civilizatia boian in romania

8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania

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MTNISTERUL

CULTURII

THE ROMANIAN

MINISTRY

OF

CULTLTRE

MUZE,UL DUNARII

DE

JoS CAIaRASI

THE LOWER DA]YLTBE

MUSEUM

CALARA T

CIVILIZATTA BOIAN

PE

TERITORIUL ROMANIEI

THE

BOIAN

CIVIISATION

01\

ROMANIA'S

TERRITORY

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Lista muzeelor

gi

institufiilor

participante

la

Expozi(ia

"Civilizalia

Boian

pe

teritoriul

Romdniei":

1.

Muzeul

Duntuii

de

Jos

-

Cdldragi

2. Muzeul

de

Arheologie

-

Olienifa

3-

Muzeul Municipal Bucuregti

4.

Institutul

de

Cercetfui

Eco-Muzeale

-

T\rlcea

5.

Muzeul Judelean

de

Istorie

gi

Arheologie Prahova

-

Ploiegti

6.

Muzeul

Nafional

de

Istorie a Romdniei

-

Bucuregti

7.

Muzeul

Br5ilei

-

Brdila

Figele de

eviden[i

au

fost

intocmite de:

o

Muzeul Dunfuii

de

Jos - Vasile

Oprea

r

Muzeul

Brdilei

-

Stdnicd Pandrea

.

Muzeul Municipal Bucuregti

-

Eugen

Movil5

o

Muzeul

Na(ional

de

Istorie

a

Rominiei

-

George

Trohani

o

Muzeul

Judelean de Istorie

gi

Artd

Prahova

-

Bogdan

Ciupe,

Marilena

Peneg

o

Muzeul

de

Arheologie Oltenifa

- Done

$erbdnescu

r

Institutul

de

Cercetdri

Eco-Muzeale

Tirlcea

-

Cristian

Micu

Proiectul expozitiei

I

gxhibition

projectz

r

Valentin

Pamic

o

Florin

Rddulescu

.

Eugen Pavelef

Proiect

cultural I Cultural

project:

o

Eugen Pavele

Culegere texte

I

Text

processingz

r

Valentin Parnic

.

Eugen

Pavelef

r

Anca Doina

Comaciu

List of the museums and

institutions

par-ticipating

in

the

exhibition

of

"The

Boian Civilisation

on

Romania's Tetitory":

1. The Museum

of the Lower Danube

-

Cdldragi

2.Ttre Museum of Archaeology

-

Oltenifa

3. The BucharestMunicipal Museum

-

Buchmest

4.

The Eco-Museum Research

Institute

-

T\rlcea

5.

The

Prahova

County

Museum of History and

Archaeology

- Ploiegti

6.

The

National

History Museum of Romania

-Bucharest

7. The Museum

of Brdila -

Brdila

Catalogue entries

by:

r

The Lower Danube Museum, Cdlfuagi

- Vasile

Oprea

o

The

Museum of Brdila,

Brdila - Stlnicd Pandrea

r

The

Bucharest Municipal Museum

- Eugen Movild

r

The

National History Museum of Romania

- George

Trohani

r

The

Prahova

County

Museum

of History and

Archaeology

-

Bogdan Ciupe,

Marilena Peneg

r

The

Archaeology Museum, Olteni{a

-

Done

$erb5nescu

r

The Eco-Museum

Resemch Institute,

Ttrlcea

-

Cristian

Micu

Sigle

autori

I

Author

abbreviati.ons:

M. N.

-

Marian Neagu

E. C.

-

Eugen

Comqa

V

B-

-

Vasile Boroneant

S.

P.

-

Stdnicd Pandrea

N.

H.

-

Nicolae Harfuche

D.

V.

R.

-

Dinu

V.

Rosetti

V.

O.

- Yasile

Oprea

C.

M.

-

Cristian

Micu

D. S,

-

Done

$erbdnescu

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Marian

Neagu

Acest

volum a fost

editat

cu sprijinul cI M e

C

-

Institutul

de

Memorie

Culturali

This volume

was

ed.ited

with the support of

c

I

M

e

C

-

Institute

for

Cultural Memory

-,cs;

*"m

;.

