus design criteria 99 ,
25 Representativeness in corpus design 134
26 The computer learner corpus: a versatile new source of datafor SLA research 166
27 Evolution and present situation of corpus research in China 183
PART 4
Standardisation, alignment, tagging and corpus relatedsoftware 217
28 The detection of inconsistency in manually tagged text 219
29 Comparing corpora 232
30 From the Rosetta stone to the information society: a surveyof parallel text processing 264
x
31 Char_align: a program for aligning parallel texts at thecharacter level 290
32 PC analysis of key words – and key key words 303
33 AUTASYS: grammatical tagging and cross-tagset mapping 318 .
34 Meaning and interpretation of markup 334 -,
35 A formal framework for linguistic annotation 355
36 A framework of a mechanical translation between Japaneseand English by analogy principle 407
37 Intuition and annotation: the discussion continues 415
38 From Firth principles: computational tools for the study ofcollocation 436
39 Bi- and trilingual alignment and concordancing as machineaids to human translation 457 .
-
40 One sense per discourse 467 ,
xi
VOLUME III
Acknowledgements vii
PART 5
Lexicography, collocation, idioms and phraseology 1
41 The search for units of meaning 3
42 Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer?The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies 30
43 Semantic prosodies in English and Portuguese:A contrastive study 51
44 Metaphorical polysemy and paradigmatic relations:a corpus study 67
45 Patterns of word usage in corpus linguistics 85u r ·
46 The weight of words: an investigation of lexical gravity 97
47 Corpus-based lexicon building: an overview across projects,problems, approaches 112
48 Enthusiasm and condescension: changing norms ofmeaning and use 140
49 The distribution of idioms in English 154
50 Collocations and semantic profiles: on the cause ofthe trouble with quantitative studies 166
51 Asian or Western realities? Collocations inSingaporean-Malaysian English 194
xii
52 Lexis and lexicographers: the vocabulary of dictionarydefinitions 213
53 On the phraseology of spoken English: the evidence ofrecurrent word-combinations 224
54 Textual colligation: a special kind of lexical priming 245
55 Lexicographic relevance: selecting information fromcorpus evidence 269 ,
PART 6
Terminology 301
56 Towards a corpus-based approach to terminography 303
57 In search of representativity in specialised corpora:categorisation through collocation 325
58 Making a workable glossary out of a specialised corpus:term extraction and expert knowledge 346 ,
59 Comment accéder aux éléments définitoires dans les textesspécialisés? 365
xiii
VOLUME IV
Acknowledgements ix
PART 7
Grammar 1
60 Looking at looking: functions and contexts of progressivesin spoken English and ‘school’ English 3
61 The textlinguistic dimension of corpus linguistics:the support function of English general nouns andits theoretical implications 15
62 Between and through: the company they keep andthe functions they serve 26
63 What is a grammatical rule? 41
64 Will corpus linguistics revolutionize grammar teachingin the 21st century? 55
65 Why grammar is beyond belief 67
66 A corpus-driven approach to grammar: principles,methods and examples 84
67 A quantitative study of polarity and primary tense inthe English finite clause 104 . .
68 Subordinate clauses in English 138
69 Lexical gaps 154
xiv
PART 8
Translation studies, multilingual and parallel corpora 165
70 Using parallel texts in the translator trainingenvironment 167
71 Lost in parallel concordances 176 -
72 Thematic structure in translation between English andNorwegian 191
73 Contrastive linguistics and corpora 213
74 Adverbial connectors in English and Swedish: semanticand lexical correspondences 227
75 Epistemic possibility in an English-Swedish contrastiveperspective 248
76 Translators at play: exploitations of collocational normsin German–English translation 271
77 Parallel corpora in translation studies: issues in corpusdesign and analysis 285
78 Fishing for translation equivalents using grammaticalanchors 299
79 Une nouvelle approche à l’extraction de lexiques bilinguesà partir de corpus comparables 313
80 Naturalness and contrastive linguistics 336
81 Fingerprints in translation 352
xv
82 A preliminary analysis of collocational differencesin monolingual comparable corpora 366
83 A corpus-based view of similarity and difference in translation 384
VOLUME V
Acknowledgements vii
PART 9
Critical discourse analysis / evaluation / stylistics / rhetoric 1
84 Speaking and writing in the university: a multidimensionalcomparison 3 , , ,
85 Description and interpretation in critical discourse analysis 42
86 Corpus evidence on Australian style and usage 54
87 Corpus, comparison, culture: doing the same thingsdifferently in different cultures 68
88 Footing shift for attribution: ‘According to the New YorkTimes this morning . . .’ 88
89 Modal verbs in academic writing 109
90 Compressed noun-phrase structures in newspaper discourse:the competing demands of popularization vs. economy 130
91 A province of a federal superstate ruled by an unelectedbureaucracy: keywords of the Euro-sceptic discoursein Britain 142
xvi
92 Ethnic, racial and tribal: the language of racism? 179
93 On the use of corpora in the analysis of forensic texts 201
94 Domestic discord, rocky relationships: semantic prosodies inrepresentations of marital violence in the O.J. Simpson trial 219
95 Corpus-based analysis of evaluative lexis 244
PART 10
Language history / historical linguistics 265
96 Gender differences in the evolution of standard English:evidence from the Corpus of Early English Correspondence 267
97 Politeness and modal meaning in the construction ofhumiliative discourse in an early eighteenth-century networkof patron–client relationships 288
98 Grammaticalisation from side to side: on the developmentof beside(s) 318
99 Advanced research on syntactic and semantic change withthe Corpus del Español 337
100 Collocational and idiomatic aspects of verbs in EarlyModern English: a corpus-based study of MAKE, HAVE,GIVE, TAKE, and DO 349
101 Three changing patterns of verb complementation in LateModern English: a real-time study based on matchingtext corpora 386
xvii
VOLUME VI
Acknowledgements vii
PART 11
Language teaching 1
102 Should you be persuaded: two samples of data-drivenlearning materials 3
103 The pedagogical value of native and learner corporain EFL grammar teaching 23
104 A bird’s-eye view of learner corpus research 44
105 Cross-disciplinary comparisons of hedging: some findingsfrom the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English 73
