civil war in arkansas i introduction, causes, and beginning
TRANSCRIPT
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Civil War in Arkansas I
Introduction, Causes,
And Beginning
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The Civil War
• 1861-1865
• Began at Fort Sumter and ended at Appomattox Court House.
• United States vs. Confederate States
• Abraham Lincoln vs. Jefferson Davis
• More than 600,000 deaths due to the Civil War.
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The Civil War (Cont.)
• Cost the U.S.A. $6.19 billion.
• Cost the C.S.A. $4 billion.
• Destroyed property valued at $5 billion.
• Gave freedom to 4 million slaves.
• It still affects this country today.
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Long Term Causes
• Economic Differences-
• North-Industry
• South-Agriculture
• Beliefs about the role of government-
• North-Strong central government
• South-States’ Rights
• Slavery-
• North-Opposed
• South-Supported
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Yellow=Free Light Green=Slave
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Talk of Secession
• People in the South were beginning to discuss leaving the Union.
• This made Arkansas very unstable.
• There was a long standing division between slave and nonslave areas.
• People new that to secede would mean war, but they believed it would be a short, two month war with a Southern victory.
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Party Changes in AR
• The national Whig party had broken apart over the issue of slavery.
• This left Arkansas Whigs without a home.
• Also the Democratic “Family” that had ruled the state’s government was the weakest it had ever been.
• In 1860 the first governor of the state of Arkansas not to be supported by the family was elected.
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Thomas Hindman
• Hindman moved to Helena, AR, from Mississippi in the 1850s.
• He was at first an ally to the “Family”.
• He broke away from them in the late 1850s and gave his support to Henry Rector who was running for governor against the “Family’s” candidate Richard H. Johnson.
• Rector won.
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National Politics
• At this same time the entire country was focused on the Presidential race.
• The Democratic Party had split and nominated two candidates-Stephen A. Douglas and John C. Breckinridge.
• The new Republican Party had recently formed and was against the extension of slavery into new lands.
• The Republican Candidate was Abraham Lincoln.
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• Lincoln was believed to support abolition and wasn’t even put on the ballot in the South.
• Former Whigs in Tennessee nominated John Bell, a Constitutionalist, for president.
• In the election of 1860, Arkansas voted along what was left of party lines.
• Breckinridge-28,783 votes.
• Bell-20,094 votes.
• Douglas-5,227
• No votes in Arkansas went for Lincoln.
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Lincoln Wins
• Lincoln won a clear victory with 180 electoral votes.
• Breckinridge carried Arkansas and 10 other slave states but only received 72 electoral votes.
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The Question of Secession
• Would the Southern states have to secede from the Union to keep their slaves?
• The Southern doctrine of states’ rights was their means to justify secession.
• Most Arkansans wanted to wait and see what would happen with this new president before deciding.
• Governor Rector warned Arkansans they might soon have to make a decision, “the Union without slavery, or slavery without the Union.
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Stay or Leave• Even after South Carolina and three other
states had left the Union, Arkansas was reluctant to act.
• South and eastern Arkansans demanded quick action to secede.
• North and western Arkansans pleaded for caution and patience.
• January 15, 1861 the General Assembly called for a vote of the people.
• They voted to have a secession convention to decide.
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Meanwhile…
• While Arkansas was still deciding the seven states that had seceded formed the Confederate States of America.
• They elected Jefferson Davis their president.
• Some Arkansans got tired of waiting.• A group of armed extremists took over the
U.S. Army Arsenal in Little Rock.• The commander there surrendered to
avoid bloodshed.
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The Convention
• Met for two weeks of debate and turned down the chance to secede by a vote of thirty-nine to thirty-five.
• Soon after this vote, South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter.
• In response for this Lincoln called for troops.• In Arkansas Governor Rector refused Lincolns
request for volunteers.• The question was now if it comes to war, which
side are we on?
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Arkansas Decides to Secede
• David Walker called the convention back into session on May 6, 1861.
• After a few hours of discussion all but five men voted to secede.
• Walker called for a second ballot in effort to make the vote unanimous.
• Only one man, Isaac Murphy refused to change his vote to stay in the Union.
• Ladies threw bouquets of flowers at him from the balcony for his courage.
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Rushing Off to War
• Young men who feared the war would be over before they could join rushed to enlist in the Confederate and Union armies.
• In almost all Arkansas towns military companies formed, chose officers, and picked fancy names.
• Some units had uniforms, others wore homespun.
• The men brought their own weapons.
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Support for the War
• Women sewed bright flags and made uniforms.
• They urged men on.• If a man was to slow to sign up, a woman
would send him a petticoat, a symbol he wasn’t a real man.
• Before it was all over, 60,000 Arkansans would serve.
• This was more than 1/3 of the adult white male population in Arkansas.
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Units in Arkansas
• The state had…
–36 infantry regiments.
–15 cavalry regiments.
–13 artillery regiments.
Most of these would end up serving outside of the state.
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Part of the Confederate Army
• The Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment joined the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862.
• As the war continued volunteers quit coming and the confederacy began drafting soldiers.
• Sixteen Arkansans reached the rank of general in the Confederate army.
• The most famous general was Patrick Cleburne, who was said to be the best division commander in the Western Theater.
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Fighting for the Union
• Not all men from AR fought for the C.S.A.
• 8,289 white Arkansans served in the Union Army.
• This was more than any other Confederate state except Tennessee.
• One of these men, William Ellis, was the first Arkansan to win a Medal of Honor.
• More than 5,500 African American Arkansans also joined the Union forces.
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First Fighting
• The divided state of Missouri would set the stage of the first major battle for Arkansas.
• Confederate supporters called for help. Arkansas responded along with Texas.
• Along with the troops from Missouri, they formed a fighting force of 12,000 men.
• These amateur armies met the Union army of 5,400 at a place called Wilson’s Creek.
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The Battle of Wilson’s Creek
• The Battle of Wilson’s Creek took place on August 10, 1861.
• The battle lasted all morning.• The total casualties-number of men killed,
wounded, or missing-were 1,300 on the northern side and 1,200 on the southern side.
• Wilson’s Creek was an early example of an indecisive battle. The Union had left, but the Confederates were to weak to follow up on their victory.
• Missouri was still controlled by Unionist.