Civil War:Civil War:Advantages and Advantages and

Disadvantages for North Disadvantages for North and Southand South

IB HL Essay QuestionIB HL Essay Question

20062006 Assess the relative strengths of the North and Assess the relative strengths of the North and

the South at the beginning of the United States the South at the beginning of the United States Civil War in 1861. Civil War in 1861.

20072007 Why, in spite of the advantages of the North Why, in spite of the advantages of the North

over the South, did the Civil War in the United over the South, did the Civil War in the United States last so long?States last so long?

Advantages of SouthAdvantages of South

1. Could fight a defensive war – North would have to 1. Could fight a defensive war – North would have to invade, win, and force the South back into the Union. invade, win, and force the South back into the Union. South just had to tie / draw, not win, to remain an South just had to tie / draw, not win, to remain an independent Confederacy - same advantage the US had independent Confederacy - same advantage the US had over the British in the Revolutionary War over the British in the Revolutionary War

2. War was fought primarily on Southern soil; South 2. War was fought primarily on Southern soil; South had knowledge of local terrain and the advantage of had knowledge of local terrain and the advantage of local support…food, hiding places, shelter...local support…food, hiding places, shelter...

3. The South was almost unanimously unified behind the 3. The South was almost unanimously unified behind the cause / enthusiastic (at least at first) - preservation of their cause / enthusiastic (at least at first) - preservation of their way of life and their economic system. Fighting for way of life and their economic system. Fighting for something concrete, tangible, something easy to something concrete, tangible, something easy to understand - to be independent, to be left alone: they had understand - to be independent, to be left alone: they had no aggressive designs on the Northno aggressive designs on the North

(Include all those reasons as to why the South was (Include all those reasons as to why the South was virtually unanimously united behind the pro-slave virtually unanimously united behind the pro-slave position, even though only 25% owned slaves, and position, even though only 25% owned slaves, and only .5% owned more than 100 slavesonly .5% owned more than 100 slaves

Fear of reprisalsFear of reprisals Siege MentalitySiege Mentality Competition for jobsCompetition for jobs

Ties of KinshipTies of Kinship Social Mobility / OwnershipSocial Mobility / Ownership Force of RaceForce of Race Legal / ConstitutionalLegal / Constitutional Slave Power / “Slaveocracy” / “slaveocrats”?Slave Power / “Slaveocracy” / “slaveocrats”?

4. The South had the best commanders, Robert E Lee 4. The South had the best commanders, Robert E Lee was a great strategist and motivator. (Lincoln had was a great strategist and motivator. (Lincoln had offered him command of the North’s armies but he offered him command of the North’s armies but he turned it down when his own state of Virginia seceded). turned it down when his own state of Virginia seceded). Stonewall Jackson too was a great strategist / tactician, Stonewall Jackson too was a great strategist / tactician, a master of speed and deception, and inspired his men a master of speed and deception, and inspired his men by his own bravery on the battlefieldby his own bravery on the battlefield

5. Southern soldiers were mostly from rural backgrounds 5. Southern soldiers were mostly from rural backgrounds and so were experienced with guns and horse-riding: they and so were experienced with guns and horse-riding: they generally tended to be better soldiers (their high pitched generally tended to be better soldiers (their high pitched “rebel-yell” struck terror).“rebel-yell” struck terror).

6. South adapted, fought a smart campaign, in the early 6. South adapted, fought a smart campaign, in the early years - seized federal weapons, ran Union blockades, years - seized federal weapons, ran Union blockades, developed their own ironworks…to provide sufficient developed their own ironworks…to provide sufficient weaponryweaponry

7. Supported by the Five Civilized Tribes of the Indian 7. Supported by the Five Civilized Tribes of the Indian Territory: Cherokee (split; and most of Plains Indians Territory: Cherokee (split; and most of Plains Indians supported Union), Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and supported Union), Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles: supplied troops to Confederacy…. Another Seminoles: supplied troops to Confederacy…. Another distraction to Uniondistraction to Union