106 English writing by Dutch–speaking students 92
107 Corpora in the classroom: an overview and some reflectionson future developments 102
108 A new academic word list 123
109 A corpus-based approach to Modern Greek languageresearch and teaching 150 ,
110 Norms for the Indian English classroom: a corpus-linguisticperspective 157
xviii
PART 12
Spoken language / discourse studies 175
111 Integrated and fragmented worlds: EAP materials and corpuslinguistics 177
112 Engaged listenership in spoken academic discourse: the case ofstudent–tutor meetings 196
113 The corpus of English as lingua franca in academic settings 217
114 The performance of speech acts in workplace conversationsand the teaching of communicative functions 232
115 Common language: corpus, creativity and cognition 251
116 Functional grammar and discourse studies 276
117 Talking back: “Small” interactional response tokensin everyday conversation 292
118 Spoken corpus design 320
119 The spoken language corpus: a foundation forgrammatical theory 334 . .
Index 363
xix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Routledge for providing us with this unique opportunity, and theauthors and publishers of the articles in this collection for their permis-sion to reprint them. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of severaleminent scholars in the field who commented on our initial contents list:John Sinclair, Douglas Biber, Graeme Kennedy, Michael Stubbs, BengtAltenberg, and Patrick Hanks. Unfortunately, for various logistical reasons,we were not always able to implement all of their suggestions. The final selec-tion is therefore the sole responsibility of the co-editors, and we apologiseheartily to the numerous authors whose significant articles we were unableto include in the final version.
We would like to thank Simon Alexander (of Routledge) for the support wereceived from the publisher. And finally, we express our sincerest gratitudeto María Oset García in the early stages, and Iztok Kosem during the finalstages, for their administrative assistance.
The publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reprinttheir material:
Mouton de Gruyter for permission to reprint Wallace Chafe, ‘The Import-ance of Corpus Linguistics to Understanding the Nature of Language’,in J. Svartvik (ed.), Directions in Corpus Linguistics: Proceedings of NobelSymposium 82, 1992, pp. 79–97.
Rodopi for permission to reprint Jan Aarts, ‘Does Corpus Linguistics Exist?Some Old and New Issues’, in L. E. Breivik and A. Hasselgren (eds.), Fromthe COLT’s Mouth . . . and Others: Language Corpora Studies in Honour ofAnna-Brita Stenström, 2002, pp. 1–16.
John Benjamins Publishing Company and the ‘Foundation of Language’for permission to reprint Elena Tognini-Bonelli, ‘The corpus-driven ap-proach’, in Corpus Linguistics at Work, www.benjamins.com, pp. 84–100.
Robert de Beaugrande for permission to reprint Robert de Beaugrande,‘ “Corporate Bridges” Twixt Text and Language’, www.beaugrande.com/
xx
Corporate%20Bridges.htm. specially edited version for this publication,pp. 1–18.
Pearson Education Limited for permission to reprint Gerry Knowles,‘Corpora, Databases and the Organization of Linguistic Data’, in J. Thomasand M. Short (eds.), Using Corpora for Language Research: Studies in Honourof Geoffrey Leech, 1996, pp. 36–53. © Longman Group Limited 1996.
Wolfgang Teubert for permission to reprint Wolfgang Teubert, ‘Writing,Hermeneutics, and Corpus Linguistics’, Logos and Language, 4, 2, 2004,pp. 1–17.
Rodopi for permission to reprint Hans Lindquist and Magnus Levin,‘Apples and Oranges: On Comparing Data from Different Corpora’, inC. Mair and M. Hundt (eds.), Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory,2000, pp. 201–214.
Rodopi for permission to reprint Bas Aarts, ‘Corpus Linguistics, Chomskyand Fuzzy Tree Fragments’, in Christian Mair and Marianne Hundt (eds.),Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 2001, pp. 5–13.
John Sinclair for permission to reprint John Sinclair, ‘Meaning in the Frame-work of Corpus Linguistics’, in W. Teubert (ed.), Lexicographica, 2005,pp. 20–32.
Mouton de Gruyter for permission to reprint Charles Fillmore, ‘ “CorpusLinguistics” or “Computer-aided Armchair Linguistics” ’, in J. Svartvik (ed.),Directions in Corpus Linguistics, 1992, pp. 35–60.
John Sinclair and Susan Jones for permission to reprint John Sinclair andSusan Jones, ‘English Lexical Collocations’, in Cahiers de Lexicologie, 1974,pp. 15–61.
Continuum International Publishing Group for permission to reprint JohnSinclair and Wolfgang Teubert, ‘Interview with John Sinclair, conductedby Wolfgang Teubert’, in R. Krishnamurthy (ed.), J. Sinclair, S. Jones andR. Daley, English Collocation Studies: The OSTI Report, 2004, pp. xvii–xxix.
Mrs Nearlene J. Francis for permission to reprint W. Nelson Francis, ‘Prob-lems of Assembling and Computerizing Large Corpora’, in S. Johansson(ed.), Computer Corpora in English Language Research, 1982, pp. 7–24.
Randolph Quirk for permission to reprint Randolph Quirk, ‘Towards aDescription of English Usage’, Transactions of the Philological Society, 1960,pp. 40–61.
Geoffrey Leech for permission to reprint Geoffrey Leech, ‘The Value of aCorpus in English Language Research: A Reappraisal’, in Linguistic Fiesta:Festschrift for Professor Hisao Kakehi, 1990, pp. 115–126.
xxi
The Henry Sweet Society and Jacqueline Léon for permission to reprintJacqueline Léon, ‘Claimed and Unclaimed Sources of Corpus Linguistics’,Henry Sweet Society Bulletin, 44, 2005, pp. 36–50.