',,.ir

Comitet

de

rcdac(ie

I nailorialCommittee:

o

Irina

Oberliinder

-

Tdmoveanu

r

Corina

Bor$

a

Thaducere

in

limba

englezl

I English

version:

r

Anca

Doina

Comaciu

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5/50

CONTENTS

I.

Marian NEAGU,

The Boian Culture

--..-.....---49

2.

History

of

the

Researches

................

.-.......49

II. Marin NICA,

Boian

Finds in

the Western Part

of the Romanian

Plain...

..

-...............

-

"

52

1. Piafra-Sat" "Vadu

Codrii"

Site............

.......52

2.

Piaffa-Sa

"Nucet"

Site ...........

.......-.--...... 52

III. Radian-Romus

ANDREESCU,

Douglass

BAILEY,

Preliminary

Observations

Regarding

the

Neo-

Eneolithic

Habitance

on

the

Teleorman

Valley

.....-....--.....55

IV.

Done

$ERBANESCU,

The

Neolithic

Necropolis of Popegti,

Vasilafi Commune,

CIlirapi

County.......58

V. Vasile

BORONEANI,

The Neolithic

Finds from

Chitila

{'Fermi"

--......--..........-

61

VI. Stdnicd

PANDREA,

The

Boian Culture

in the North-Eastern

Part of the

Romanian

Plain .................62

VII.

The Research

Isaccea

-

"Suhat"

A. Cristian

MICU,

The

Settlement

of Boian-Giulegti

....-.........-.......65

B. Adrian nAfAPeSCU,

The Neolithic

Fauna. 1997

-

1998 Campaign

..........

.....................65

C.

Valentin

RADU,

The

Study

of the Archaeoichthyological

Material.

1998

Campaign

.......................65

D.

Costel

HAITi.,

The Preliminary Sedimentological

Study.

1998

Campaign

VIII. Archaeological Sites:

.........

1. StSnicS

PANDREA,

Br[ilita

........66

2. Mmian

NEAGU,

GilIfui

-

6'Movila

Berzei"......

3.

Valentin PARNIC,

Glina

4.

Cristian

MICU,

Isaccea

-

"Suhat"

..........67

5.

StenicdPANDREA,

Lipcoteanca .............

..................68

6.

Cristian

MICU,

Sarichioi

-

ttl,a

Bursuci"

............

.....

68

7. Stdnicd PANDREA, Siligtea

-

"Conac"

..................... 69

8.

VaientinPARNIC,

Vidra

.......69

IX.

Valentin PARNIC, Catalogue

of the Exhibition

............'10

Annexes:

List

of Boian Finds

Settlements Represented

in

the

Exhibition

.....37

List of

Boian Flnds

Settlements

................37

Stdnicd

PANDREA,

Map of

the

Boian

Settlements

on

Romania's Territory........-.......

........

38

Eugen

COM$A,

La

Roumanie

meridionale. Boian.

Atlas

du

N6olithique

europ6en.

L'Europe

orientalg Lidge,

1993,

pp.156 a 158.

65

66

66

39

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9/50

utilisent

l'os

et

la

come

pour

en

faire

des

al6nes, de

petits ciseaux,

des

serfouettes

et

des

manches

perfords.

Les

objets

en

mdtal

sont

tr0s rares.

Un lot de

perles

provenant de

la n6cropole

de

Cemica

passent

pour

Ofre

en

cuivre,

bien

qu'd

mon

avis

elles

ont d0

Otre

ffaitdes

comme n'importe

quelle roche

et

non

en

tant

que

m6tal.

Ce

n'est

qu'd

partir

de la

phase

Vidra

et

pendant

la

phase

de

ffansition

qu'on

frouve

de

vrais

objets

en

cuivre, mais

avec

une

frdquence

assez basse.

Vingtcinq

ans

de

fouilles

h Radovanu

n'ont

mis au

jour

que

deux

objets

en cuivre,

tandis

que

le

site Vidra

de

Glina n'a livr6

que

quelques

poingons

de

cuiwe

d

manche

en

os,

quelques perles

de

cuiwe

(petites

feuilles

de m6tal roul6es)

et

un

fil d'or"

Toutes

ces

piBces

sont

originaires

du

sud

des

Balkans.