8. Use of commerce-raiders build in Britain (manned by 8. Use of commerce-raiders build in Britain (manned by Britons; neutral?); the Britons; neutral?); the AlabamaAlabama destroyed 64 Union destroyed 64 Union ships; in all commerce-raiders destroyed more than 250 ships; in all commerce-raiders destroyed more than 250 Yankee ships, severely crippling the American merchant Yankee ships, severely crippling the American merchant marine (later, in 1872, Britain settled the marine (later, in 1872, Britain settled the Alabama Alabama ClaimsClaims for $15.5 m, after arbitration) for $15.5 m, after arbitration)

(The Laird Rams, two iron clad Confederate war ships, (The Laird Rams, two iron clad Confederate war ships, equipped with larger guns than the commerce raiders, equipped with larger guns than the commerce raiders, became an issue, but the British govt. stopped sale of became an issue, but the British govt. stopped sale of these to the Confederacy – a big blow to their hopes of these to the Confederacy – a big blow to their hopes of breaking the blockade)breaking the blockade)

Disadvantages of SouthDisadvantages of South

1. Shortage of supplies - after initial supplies captured 1. Shortage of supplies - after initial supplies captured from the North ran out: weapons, shoes, uniforms, from the North ran out: weapons, shoes, uniforms, blankets. Lack of supplies became critical when the blankets. Lack of supplies became critical when the North enforced a blockade on the South. By 1863 South North enforced a blockade on the South. By 1863 South was very low on supplies and morale began to collapse.was very low on supplies and morale began to collapse.

2. Poor transportation system: South did not have a very 2. Poor transportation system: South did not have a very extensive system of roads and railroads; had only 10,000 extensive system of roads and railroads; had only 10,000 miles of the country's 30,000 - irony was that South had miles of the country's 30,000 - irony was that South had opposed the “American System” which would have left it opposed the “American System” which would have left it with a more advanced transportation system. with a more advanced transportation system.

Even the 10,000 mile statistic is misleading, does not tell Even the 10,000 mile statistic is misleading, does not tell the true story of the South’s railroad inferiority. There were the true story of the South’s railroad inferiority. There were big gaps between key points in the South, which required big gaps between key points in the South, which required supplies to make detours over long distances or be carried supplies to make detours over long distances or be carried between rail lines by wagon. Tracks were of different between rail lines by wagon. Tracks were of different measurements. There were few trunk lines. Most lines ran measurements. There were few trunk lines. Most lines ran West to East to bring Cotton to the ports. As the war West to East to bring Cotton to the ports. As the war continued, the Confederate railroad system steadily continued, the Confederate railroad system steadily deteriorated, and by the last year and a half of the struggle it deteriorated, and by the last year and a half of the struggle it had almost collapsed. had almost collapsed.

3. The South had a much smaller population than North 3. The South had a much smaller population than North - only 11 states with a total population of 9m of which - only 11 states with a total population of 9m of which just under 4m were slaves and thus not involved - so just under 4m were slaves and thus not involved - so could draw from the resources of only 5m….no could draw from the resources of only 5m….no immigration to bolster numbers immigration to bolster numbers

The army was manned by Volunteers at first, like the The army was manned by Volunteers at first, like the Union armies, but by the beginning of 1862 the Union armies, but by the beginning of 1862 the Confederacy was threatened by a manpower crisis and Confederacy was threatened by a manpower crisis and the government was forced to introduce conscription the government was forced to introduce conscription which declared that all able bodied white men between which declared that all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 had to serve for 3 yrs. the ages of 18 and 35 had to serve for 3 yrs.

Well off people could buyWell off people could buy exemption for $10,000 or get exemption for $10,000 or get exemption if they owned more than 20 slaves, leading exemption if they owned more than 20 slaves, leading to the claim that “ it was a rich man's war but a poor to the claim that “ it was a rich man's war but a poor man's fight” man's fight”

Conscription worked in 1862 - 1863 but by 1864 there Conscription worked in 1862 - 1863 but by 1864 there was again a critical manpower shortage. was again a critical manpower shortage.