Disclaimer
The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holdersof works reprinted in the Corpus Linguistics: Critical Concepts in Linguis-tics. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcomecorrespondence from those individuals/companies whom we have been unableto trace.
xxii
xxiii
Chr
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xxiv
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J. M
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76
II I I II II II II VI
IV III
24 1 10 40 25 31 38 118 67 42
1992
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xxv
1994
1994
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x C
. F
ang
Ger
ry K
now
les
Ram
esh
Kri
shna
mur
thy
John
Sin
clai
r
John
Kir
kC
hris
tian
Mai
r
On
the
use
of c
orpo
ra i
n th
e an
alys
isof
for
ensi
c te
xts
A c
orpu
s-ba
sed
appr
oach
to
Mod
ern
Gre
ek l
angu
age
rese
arch
and
teac
hing
Tow
ards
an
Eng
lish–
Nor
weg
ian
para
llel
corp
us
Col
loca
tion
s an
d se
man
tic
profi
les:
on t
he c
ause
of
the
trou
ble
wit
hqu
anti
tati
ve s
tudi
esT
owar
ds a
cor
pus-
base
d ap
proa
chto
ter
min
ogra
phy
AU
TA
SYS:
gra
mm
atic
al t
aggi
ngan
d cr
oss-
tags
et m
appi
ng
Cor
pora
, da
taba
ses
and
the
orga
nisa
tion
of
lingu
isti
c da
ta
Eth
nic,
rac
ial
and
trib
al:
the
lang
uage
of
raci
sm?
The
sea
rch
for
unit
s of
mea
ning
Subo
rdin
ate
clau
ses
in E
nglis
hP
aral
lel
corp
ora:
a r
eal-
tim
eap
proa
ch t
o th
e st
udy
of l
angu
age
chan
ge i
n pr
ogre
ss
For
ensi
c L
ingu
isti
cs:
The
Int
erna
tion
al J
ourn
alof
Spe
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d th
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unct
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pari
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he I
nter
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pus
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h,O
xfor
d: O
xfor
d U
nive
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XT
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9
V VI
II III
III
II I V III
IV II
93 109 20 50 56 33 5 92 41 68 22
xxvi
Chr
onol
ogic
al T
able
con
tinu
ed
Dat
eA
utho
rT
itle
Sou
rce
Vol
.C
hap.
1997
1997
1997
1998
1998
1998
1999
1999
1999
1999
Oliv
er M
ason
Rap
hael
Sal
kie
Mik
e Sc
ott
Sylv
iane
Gra
nger
Pat
rick
Han
ks
Hild
e H
asse
lgår
d
Kar
in A
ijmer
Ben
gt A
lten
berg
Ron
ald
Car
ter
Alic
e D
eign
an
The
wei
ght
of w
ords
: an
inve
stig
atio
n of
lex
ical
gra
vity
Nat
ural
ness
and
con
tras
tive
lingu
isti
cs
PC
ana
lysi
s of
key
wor
ds –
and
key
key
wor
dsT
he c
ompu
ter
lear
ner
corp
us:
a ve
rsat
ile n
ew s
ourc
e of
dat
a fo
rSL
A r
esea
rch
Ent
husi
asm
and
con
desc
ensi
on:
chan
ging
nor
ms
of m
eani
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The
mat
ic s
truc
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slat
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betw
een
Eng
lish
and
Nor
weg
ian
Epi
stem
ic p
ossi
bilit
y in
an
Eng
lish-
Swed
ish
cont
rast
ive
pers
pect
ive
Adv
erbi
al c
onne
ctor
s in
Eng
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and
Swed
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sem
anti
c an
d le
xica
lco
rres
pond
ence
sC
omm
on l
angu
age:
cor
pus,
cre
ativ
ity
and
cogn
itio
nM
etap
hori
cal
poly
sem
y an
dpa
radi
gmat
ic r
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a-T
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guis
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earc
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etho
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167
H.
Has
selg
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S. O
ksef
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(eds
.),
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of
Cor
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tudi
es i
n H
onou
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Sti
g Jo
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1–32
3H
. H
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lgår
d an
d S.
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efje
ll (e
ds.)
, O
ut o
fC
orpo
ra:
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dies
in
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our
of S
tig
Joha
nsso
n,A
mst
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Rod
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8L
angu
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and
Lit
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8:3,
195
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6
Wor
d 50
:3,
319
–33
8
III
IV II II III
IV IV IV VI
III
46 80 32 26 48 72 75 74 115 44
xxvii
1999
1999
1999
1999
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
John
Flo
wer
dew
Pie
ter
de H
aan
Mer
ja K
ytö
Jenn
ifer
Pea
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Bas
Aar
ts
Geo
ff B
arnb
rook
Joan
na C
hann
ell
Susa
n C
onra
d
Ave
ril
Cox
head
Dor
othy
Ken
ny
Han
s L
indq
uist
and
Mag
nus
Lev
in
Des
crip
tion
and
int
erpr
etat
ion
incr
itic
al d
isco
urse
ana
lysi
sE
nglis
h w
riti
ng b
y D
utch
–spe
akin
gst
uden
ts
Col
loca
tion
al a
nd i
diom
atic
asp
ects
of v
erbs
in
Ear
ly M
oder
n E
nglis
h: a
corp
us-b
ased
stu
dy o
f M
AK
E,
HA
VE
, G
IVE
, T
AK
E,
and
DO
Com
men
t ac
céde
r au
x él
émen
tsdé
finit
oire
s da
ns l
es t
exte
ssp
écia
lisés
?C
orpu
s lin
guis
tics
, C
hom
sky
and
fuzz
y tr
ee f
ragm
ents
Lex
is a
nd l
exic
ogra
pher
s: t
hevo
cabu
lary
of
dict
iona
ry d
efini
tion
s
Cor
pus-
base
d an
alys
is o
f ev
alua
tive
lexi
s
Will
cor
pus
lingu
isti
cs r
evol
utio
nize
gram
mar
tea
chin
g in
the
21s
tce
ntur
y?A
new
aca
dem
ic w
ord
list
Tra
nsla
tors
at
play
: ex
ploi
tati
ons
ofco
lloca
tion
al n
orm
s in
Ger
man
–E
nglis
h tr
ansl
atio
nA
pple
s an
d or
ange
s: o
n co
mpa
ring
data
fro
m d
iffe
rent
cor
pora
Jour
nal
of P
ragm
atic
s 31
:8,
1089
–109
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H.
Has
selg
ård
and
S. O
ksef
jell
(eds
.),
Out
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Cor
pus:
Stu
dies
in
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of S
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Idi
omat
ic A
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sP
redi
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His
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Eng
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Am
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erm
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effe
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ords
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Tri
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to
John
Sin
clai
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Ret
irem
ent ,
Eng
lish
Lan
guag
e R
esea
rch
Dis
cour
seA
naly
sis
Mon
ogra
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18,
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min
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: U
nive
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yof
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min
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and
G.