Laplupart

des

sites

ont livr6

des

fusaioles

en

terre

cuite model6es

ou

constitu6es

de

tessons

arrondis

perfor6s, de

poids circulaires

plats munis de

quatre

coches

oppos6es

sur deux

diamdtres

perpendiculaires,

qui

servaient d

tordre

les

fils,

et enfin

des

poids de

m6tier

d tisser ovales,

ronds ou

oblongs,

munis

d'un trou

de

suspension

en

leur

partie sup6rieure.

Une des maisons

de

Radovanu

a

livr6

un

amas de

ces

poids.

Les r6pertoires

morphologiques

et

omementaux

de tra

poterie Boian

sont

trds

riches" Au

cours

des deux

premiBres phases, la

pdte

est

p6trie

avec de

la

balle,

tandis

qu'aux

phases

suivantes elle

est

d6graiss6e

d

la

chamotte.

Pendant

toute

la dur6e

de

cette

culture,

les

vases

de

qualit6 sup6rieure

sont

ddgraiss6s

au

sable

fin.

Les

formes

de

la

vaisselle

courante

se sont

maintenues

pendant tout

le

d6veloppement

de

la culture

de

Boian:

pots

d la

panse

renfl6e,

piriformes, bols

et

6cuelles.

Le

r6pertoire

ornemental

comporte

des

impressions,

des

boutons,

des

cordons impressionn6s

et

des

d6cors

i

la

bmbotine.

Au

contraire,

la

deuxidme

cat€gie

de

vases se diversifie

selon

les

diff6rentes

phases:

-

Bolintineanu:

piriformes d

pied

et

bols. Ddcors

de m6andres

incis6s. Chaque

sillon est

bordd

de

part

et

d'autre

de

plusieurs rangdes de

petites impressions

triangulaires

incrust6es

de

pdte

blanche;

-

Giulegti:

piriformes,

gobelets,

bols, bouvercles

et

supports. D6cors

excis6s

en

mdandres,associ6s

h des

damiers

et

d

des dents

de

loup remplis d'incrustations

blanches;

-

Vidra:

vases

cylindriques

avec

ou

sans pied,

gobelets

et

bols.

D6cors excis6s:

sillons dtroits

s6par6s

pm

des

m6plats,

angles,

m6andres

souvent

associ6s

i de

petits

carr6s

lisses

disposds

en

gradins et d

des

triangles.

Ces

figures

sont

toutes incrust6es

de

pdte

blanche;

-

Phase

de transition:

f

inventaire

typologique

est

le

m6me

qu'd

la

phase

pr6c6dente,

mais

quelques

modifications

apparaissent dans les

ddcors.

Les figures

excis6es

occupent

cette

fois

de

grandes

surfaces, tandis

que

les

bandes

lisses sont 6troites

et

composent

des

40

m6andres

et

des

triangles. On

note 1'apparition

de

df

:,:ry

peints

au

graphite.

Le r6pertoire

typologique de

la

poterie de

c-'-- x

supdrieure comporte

des

gobelets

et des

bols

i su:--,a*

noire

ou

grise"

L'ext6rieur

est

lustrd et

d6coij

s

faisceaux

de

cannelures serr6es,

forrnant

un c-::-

horizontal

ou bien

des ondes

et

des angles. C:

x

cat6gorie

de

cdramique,

de

tradition Dudegti,

se

mat-.:-

pendant les

quatre

phases

de

ia

culture

Boian.

Les

sites occup6s

pendant les deux

pren'-:-a

phases

sont

gdndralement

install6s

sur

des

terrasses

:ry:

61ev6es,

au

voisinage

des cours

d'eau.

A

partir de B:

-

s

Vidra, on

observe une nette

pr6f6rence

pour

les

l-:-el

terrasses escarpdes;

les

villages

peuvent

m6me

i:r

entour6s

de

foss6s

d6fensifs. C'est

sur

se

:'.:t

d'emplacement

que

des

tells

vont

se fc:::

s'

progressivement e

partir

de

la

phase Vidra.

Les deux

premi6res

phases

possEdent

des

ma:":,:r

ovales,

semi-enterr6s,

dot6es d'un

foyer.

Toutefois.