In a desperate move, Congress lowered the age limit for In a desperate move, Congress lowered the age limit for drafted men to 17 and raised it to 50, reaching out it drafted men to 17 and raised it to 50, reaching out it was said “towards the cradle and the grave”. But the was said “towards the cradle and the grave”. But the measure produced few new recruits in a nation now measure produced few new recruits in a nation now suffering from intense war weariness and becoming suffering from intense war weariness and becoming certain that defeat was inevitable.certain that defeat was inevitable.

In 1864- 1865 there were 100,000 desertions. In a In 1864- 1865 there were 100,000 desertions. In a frantic final attempt to raise men, Congress in 1865 frantic final attempt to raise men, Congress in 1865 authorized the drafting of 300,000 slaves. The war authorized the drafting of 300,000 slaves. The war ended before this incongruous experiment could be ended before this incongruous experiment could be attempted. attempted.

Basically the South suffered from a shortage of men / Basically the South suffered from a shortage of men /

manpowermanpower

4. The South had serious financial problems: earnings of 4. The South had serious financial problems: earnings of Cotton planters declined due to blockade: customs duties Cotton planters declined due to blockade: customs duties were also cut off by the blockade: the South raised were also cut off by the blockade: the South raised $400m in bonds, but this was not enough. Taxes were $400m in bonds, but this was not enough. Taxes were increased and an additional 10% levy on farm produce - increased and an additional 10% levy on farm produce - but the states rights southerners were reluctant to accept but the states rights southerners were reluctant to accept taxation by a central authority and in most cases refused taxation by a central authority and in most cases refused to pay – only 1% of total income was raised this way. to pay – only 1% of total income was raised this way.

Confederacy had to rely on printing paper currency - Confederacy had to rely on printing paper currency - printed $1b dollars in paper currency, which caused printed $1b dollars in paper currency, which caused runaway inflation….(overall rate of inflation in South runaway inflation….(overall rate of inflation in South was 9,000 % - only 80% in North)was 9,000 % - only 80% in North)

Also the Confederacy did not establish a uniform Also the Confederacy did not establish a uniform currency system: thus states issued their own notes - currency system: thus states issued their own notes - this caused confusion and a depreciation of the value of this caused confusion and a depreciation of the value of Confederate money and contributed to further inflation. Confederate money and contributed to further inflation.

Loans expected from abroad never materialized. Loans expected from abroad never materialized.

Basically the South suffered from a major shortage of Basically the South suffered from a major shortage of moneymoney

““The Economy was the greatest Southern weakness..”The Economy was the greatest Southern weakness..”

5. Cotton was not as important (King) as South thought 5. Cotton was not as important (King) as South thought it was. The South thought that England would support it, it was. The South thought that England would support it, to protect the supply of Cotton, but English textile to protect the supply of Cotton, but English textile manufacturers had built up a sizeable surplus (, so the manufacturers had built up a sizeable surplus (, so the British were not inclined to intervene for this reason). British were not inclined to intervene for this reason).

When the surplus ran out, the British were supplied from When the surplus ran out, the British were supplied from new sources such as India and Egypt. new sources such as India and Egypt.

Yet the British textile industry was not unaffected by Yet the British textile industry was not unaffected by loss of Southern Cotton; 500,000 workers became loss of Southern Cotton; 500,000 workers became unemployed as a result of factories closing down due to unemployed as a result of factories closing down due to the shortage of Cotton: But these workers still did not the shortage of Cotton: But these workers still did not support running the blockade or fighting with the support running the blockade or fighting with the ConfederacyConfederacy

The English ruling class may have wanted to support the The English ruling class may have wanted to support the Confederacy, but the English working classes would not Confederacy, but the English working classes would not contemplate such action, thanks to Stowe’s contemplate such action, thanks to Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Uncle Tom’s CabinCabin

They were also, later, influenced by Lincoln's They were also, later, influenced by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which turned the war into Emancipation Proclamation, which turned the war into a moral crusade.a moral crusade.