Tho
mps
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Eva
luat
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inT
ext:
Aut
hori
al S
tanc
e an
d th
e C
onst
ruct
ion
ofD
isco
urse
, O
xfor
d: O
xfor
d U
nive
rsit
y P
ress
,pp
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–55
TE
SO
L Q
uart
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34:
2, 5
48–
560
TE
SO
L Q
uart
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34:
2, 2
13–
238
B.
Dod
d (e
d.),
Wor
king
wit
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erm
an C
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Bir
min
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: U
nive
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Pre
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C.
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r an
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Cor
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Lin
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The
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Am
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i,pp
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1–21
4
V VI
V III
I III
V IV VI
IV I
85 106
100 59 8 52 95 64 108 76 7
xxviii
Chr
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ogic
al T
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con
tinu
ed
Dat
eA
utho
rT
itle
Sou
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Vol
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hap.
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Re
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arci
nkev
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nyT
ertt
u N
eval
aine
n
Vin
cent
Ooi
Pam
Pet
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Ton
y B
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rSa
rdin
haM
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perb
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McQ
ueen
, C
laus
Hui
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dt a
nd A
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Ren
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Han
s va
n H
alte
ren
Tam
ás V
árad
i
Jean
Vér
onis
Fed
eric
o Z
anet
tin
Pat
tern
s of
wor
d us
age
in c
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slin
guis
tics
Gen
der
diff
eren
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in t
he e
volu
tion
of s
tand
ard
Eng
lish:
evi
denc
e fr
omth
e C
orpu
s of
Ear
ly E
nglis
hC
orre
spon
denc
eA
sian
or
Wes
tern
rea
litie
s?C
ollo
cati
ons
in S
inga
pore
an-
Mal
aysi
an E
nglis
h
Cor
pus
evid
ence
on
Aus
tral
ian
styl
ean
d us
age
Sem
anti
c pr
osod
ies
in E
nglis
h an
dP
ortu
gues
e: a
con
tras
tive
stu
dyM
eani
ng a
nd i
nter
pret
atio
n of
mar
kup
The
det
ecti
on o
f in
cons
iste
ncy
inm
anua
lly t
agge
d te
xt
Fis
hing
for
tra
nsla
tion
equ
ival
ents
usin
g gr
amm
atic
al a
ncho
rsF
rom
the
Ros
etta
sto
ne t
o th
ein
form
atio
n so
ciet
y: a
sur
vey
ofpa
ralle
l te
xt p
roce
ssin
gP
aral
lel
corp
ora
in t
rans
lati
onst
udie
s: i
ssue
s in
cor
pus
desi
gn a
ndan
alys
is
Kal
boty
ra 4
9:3,
71–
80
Jour
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h L
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8:1,
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J. M
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(ed.
), C
orpo
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alor
e. A
naly
ses
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Tec
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in D
escr
ibin
g E
nglis
h, P
aper
s fr
omth
e 19
th I
CA
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con
fere
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Aus
tral
ia,
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dam
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min
s, p
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63–1
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uade
rnos
de
Filo
logí
a In
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a (S
pain
: M
urci
a)9:
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3–1
10M
arku
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A.
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H.
Usz
kore
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),P
roce
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gs o
f th
e 2n
d W
orks
hop
on L
ingu
isti
cally
Inte
rpre
ted
Cor
pora
, L
uxem
bour
g, p
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8–
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tern
atio
nal
Jour
nal
of C
orpu
s L
ingu
isti
cs 5
:1,
1–16
J. V
éron
is (
ed.)
, P
aral
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Tex
t P
roce
ssin
g:A
lignm
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and
Use
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Tra
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tion
Cor
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ordr
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: K
luw
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M.
Olo
han
(ed.
), I
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Fau
lt L
ines
,M
anch
este
r: S
t Je
rom
e, p
p. 1
05–1
18
III
V III
V III
II II IV II IV
45 96 51 86 43 34 28 78 30 77
xxix
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2002
2002
Ben
gt A
lten
berg
Stev
en B
ird
and
Mar
k L
iber
man
Jane
t C
otte
rill
Ada
m K
ilgar
riff
Ros
amun
d M
oon
John
Sw
ales
Wol
fgan
g T
eube
rt
Geo
ff T
hom
pson
Ele
na T
ogni
ni-
Bon
elli
Jan
Aar
ts
Dou
glas
Bib
er,
Susa
nC
onra
d, R
andi
Rep
pen,
Pat
Byr
dan
d M
arie
Hel
t
On
the
phra
seol
ogy
of s
poke
nE
nglis
h: t
he e
vide
nce
of r
ecur
rent
wor
d-co
mbi
nati
ons
A f
orm
al f
ram
ewor
k fo
r lin
guis
tic
anno
tati
onD
omes
tic
disc
ord,
roc
kyre
lati
onsh
ips:
sem
anti
c pr
osod
ies
inre
pres
enta
tion
s of
mar
ital
vio
lenc
e in
the
O.
J. S
imps
on t
rial
Com
pari
ng c
orpo
ra
The
dis
trib
utio
n of
idi
oms
in E
nglis
h
Inte
grat
ed a
nd f
ragm
ente
d w
orld
s:E
AP
mat
eria
ls a
nd c
orpu
s lin
guis
tics
A p
rovi
nce
of a
fed
eral
sup
erst
ate
rule
d by
an
unel
ecte
d bu
reau
crac
y:ke
ywor
ds o
f th
e E
uro-
scep
tic
disc
ours
e in
Bri
tain
Cor
pus,
com
pari
son,
cul
ture
: do
ing
the
sam
e th
ings
dif
fere
ntly
in
diff
eren
t cu
ltur
es
The
cor
pus-
driv
en a
ppro
ach
Doe
s co
rpus
lin
guis
tics
exi
st?
Som
e ol
d an
d ne
w i
ssue
s
Spea
king
and
wri
ting
in
the
univ
ersi
ty:
a m
ulti
dim
ensi
onal
com
pari
son
III
II V II III
VI
V V I I V
53 35 94 29 49 111 91 87 3 2 84
A.