:,*

maisons rectangulaires

avec

un

plancher

sur

plate-:

::=r

sont construites

en

surface d6s

la

phase

Giule;:-

-*

dernier

type

est

le seul utilis6

pendant

la

phas.

c

transition

observ6e

i Radovanu"

L'entt6e,

ouverii

l:r-:

un des

petits c6t6s

du

rectangle,

est expos6e

au

s'-

-

*

f int6rieur,

une

banquette

longe

la

paroi

nord;

on

Y

:r

i

il

dgalement

un

four

sur

socle

massif

muni

d'une

vou..

r

forme

de

cabane

etun

emplacement

destind

d

la

mc

--,-rrl

du

grain.

De

rares

figurines

anthropomorphes

sont

at:es-sl

pendant

toutes les

phases

de

cette

culture.

E-

*,,

repr6sentent

des

personnages

f6minins debout;

,="r:,

d6cors semblent

reproduire

des v0tements om6s. --m

figurine

masculine

a la taille

serr6e dans

une

-

--e

ceinture dont

les

pans

retombent

librement

deva-

*

derri6re.

La

phase

de

transition

est

6galement

iliui:s*

par

queiques

figurines

plates,

en

os.

Les

figu-=-:er

zoomorphes

sont

rares

(boeufs,

moutons,

porcs).

Les

morts

sont

inhumds"

Au

cours de

la

p:.m

Bolintineanu,

les squelettes

sont

allong6s sur

1e

-r;-,.

tandis

que

les

autres

phases

pr6fdrent

une

pos--::

contractde,

le

corps couch6

sur

le c6t6"

Quelques

tc:-:ei

de la n6cropole

de Cernica

(environ

400

ton:c.

comportent

un

mobilier

fundraire :

poteries,

outils

er-

s-s

et

en

roche

dure,

bijoux

en os,

perles,

bracelets

er.

=ir

de

spondyle

(Spondylus

gaederopus)

ou

en valve

d'l-.

-

::

(Ostrea

edulis).

La

cuiture de

Boian

est

contemporaine

de

la :

"r

grande partie des

cultures de

Hamangia,

de

la 11=;

de

la

Vddastra

et

de

Vinia d'un

c6td,

et

d'une

p?r:-:

ili,

1'

dvolution

du Rub

an6

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et

de

1a

culture

P e

-

;

(sud-ouest

de

la

Transylvanie)

de

l'autre.

A:-'

assimilation

de

quelques

corununautds

du

Ruband *-*

1a

phase

Giulegti devait

constituer

le fonds

princip

CIr

la

culrure

de

Pr6cucuten .


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19/50

.

Let:

1955,

Ion Nestor

.

Greaca:

1954,8-

Comga

.

Aldeni:

1955,

E.

Comga

.

Bogata: 1956,

E.

Comqa

Spanfov:

1958-1959,

Sebastian Morintz

The toponymy

of

Boian

was used after

the

discoveries made between

1.923

and 1925

on

the

Grddigtea

Ulmilor island,

situated

in

the

middle

of

the

Boian

Lake.

Radu Mddescu-Vulpe,

in

the surface excavations

betweenMostigtea

md Cflerqi

togetlrer withvl

Dunitescu

has

remarked

an unusual

potbry which

he

naned

at

the

time

exfrtic

(Vlfiescu-Vulpe,

R.,

I9?t1,

p.

85).

The

term

of

Boian

civilisation

was used

for

the

first time

in

the

relevant

literature

by Ion Nestor

in

1928

(Nestor,

1., 1928,

p

110-1a3).

4. The systematic

excavations

prevailed between

1960

and 1999:

.

Andolina:

1958-1961,

E Comga

.

Hdr$ova: 1960-1978,

Doina

Galbenu

.

Radovanu:

1960-1973,1985-1986,

E.

Comqa

.BrdiliJa:

1961,

1965,

N. Hmfuche

andF,

Atanasiu

(I.

T.

Dragomir

and

Liviu

Mihdilescu,

intermittently).

'Tdrg$or:

1965-1995,

Gh. Diaconu

.

Li$coteanca

-

Mog

Filon

and

Movila

din

Balt5i',:

1971

-

1974,

1979

-

1980,

N. Harfuche, F.

Anastasiu,

V. Sdrbu

.

Sili$tea

-

Conac :01981

-

1985,

V. Sirbu,

S.

Fandrea

.