P.
Cow
ie (
ed.)
, P
hras
eolo
gy:
The
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Ana
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s,an
d A
pplic
atio
ns,
Oxf
ord:
Cla
rend
on P
ress
,pp
. 10
1–12
2S
peec
h C
omm
unic
atio
n 33
:1–2
, 23
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Dis
cour
se a
nd S
ocie
ty,
12:3
, 29
1–31
2
Inte
rnat
iona
l Jo
urna
l of
Cor
pus
Lin
guis
tics
6:1
,97
–133
S. N
ucco
rini
(ed
.),
Whe
n a
Tor
ch B
ecom
es a
Can
dle:
Var
iati
on i
n P
hras
eolo
gy,
SIL
TA
, 30
:2,
229
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J. F
low
erde
w (
ed.)
, A
cade
mic
Dis
cour
se,
Lon
don:
Lon
gman
, pp
. 15
3–16
7C
. G
ood,
A.
Mus
olff
, P
. P
oint
s an
d R
. W
ittl
inge
r(e
ds.)
, A
ttit
udes
Tow
ards
Eur
ope,
Abi
ngdo
n:A
shga
te,
pp.
45–
86
M.
Gha
dess
y, R
. R
oseb
erry
and
A.
Hen
ry (
eds.
),S
mal
l C
orpu
s S
tudi
es a
nd E
LT
: T
heor
y an
dP
ract
ice ,
Am
ster
dam
: Jo
hn B
enja
min
s,pp
. 31
1–33
4E
lena
Tog
nini
-Bon
elli,
Cor
pus
Lin
guis
tics
at
Wor
k, A
mst
erda
m:
John
Ben
jam
ins,
pp.
84
–100
L.
E.
Bre
ivik
and
A.
Has
selg
ren
(eds
.),
Fro
m t
heC
OL
T’s
mou
th. .
. and
oth
ers:
Lan
guag
e co
rpor
ast
udie
s in
hon
our
of A
nna-
Bri
ta S
tens
tröm
,A
mst
erda
m:
Rod
opi,
pp.
1–16
TE
SO
L Q
uart
erly
36:
1, 9
–48
xxx
Chr
onol
ogic
al T
able
con
tinu
ed
Dat
eA
utho
rT
itle
Sou
rce
Vol
.C
hap.
Lou
Bur
nard
Chr
isti
neC
hodk
iew
icz,
Did
ier
Bou
riga
ult
and
John
Hum
bley
Her
vé D
éjea
n an
dÉ
ric
Gau
ssie
r
Tom
ao E
rjav
ec
Susa
n F
itzm
auri
ce
Sylv
iane
Gra
nger
Geo
ffre
y L
eech
Chr
isti
an M
air
Whe
re d
id w
e go
wro
ng?
Are
tros
pect
ive
look
at
the
Bri
tish
Nat
iona
l C
orpu
sM
akin
g a
wor
kabl
e gl
ossa
ry o
ut o
fa
spec
ialis
ed c
orpu
s: t
erm
ext
ract
ion
and
expe
rt k
now
ledg
e
Une
nou
velle
app
roch
e à
l’ext
ract
ion
de l
exiq
ues
bilin
gues
à p
arti
r de
corp
us c
ompa
rabl
es
Com
pilin
g an
d us
ing
the
IJS-
EL
AN
para
llel
corp
usP
olit
enes
s an
d m
odal
mea
ning
in
the
cons
truc
tion
of
hum
iliat
ive
disc
ours
ein
an
earl
y ei
ghte
enth
-cen
tury
netw
ork
of p
atro
n–cl
ient
rela
tion
ship
sA
bir
d’s-
eye
view
of
lear
ner
corp
usre
sear
ch
Cor
pora
Thr
ee c
hang
ing
patt
erns
of
verb
com
plem
enta
tion
in
Lat
e M
oder
nE
nglis
h: a
rea
l-ti
me
stud
y ba
sed
onm
atch
ing
text
cor
pora
B.
Ket
tem
ann
and
G.
Mar
ko (
eds.
), T
each
ing
and
Lea
rnin
g by
Doi
ng C
orpu
s A
naly
sis,
Am
ster
dam
/N
ew Y
ork:
Rod
opi,
pp.
51–
70B
. A
lten
berg
and
S.
Gra
nger
(ed
s.),
Lex
is i
nC
ontr
ast:
Cor
pus-
base
d A
ppro
ache
s, S
tudi
es i
nC
orpu
s L
ingu
isti
cs,
7, A
mst
erda
m/P
hila
delp
hia:
John
Ben
jam
ins,
pp.
249
–26
7L
exic
omet
rica
, E
lect
roni
c Jo
urna
l, Sp
ecia
l is
sue
on a
ligne
d co
rpor
a, p
p. 1
–22.
(ht
tp://
ww
w.c
avi/
univ
-par
is3.
fr/l
exic
omet
rica
/the
ma
/the
ma6
/D
ejea
n.pd
f )In
form
atic
a 26
:3,
299
–30
7
Eng
lish
Lan
guag
e an
d L
ingu
isti
cs 6
:2,
239
–26
5
S. G
rang
er,
J. H
ung,
and
S.
Pet
ch-T
yson
(ed
s.),
Com
pute
r L
earn
er C
orpo
ra,
Sec
ond
Lan
guag
eA
cqui
siti
on a
nd F
orei
gn L
angu
age
Tea
chin
g,A
mst
erda
m/P
hila
delp
hia:
Ben
jam
ins,
pp.
3–
33K
. M
alm
kjae
r (e
d.),
The
Lin
guis
tics
Enc
yclo
pedi
a,L
ondo
n: R
outl
edge
, pp
. 84
–93
Eng
lish
Lan
guag
e an
d L
ingu
isti
cs 6
:1,
105–
131
II III
IV II V VI
II V
19 58 79 18 97 104 17 101
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
xxxi
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2003
Fan
ny M
euni
er
Cha
rles
Mey
er
Die
ter
Min
dt
Joyb
rato
Muk
herj
ee
Mic
hael
P.
Oak
esan
d B
arba
raL
ewan
dow
ska-
Tom
aszc
zyk
Dea
nna
Poo
s an
dR
ita
Sim
pson
Pau
l T
hom
pson
Geo
ffre
y W
illia
ms
Sue
Atk
ins,
Cha
rles
Fill
mor
e an
dC
hris
toph
er J
ohns
on
The
ped
agog
ical
val
ue o
f na
tive
and
lear
ner
corp
ora
in E
FL
gra
mm
arte
achi
ng
Fun
ctio
nal
gram
mar
and
dis
cour
sest
udie
s
Wha
t is
a g
ram
mat
ical
rul
e?
Nor
ms
for
the
Indi
an E
nglis
hcl
assr
oom
: a
corp
us-l
ingu
isti
cpe
rspe
ctiv
eB
i- a
nd t
rilin
gual
alig
nmen
t an
dco
ncor
danc
ing
as m
achi
ne a
ids
tohu
man
tra
nsla
tion
Cro
ss-d
isci
plin
ary
com
pari
sons
of
hedg
ing:
som
e fin
ding
s fr
om t
heM
ichi
gan
Cor
pus
of A
cade
mic
Spok
en E
nglis
hM
odal
ver
bs i
n ac
adem
ic w
riti
ng
In s
earc
h of
rep
rese
ntat
ivit
y in
spec
ialis
ed c
orpo
ra:
cate
gori
sati
onth
roug
h co
lloca
tion
Lex
icog
raph
ic r
elev
ance
: se
lect
ing
info
rmat
ion
from
cor
pus
evid
ence
S. G
rang
er,
J. H
ung
and
S. T
yson
(ed
s.),
Com
pute
r L
earn
er C
orpo
ra,
Sec
ond
Lan
guag
eA
cqui
siti
on a
nd F
orei
gn L
angu
age
Tea
chin
g ,A
mst
erda
m/P
hila
delp
hia:
Ben
jam
ins,
pp.
119
–141
E.
Bar
ton
and
G.
Styg
all
(eds
.),
Dis
cour
se S
tudi
esin
Com
posi
tion
, C
ress
kill,
NJ:
Ham
pton
Pre
ss,
pp.
71–8
9L
. E
. B
reiv
ik a
nd A
. H
asse
lgre
n (e
ds.)
, F
rom
the
CO
LT
’s m
outh
. .. a
nd o
ther
s’:
Lan
guag
e C
orpo
raS
tudi
es i
n H
onou
r of
Ann
a-B
rita
Ste
nstr
öm,
Am
ster
dam
and
New
Yor
k: R
odop
i, pp
. 19
7–21
2In
dian
Jou
rnal
of
App
lied
Lin
guis
tics
28:
2, 6
3–
82
B.
Lew
ando
wsk
a-T
omas
zczy
k an
d M
. T
hele
n(e
ds.)
, T
rans
lati
on a
nd M
eani
ng,
Par
t 6,
Pro
ceed
ings
of
the
Lod
z Se
ssio
n of
the
1st
Inte
rnat
iona
l M
aast
rict
-Lod
z D
uo C
ollo
quiu
mon
Tra
nsla
tion
and
Mea
ning
, M
aast
rich
t:H
oges
choo
l Z
uyd,
Maa
stri
cht
Scho
ol o
fT
rans
lati
on a
nd I
nter
pret
ing
R.
Rep
pen,
S.
M.
Fit
zmau
rice
and
D.
Bib
er(e
ds.)
, U
sing
Cor
pora
to
Exp
lore
Lin
guis
tic
Var
iati
on,
Am
ster
dam
: Jo
hn B
enja
min
s, p
p. 3
–23
B.
Ket
tem
ann
and
G.
Mar
ko (
eds.
), T
each
ing
and
Lea
rnin
g by
Doi
ng C
orpu
s A
naly
sis,
Am
ster
dam
: R
odop
i, pp
. 30
5–3
25In
tern
atio
nal
Jour
nal
of C
orpu
s L
ingu
isti
cs 7
:1,
43–6
4
Inte
rnat
iona
l Jo
urna
l of
Lex
icog
raph
y 16
:3,
251–
280
VI
VI
IV VI
II VI
V III
III
103
116 63 110 39 105 89 57 55
xxxii
Chr
onol
ogic
al T
able
con
tinu
ed
Dat
eA
utho
rT
itle
Sou
rce
Vol
.C
hap.
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
Mar
co B
aron
i an
dSi
lvia
Ber
nard
ini
Dou
glas
Bib
er
Nic
olet
ta C
alzo
lari
Fio
na F
arr
Gill
Fra
ncis
Ana
Fra
nken
berg
-G
arci
a
Mic
hael
Hoe
y
Stig
Joh
anss
on
A p
relim
inar
y an
alys
is o
fco
lloca
tion
al d
iffe
renc
es i
nm
onol
ingu
al c
ompa
rabl
e co
rpor
a
Com
pres
sed
noun
-phr
ase
stru
ctur
esin
new
spap
er d
isco
urse
: th
eco
mpe
ting
dem
ands
of
popu
lari
zati
on v
s. e
cono
my
Cor
pus-
base
d le
xico
n bu
ildin
g: a
nov
ervi
ew a
cros
s pr
ojec
ts,
prob
lem
s,ap
proa
ches
Eng
aged
lis
tene
rshi
p in
spo
ken
acad
emic
dis
cour
se:
the
case
of
stud
ent–
tuto
r m
eeti
ngs
A c
orpu
s-dr
iven
app
roac
h to
gram
mar
: pr
inci
ples
, m
etho
ds a
ndex
ampl
es
Los
t in
par
alle
l co
ncor
danc
es
Why
gra
mm
ar i
s be
yond
bel
ief
Con
tras
tive
lin
guis
tics
and
cor
pora
D.
Arc
her,
P.
Ray
son,
A.
Wils
on a
nd T
. M
cEne
ry(e
ds.)
, P
roce
edin
gs o
f th
e C
orpu
s L
ingu
isti
cs 2
003
Con
fere
nce,
UC
RE
L,
Tec
hnic
al P
aper
num
ber
16,
Spec
ial
issu
e, L
anca
ster
: U
CR
EL
, L
anca
ster
Uni
vers
ity,
pp.
82
–91
J. A
itch
ison
and
D.
M.
Lew
is (
eds.