Sarichioi

-

La Bursuci : L987,

Emest

Oberl2inder-Tdmoveanu,

kina Oberl?inder-Tdrnoveanu

.

GileFi -'Movila

Berzei :

1980-1983, Mmian

Neagu

.

Coroteni:

1982-1985,

Victor Bobi

o

Sultana- Valea

Orbului :

1985-1988,

Done

$erbdnescu

Vl5diceascaJ'GherghelSul

Mme :

1980-1986,

Done

$erbdnescu

Cdsceomele

-

'D'aia

parte :

1991-1998,

Done

$erbdnescu

o

Isaccea- Suhat :

1997-1999,

Cristian

Micu,

Smaranda

Micu.

The frst

suggestions

regmding

the

periodisation

were made

as

emly

as 1934 by

D.

Berciu,

who

on

the

basis of

the sfratigraphical

observations

from Tangiru,

divided

the

Boian

culture into

Boian

I

and Boian II

(Berciu

,D.,1937,

p,

7-11).

Subsequently,

as a result

of

the

new resemches,

the author

reassessed

the

evolution

of

the

Boian culture

and divided

it

into

five main

phases:

Boian

I, Boian

II, Boian

III,

Boian

IV

anil

BoianV'

each

having its

subperiods

(Berciu,

D.,

1961,

p.

61).

50

At

frst

E.

Comga

divided

the Boian

culture

intc

three

phases

(Comga,

8.,

L954,

p.

360-392t

Bolintineanu,

Giuleqti

and

Vidra;

later,

in his monograpi:

he included

the

last

researches

and added

a

fourttr

phase

called

fransition

phase,

each

of these

phases having

tv:

stages

of

evolution

(Comga,

8., 1974,

p.

27).

If

D.

Berciu

made the

error to

use

the

results

c:

the archaeological

researches

from

oniy one

settlemer.:

(Tangiru)

which he

would

extrapolate

to

the

entire

evolution

of the Boian

culture,

E.

Comga

used

the

archaeological

materials from

more finds

and settlemen'i

analysed. On

the

other

hand,

he abused

the

typologica-

criteri4

notpaying

enough

attention

to the stratigraphic''

ones, in

order

to

establish

the

periodisation

of thii

civilisation,

a fact

he had the

grace

to

admit:

[Ic

emphasise

thal our

periodisation

was worked out

and

formulateil

above

all according

to

typological

criteria'

(Comga

8,

197

4,

p.

23). The

Boian

culture

periodisatio:

suggested

byE.

Comgahasno solidfoundation,

as

at fltrs:

it

was

based only

on

the typology

of the

1nttery

uncovere:

in several

settlements

and

later

on the

stratigraphica-

relations

between

the

different evolution

phases. Th-s

bizane situation

can be

partially

explained

also

by ti::

fact the

researches

on the Boian

culture

were

at

th-3

beginning,

at

the time

when

were

formulated

the firs:

suggestions

of

periodisation

(Comqa

,8. ,

1954,

P.

3

6f'

3e2).

Madimir

Dumitescu

used

to observe

the

fornphasei

periodisation

of

the

Boian

culnre,

but he based

his anal,vs.i

on all

the

reseaches

regmding

all the

aspects

of

the

maten'

and

spiritual

life,

related to the epoch

in question

and to

tl,;

other archaeological

cultures. Thus,

the

first

two

phases

c-

the Boian

culture

belong

to the developed

Neolithic

a::

the

others

are

proposed for

the

late

Neolithic

and Eneolithr:

@umifrescu,

V.,

1988,

p.

28).

The

lack of

coherence

of

the

Boian

culrur-

research

had a negative effect

on the

stage

of

r1::

knowledge

related

to this civilisation.

The

chance

finc-',

journeys

to the sites, experiments

or

systemai.;

excavations

failed to

be

corroborated

and

integrated

in:-

a unitary

research

programme. The only

Boian settlemer-:

wholly examined,

but

not

yet

published,

is

the one

''

LiqcoteancaJ'Movila

din

Ba1t5

(excavations led by

\

Harfuche,

information

from

S.

Pandrea).

The uncoverLr;

of

the last layer

of

the Boian settlement

of Radovanu

'

'

the only

vast systematic

research

that

we

knorr

c:

(Comga,

8.,

1974,

p.