), N
ew M
edia
Dis
cour
se,
Lon
don:
Rou
tled
ge,
pp.
169
–181
A.
Zam
polli
, N
. C
alzo
lari
and
L.
Cig
noni
(ed
s.),
Com
puta
tion
al L
ingu
isti
cs i
n P
isa
– L
ingu
isti
caC
ompu
tazi
onal
e a
Pis
a, S
peci
al I
ssue
of
Lin
guis
tica
Com
puta
zion
ale
16–1
7:1
(Pis
a-R
oma:
IEP
I),
79–1
16Jo
urna
l of
Eng
lish
for
Aca
dem
ic P
urpo
ses
2:2,
67–
85
M.
Bak
er,
G.
Fra
ncis
and
E.
Tog
nini
-Bon
elli
(eds
.),
Tex
t an
d T
echn
olog
y: I
n H
onou
r of
Joh
nS
incl
air,
Am
ster
dam
/Phi
lade
lphi
a: J
ohn
Ben
jam
ins,
pp.
137
–156
G.
Ast
on,
S. B
erna
rdin
i an
d D
. St
ewar
t (e
ds.)
,C
orpo
ra i
n T
rans
lati
on E
duca
tion
, M
anch
este
r:St
Jer
ome,
pp.
15
–24
Bel
gian
Jou
rnal
of
Eng
lish
Lan
guag
e an
dL
iter
atur
es,
Spec
ial
Issu
e: 1
83–1
96S.
Gra
nger
, J.
Ler
ot a
nd S
. P
etch
-Tys
on (
eds.
),C
orpu
s-B
ased
App
roac
hes
to C
ontr
asti
veL
ingu
isti
cs a
nd T
rans
lati
on S
tudi
es,
Am
ster
dam
:R
odop
i, pp
. 31
–44
IV V III
VI
IV IV IV IV
82 90 47 112 66 71 65 73
xxxiii
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2004
2004
Gör
an K
jellm
er
Alm
ut K
oest
er
Mic
hael
a M
ahlb
erg
Ann
a M
aura
nen
Mic
hael
McC
arth
y
Ala
n P
arti
ngto
n
Jenn
ifer
Pea
rson
Wol
fgan
g T
eube
rt
Mon
a B
aker
Silv
ia B
erna
rdin
i
IV VI
IV VI
VI
V IV I IV VI
69 114 61 113
117 88 70 6 83 107
Lex
ical
gap
s
The
per
form
ance
of
spee
ch a
cts
inw
orkp
lace
con
vers
atio
ns a
nd t
hete
achi
ng o
f co
mm
unic
ativ
e fu
ncti
ons
The
tex
tlin
guis
tic
dim
ensi
on o
fco
rpus
lin
guis
tics
: th
e su
ppor
tfu
ncti
on o
f E
nglis
h ge
nera
l no
uns
and
its
theo
reti
cal
impl
icat
ions
The
cor
pus
of E
nglis
h as
lin
gua
fran
ca i
n ac
adem
ic s
etti
ngs
Tal
king
bac
k: “
smal
l” i
nter
acti
onal
resp
onse
tok
ens
in e
very
day
conv
ersa
tion
Foo
ting
shi
ft f
or a
ttri
buti
on:
‘acc
ordi
ng t
o th
e N
ew Y
ork
Tim
esth
is m
orni
ng. .
.’U
sing
par
alle
l te
xts
in t
he t
rans
lato
rtr
aini
ng e
nvir
onm
ent
Wri
ting
, he
rmen
euti
cs,
and
corp
uslin
guis
tics
A c
orpu
s-ba
sed
view
of
sim
ilari
tyan
d di
ffer
ence
in
tran
slat
ion
Cor
pora
in
the
clas
sroo
m:
anov
ervi
ew a
nd s
ome
refle
ctio
ns o
nfu
ture
dev
elop
men
ts
S. G
rang
er a
nd S
. P
etch
-Tys
on (
eds.
), E
xten
ding
the
Sco
pe o
f C
orpu
s-B
ased
Res
earc
h , A
mst
erda
m/
New
Yor
k: R
odop
i, pp
. 14
9–1
58S
yste
m 3
0:2,
167
–184
Inte
rnat
iona
l Jo
urna
l of
Cor
pus
Lin
guis
tics
8:1
,97
–108
TE
SO
L Q
uart
erly
37:
3, 5
13–
527
J. C
oupl
and
(ed.
), S
peci
al i
ssue
on
Sm
all
Tal
k,R
esea
rch
on L
angu
age
and
Soc
ial
Inte
ract
ion
36:1
, 33
–63
A.
Par
ting
ton,
The
Lin
guis
tics
of
Pol
itic
alA
rgum
ent,
Lon
don:
Rou
tled
ge,
pp.
90–1
08
F.
Zan
etti
, S.
Ber
nard
ini
and
D.
Stew
art
(eds
.),
Cor
pora
in
Tra
nsla
tion
Edu
cati
on,
Man
ches
ter:
St
Jero
me,
pp.
15
–24
Log
os a
nd L
angu
age
4:2,
1–1
7
Inte
rnat
iona
l Jo
urna
l of
Cor
pus
Lin
guis
tics
9:2
,16
7–19
3J.
Sin
clai
r (e
d.),
How
to
Use
Cor
pora
in
Lan
guag
eT
each
ing,
Am
ster
dam
: B
enja
min
s, p
p. 1
5–
36
xxxiv
Chr
onol
ogic
al T
able
con
tinu
ed
Dat
eA
utho
rT
itle
Sou
rce
Vol
.C
hap.
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
Mic
hael
A.
K.
Hal
liday
Mic
hael
Hoe
y
Ran
di R
eppe
n an
dN
ancy
Ide
Mat
ti R
issa
nen
John
Sin
clai
r
John
Sin
clai
r an
dW
olfg
ang
Teu
bert
K.
Aijm
er a
nd B
. A
lten
berg
(ed
s.),
Adv
ance
s in
Cor
pus
Lin
guis
tics
: P
aper
s fr
om t
he 2
3rd
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onfe
renc
e on
Eng
lish
Lan
guag
eR
esea
rch
on C
ompu
teri
zed
Cor
pora
(IC
AM
E 2
3),
Göt
ebor
g 22
–26
May
200
2, A
mst
erda
m:
Rod
opi,
pp.