M-17).

The interdisciplinar.'

research

has

been

sporadic,

discontinuous,

ar.:

incomplete.

The researches

of last

period undertaken

in

tl:

Bolintineanu

settlements

of

GdldEui-'Movila

Berzei-

Luncaj'La

gtr5dini , Piscu Crdsani,

Coroteni

or

Gr5digc;

Coslogeni

proved that E. Comga's

theory

c:


20/50

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21/50

During

the

Middle

Neolithic,

butespecially

during

its

final

period,

the

lower

basin

of the

Olt

River

was

not

only

a

tmong

cultural

unit

of

the

Dudegti-Vddasfta

cultural

type,

but

also

an

mea

where

the

Boian-Vddastra

and

Vinca-Dudeqti

civilisations

intermingled'

1.

The

Piatra-Sat

66Vadul

Codrii"

Site

Halfway

between

Piatra-Sat

and

Brincoveni,

across

the

town

of

Slatina,

the

lower

temace

to

the

left

of

the

Olt

river

forms

a

several

hundred

meters

long

spuratwhose

end,

in

aplace

oalled"Vadul

Codrii"

there

ii

a

higher

promontory

dorninating

the

wide

Olt

Valley'

Human

communities

founded

in

this

place

a settlement

of

the

Boian

type

belonging

to

Giulegti

phase

at

the

beginning

of

the

Middle

Neolithic.

The

level

belonging

to

the

rather

small

settlement

(50

x

40 m)

has

been

disturbed

by

the

pits

of

premediaeval

emth

houses

(56

-

5m

centuries

AD),

later

on

by those

of

the

mediaeval

necropolis

dating

from

the end

of

the

L66

century

and

by

a

gravel

quarry

which

desfroyed

almost

half

of

the

settlement

surface.

The

Boian

settlement

was

made

up of

surface

dwellings,

disposed

in

parallel

rows,

as

proven

by

the

freplaces

discovered

in

sections

I

- IV

and

VI

-

YII'

The

sizes

of

the dwellings

did

not exceed

4

x

5

m'

To

the

south

the settlement

was

delimited

or

protected

by

a

Chapter

II

BOIAN

FINDS

IN

THE

WESTERN

PART

OF

THE

ROMANIAN

PLAIN

Marin

NICA

surface

construction

of

considerable

sizes

(11'5 x

a'5

m),

having

a special

role

within

the

settlement

The

freplaces

of

the

surface

dwellings,

square

with

slightly

rounded

or

round

comers,

of

sizes

ranging

between

0.50

m

or

0.90

m,

used

to

have

a

cracked

crus:

of

about

0"04

m,

pointing

to

a long

usage'

In

the

west

end

of

the

settlement

also

two

sma*

defensive

fosses

were

uncovered.

The

stratigraphica-

observations

at

"Vadul

Codrii"

point

to three

layers

belonging

to

Giulegti

phase

of

the

Boian

culture'

2.The

Piatra'Sat

"Nucet"

Site

During

the

last

stage

of

the

Giulegti

phase,

the

"Vadul

Codrii"

community

had

founded

a

neo

settlement,

300

m

to

the

wes

in

the

place

called

"Nucer'"

on

the

same

terrace

of

the

Olt

River'

Sections

I

-

\-'

excavated

in

1985

and

1987,

include

avery

thin

dwelling

layer

of

the

settlement

of

Boian

culture

overlapping

the

one

belonging

to

the

settlement

of Vddastra

II

(Vddasrr-'

I after

C.

Mateescu).

The

culture

layer

belonging

to

t}:e

Boian

culture

is

overlappedby

a

few

ceramics

complexe'

of the

Vddastra

trI

and

Vddastra

fV

phases'

The

presence

of

the

Boian

communities

of

the

Giulegti

phase

on

the

right

terrace

of

the

Olt

reveals

the

period

of

maximurn

territotA

expansion

of

this

civilisation,

fromWallachi:

to

Moldavia

and

south-east

Transylvania'

52


22/50

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I

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U

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o

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6

o

6

F

r

c

z

o

o

F

't

..

q

NB

o5

:.q


23/50

ffim-

t-l

Wn

D*

\,-

\-

\_r-

a

\-_-

Fig.2.

Pottery

of

the

Boian

- Giulegti

settlement,

discovered

at Piatra

-

Sat'l/adu

Codrii"

%.

Iiiilg u

triti ltirti

5

E%

u

iiirtllllllll[

,rt

I

I

tlllll([

r

r

I

t

r

llll(l

'rlllllllllrlrll

rrtilllllltill

a ao

oq

a

riJ:i,lt,

rIf{,ilfi,

it.t'.iii+lr.inllil

ii:i

ii

tt4i

itt

i;itUftt1

:.

.

"...-.:

..

-:

.

.::.

_

,

::

:-::-,:.y'

'../-

54

Fig.

3.

Pottery

of

the

Boian -

Giulegti

settlement,

discovered

at Piatra

-

Sat'1/adu

Codrii"

^t

-\:.

\f

:,ai

:-

\l

m.

WA


24/50

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Jo

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25/50

Fig. 1.

Neo-Enolithic sites

uncovered

by

excavations

(rnap

by Steve

Mills)

Besides

the

ground

resemches,

this

yearhavebeen

undertaken

a

series

of limited

excavations

(mainly

the

2

x

1 m

sized one was used),

extending

wherever

the

situation on

the

ground

needed

it. The results of these

researches

me under

processing

so

that

we

are

going

to

make

just

a

few

preliminary

observations that we hope

me

going

to

be

of interest.

First of all we

had the

opporfunity

to

observe

that

not any agglomeration

of

pottery

fragments, abo de,

and

bones

corresponds

to

a

stable settlement,

having

dwellings and an individualised

cultural

layer. The

TEL

010 excavations uncovered

only rare

pottery

fragments,

some

of them Neolithic,

other

Geto-Dacian, found

in

various ground types,

without

constituting

a coherent

layer that we could

define as a cultural

layer.

In

TEL

009 the

archaeological

ffaces are more

significant

and consist

of

a

higher

amount

of

pottery

abode

bits,

and flint bones.

The

excavations

(the

most

extensive

of this

campaign)

were made

in the mea of a

dwelling

whose

elements and sizes

can no longer be

assessed

as they

are

almost

completely

destroyed. The

strange

thing

about

this

dwelling is

that

it

is

placed

on

sand.

The cultural

level,

found immediately

under

the

ground

surface

(because

of

that the

agricultural works

destroyed the

lmgest portion

of

the traces)

is made up

of

a

mixture of

sand and

black

soil,

and

it rarely

suq)asses

20

cm

in thickness.

Under

it lies

a sand layer of

yellowish

orange

colour.

In TEL

001 went

on the chamfering

of a

drainage

canal

wall

crossing

the

Neolithic

site. The cleaning

of

the

profile

thus

obtained

led

to

the

uncovering

of the

remains

of a

surface

dwelling of unfired abode.

The

dwelling

was

adjoined

by a kiln or

oven.

The

last

site, TEL

008,

is

the

richest

in

archaeological

materials

and

has a special situation.

Practically,

two areas

have been

delimited:

in the

56

first

one,

immediately

under the

present

ground

surface

there are

the

damaged remains

of

a

surface

dwelling,

while in the second

one,

lying

nearby, the

cultural

layer

lies at

a

depth of

over 20 cmthe

ground

types

in

which

are

placed

the

two

dwellings

are also

different.

In short,

we can

state

that

at the

end

of

the

two

campaigns

we

have more

questions

than

answersrelated

to

the

Neo-Eneolithic

inhabitance

in

the

Teleorman

valley.

Afirst

issue to

be brought

into discussion is that

of defining more accurately

the term

of

settlement,

or,

more

precisely

for that

age,

of

dwelling.

A

simple surface

researchrecorded

these four

places

as being four Boian

settlements.

The reality seems

to

be

completely

different:

we

have

here

different inhabitances

if

we

are to take

into account the

time

factor.

More

exactly,

we can

propose

the hypothesis of inhabitances that we might

define as

permanent

(or

almost

permanent),

temporary

or

seasonal. Thus we

may

suppose

that

sites like

TEL

008

and

TEL

001 represent almost

permanent

settlements,

having

surface

dwellings

and

aperceivable

cultural layer;

TEL

010

where there me

no

dwellings,

not

even

a cultural

layer,

could

point

to

a

seasonal

inhabitance linkedpossibly to

a

certain

economic

activity

(as

a matter of

fact,

as

a

true

ethno-archaeological

similmity,

we should mention that

during

the summer,

in

the Teleorman

valley

emerge

all

sorts

of improvised

constructions, shelters for

people

who bred animals

here

just

for one season). It is only natural

that

due

to

the

short

inhabitance

period

the

remains

should be scmce.