11–3
8K
. A
ijmer
and
B.
Alt
enbe
rg (
eds.
), A
dvan
ces
inC
orpu
s L
ingu
isti
cs,
Pap
ers
from
the
23r
dIn
tern
atio
nal
Con
fere
nce
on E
nglis
h L
angu
age
Res
earc
h on
Com
pute
rize
d C
orpo
ra (
ICA
ME
23)
,G
öteb
org
22–
26 M
ay 2
002,
Am
ster
dam
: R
odop
i,pp
. 17
1–19
4Jo
urna
l of
Eng
lish
Lin
guis
tics
32:
2, 1
05–1
13
H.
Lin
dqui
st a
nd C
. M
air
(eds
.),
Cor
pus
App
roac
hes
to G
ram
mat
ical
izat
ion
in E
nglis
h,A
mst
erda
m/P
hila
delp
hia:
Joh
n B
enja
min
s,pp
. 15
1–17
0K
. A
ijmer
and
B.
Alt
enbe
rg (
eds.
), A
dvan
ces
inC
orpu
s L
ingu
isti
cs,
Pap
ers
from
the
23r
dIn
tern
atio
nal
Con
fere
nce
on E
nglis
h L
angu
age
Res
earc
h on
Com
pute
rize
d C
orpo
ra (
ICA
ME
23)
,G
öteb
org
22–2
6 M
ay 2
002,
Am
ster
dam
: R
odop
i,pp
. 39
–60
R.
Kri
shna
mur
thy
(ed.
), J
. S
incl
air,
S.
Jone
s an
dR
. D
aley
, E
nglis
h C
ollo
cati
on S
tudi
es:
The
OS
TI
Rep
ort,
Lon
don
/New
Yor
k: C
onti
nuum
,pp
. xv
ii–xx
ix
VI
III
II V II I
119 54 21 98 37 12
The
spo
ken
lang
uage
cor
pus:
afo
unda
tion
for
gra
mm
atic
al t
heor
y
Tex
tual
col
ligat
ion:
a s
peci
al k
ind
ofle
xica
l pr
imin
g
The
Am
eric
an N
atio
nal
Cor
pus:
over
all
goal
s an
d th
e fir
st r
elea
seG
ram
mat
ical
isat
ion
from
sid
e to
side
: on
the
dev
elop
men
t of
bes
ide(
s)
Intu
itio
n an
d an
nota
tion
: th
edi
scus
sion
con
tinu
es
Inte
rvie
w w
ith
John
Sin
clai
r,co
nduc
ted
by W
olfg
ang
Teu
bert
xxxv
2005
2005
2005
2005
2006
2006
2007
Mar
k D
avie
s
Mar
tin
Gel
lers
tam
Jacq
uelin
e L
éon
John
Sin
clai
r
Zhi
wei
Fen
g
Ute
Röm
er
Rob
ert
deB
eaug
rand
e
Adv
ance
d re
sear
ch o
n sy
ntac
tic
and
sem
anti
c ch
ange
wit
h th
e C
orpu
s de
lE
spañ
ol
Fin
gerp
rint
s in
tra
nsla
tion
Cla
imed
and
unc
laim
ed s
ourc
es o
fco
rpus
lin
guis
tics
Mea
ning
in
the
fram
ewor
k of
cor
pus
lingu
isti
csE
volu
tion
and
pre
sent
sit
uati
on o
fco
rpus
res
earc
h in
Chi
naL
ooki
ng a
t lo
okin
g: f
unct
ions
and
cont
exts
of
prog
ress
ives
in
spok
enE
nglis
h an
d ‘s
choo
l’ E
nglis
h
‘Cor
pora
te b
ridg
es’
twix
t te
xt a
ndla
ngua
ge
C.
Pus
ch,
J. K
abat
ek a
nd W
. R
aibl
e (e
ds.)
,R
oman
ce C
orpu
s L
ingu
isti
cs I
I: C
orpo
ra a
ndD
iach
roni
c L
ingu
isti
cs,
Tüb
inge
n: G
unte
r N
arr
Ver
lag,
pp.
203
–21
4G
. A
nder
man
(ed
.),
In a
nd O
ut o
f E
nglis
h: F
orB
ette
r, f
or W
orse
?, C
leve
don:
Mul
tilin
gual
Mat
ters
; T
oron
to:
Uni
vers
ity
of T
oron
to P
ress
,pp
. 20
1–21
3H
enry
Sw
eet
Soc
iety
Bul
leti
n 44
, 36
–50
W.
Teu
bert
(ed
.),
Lex
icog
raph
ica,
Tub
inge
n: M
axN
iem
eyer
, pp
. 20
–32
Inte
rnat
iona
l Jo
urna
l of
Cor
pus
Lin
guis
tics
11:
2,17
3–2
07A
. R
enou
f an
d A
. K
ehoe
(ed
s.),
The
Cha
ngin
gF
ace
of C
orpu
s L
ingu
isti
cs,
Pap
ers
from
the
24t
hIn
tern
atio
nal
Con
fere
nce
on E
nglis
h L
angu
age
Res
earc
h on
Com
pute
rize
d C
orpo
ra (
ICA
ME
),A
mst
erda
m:
Rod
opi,
pp.
231–
242
ww
w.b
eaug
rand
e.co
m (
spec
ially
edi
ted
vers
ion
for
this
pub
licat
ion)
, pp
. 1–
18
V IV I I II IV I
99 81 16 9 27 60 4
xxxvi
xxxvii
FOREWORD
This collection has been over two years in gestation. We started with anextremely ambitious vision, to cover not only the very early origins ofcorpus linguistics (in works such as that by Zipf, Herdan, and Firth) butalso the recent global spread of corpus activities in many languages, under-taken for various different purposes and applications.
However, during the period of preparation, we were gradually forcedto accept that, despite the seemingly generous allocation of space in thesevolumes, we would not be able to achieve anything like the breadth ofcoverage we had envisaged. We eventually realized that the most we coulddo would be to provide a sample of some important papers in the field, inthe hope of stimulating the readers’ interest sufficiently to convince themto pursue the numerous related works mentioned in the references andbibliographies.