A

more

special

position

is

that

of TEL

009

inhabitance.

The

archaeological traces are

more

significant,

but

cover a rather restricted area and are

placed

in

the sand. It could

be

here

the

case of a

temporary inhabitance

(not

for

just

one season,

as

there

is a thin cultural layer), being

probably

related

to an

economic

activitv,

possibly

to

water resources,

given

its

placing

on

a

sand layer.

Of

course

it

is very

difficult

in this stage of

researches

for us to

precisely

define

these

inhabitance

types, and delimit theborders between them. To do that

we

should reconstitute

the

environment,

as well

as

be

familiar with

the

human activities,

especially

the

economic

ones,

which decisively influenced

the

dynamics

of

the inhabitance

in the

area. In

this

sense

we

should

stress the

special

importance of

interdisciplinary

researches,

like

sedimentologR

hydrology,

palynology

or archaeozoology.

These hypotheses

will

certainly

gain

in

verisimilitude

by

the

emergence

and compmison of

similar

situations.

Another important matter

is the

chronology.

On

the basis

of

ground

researches,

we had

ascribed at least

two sites to the Giulegti

phase

of

the Boian culture,

-withor.

phases

potte4

brougl

Giuleq

theTE

not

cc

ascribi

from

o

belong

culturr

@.Ber

fromtl

t9 71).

arheo

Bucur

Boian,

L972,

prehis

tEsplc

Aprili,


26/50

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27/50

Chapter IV

TTIE

NEOLITHIC

NECROPOLIS

OF

POPE TI,

VASILATT

COMMUNE,

CAIAnE I COUNTY

The

author

presents

a Neolithic necropolis

belonging to

the

Boian civilization

studied a

quarter

of

a century

ago

in

the

village

of Popegti, Vasilagi commune,

on the high terrace on the right bank of the

Ddmbovila

river. From the necropolis,

lmgely destroyed by vmious

works

and constructions, the author succeeded

to

save

16 Neolithic

tombs and one tomb

from

the

Bronze Age.

From

an

anthropological

point

of view

two human types

were

discovered: Mediterranean, with its variants, and

protoeuropoids.

The

average

height of

males was over

the medium one

(169.2

cm) and medium

at

the upper

limit with

females

(156.

1 cm).

The rite

practiced

is

inhumation

in

a

moderate

crouching

position,

in most cases on the left side, and

in

just

one case

(M.

5),

the

skeleton lay crouched on the

right side.

As

regards the

position

of

the

arms, two

situations

were

met.

Some

skeletons had

their

arms

bent

at the

elbow

and brought up to the face and others had

the left arm bent

at

the

elbow

and

directed

towmds the

Done

gERBANnScU

face, with the

palm

under the

head

and the

right

hand

directed towards the right thighbone. In

7 tombs funerary

items

(seashell,

bone,

copper carbonate beads, a bone

ring, or

stone

toois) were

discovered. The burial

of

the

dead in the necropolis reveals that

prehistoric

humans

of that age used to have

a

complex, well

organized

religion, in which they

saw death as

a

passing

to a new

existence during

which they

had

to live together with

the

other

dea4

thus

they

would

need certain objects they

had used

while

alive. The crouching

position

and

burial

with

the head towards the

east

prove

that they hoped

that

by

a

new resurrection they could retum to life.

On

the basis

of the study of

the

rite of

the

burial

rifual

and the items collected from the tombs, the

necropolis resemched at Popegti-Vasilafi was ascribed

to the

Vidra

phase

of the

Boian

civilization, being

contemporary with

the

necropolises

uncovered

at

Boian

A, Andolina, a

part

of

the tombs uncovered at

Cemic4

and with the children's tombs uncovered at Glina.

a

@u,

--

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1.

Popegti, Vasilali corrmune - Funerary inventory from M.1,

M. 2,

M. 4,

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civilizatia boian in romania

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