6. 6. Lack of Diplomatic efforts / Incompetent DiplomacyLack of Diplomatic efforts / Incompetent Diplomacy No overseas / foreign help, from Britain or France, No overseas / foreign help, from Britain or France, except unofficial help from British shipbuilders except unofficial help from British shipbuilders (Commerce Raiders) (Commerce Raiders) : the South was over confident that : the South was over confident that it would get foreign support because “Cotton was King” it would get foreign support because “Cotton was King” and so did not make a great enough effort to appeal for and so did not make a great enough effort to appeal for financial and military support from abroad.financial and military support from abroad.

7. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, was: 7. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, was: “flawed and blinkered both as man and as statesman, “flawed and blinkered both as man and as statesman, with huge weaknesses of judgment and capacity.” with huge weaknesses of judgment and capacity.” (Johnson) “He lacked imagination, compounded by (Johnson) “He lacked imagination, compounded by ignorance.” He did not provide effective, inspirational ignorance.” He did not provide effective, inspirational leadership, spending most of his time on routine items / leadership, spending most of his time on routine items / details, on legal and constitutional matters which were details, on legal and constitutional matters which were irrelevant to the task of ensuring the survival of a new irrelevant to the task of ensuring the survival of a new nation. nation.

He was short-tempered, and dictatorial, constantly He was short-tempered, and dictatorial, constantly quarrelling with the Confederate Congress, vetoing 38 quarrelling with the Confederate Congress, vetoing 38 of their Bills (they re-passed 37 of these)…threatened of their Bills (they re-passed 37 of these)…threatened with impeachment…he was imperious, “inclined to with impeachment…he was imperious, “inclined to defy rather than lead public opinion”defy rather than lead public opinion”

He was bitter and bore grievances. His military and He was bitter and bore grievances. His military and cabinet appointments were former comrades or friends cabinet appointments were former comrades or friends who were mostly incompetent.who were mostly incompetent.

He chose the wrong strategy – tried to defend every He chose the wrong strategy – tried to defend every inch of the border and coastline, spreading Confederate inch of the border and coastline, spreading Confederate troops too thin, rather than concentrating his forces in troops too thin, rather than concentrating his forces in fewer areas. He employed about one third of his troops fewer areas. He employed about one third of his troops in non-combative defense duties when his commanders in non-combative defense duties when his commanders were clamoring desperately for more men were clamoring desperately for more men

8. The South’s political system left it weak: it adopted a 8. The South’s political system left it weak: it adopted a loose confederate system - like the former Articles of loose confederate system - like the former Articles of Confederation - with strong states and a weak federal Confederation - with strong states and a weak federal government. government.

States put their own interests first: each state raised its own States put their own interests first: each state raised its own forces, often decided on when and where to use them, forces, often decided on when and where to use them, sometimes refusing to fight under commanders from other sometimes refusing to fight under commanders from other states, or serve outside their own borders: some states states, or serve outside their own borders: some states seemed ready to quickly secede from the Confederacy seemed ready to quickly secede from the Confederacy (Georgia) if they did not get their way…(Georgia) if they did not get their way…

Irony - states rights, which the South had promoted over a Irony - states rights, which the South had promoted over a long period of time, damaged the Confederacy’s chances of long period of time, damaged the Confederacy’s chances of winning winning

Focus on state control also caused problems with Focus on state control also caused problems with supplies, finance, as well as manpower. Often it was supplies, finance, as well as manpower. Often it was “every state for itself.” The South was “a martyr to its “every state for itself.” The South was “a martyr to its own ideology of states rights.”own ideology of states rights.”

9. Internal Conflict and Jealousies: Virginia / Virginians 9. Internal Conflict and Jealousies: Virginia / Virginians disliked the “less polished, more vulgar, extreme disliked the “less polished, more vulgar, extreme Southern Carolinians,” who began to dominate the Southern Carolinians,” who began to dominate the Congress. They despised Davis. To appease Virginia Congress. They despised Davis. To appease Virginia the capital was moved from Montgomery to the capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond…..thereafter described as “a snake-pit of Richmond…..thereafter described as “a snake-pit of bitter social and political feuds.”bitter social and political feuds.”

Advantages of NorthAdvantages of North

1. Superior Economy - produced its own food and was the 1. Superior Economy - produced its own food and was the nation’s industrial center. Greater resources when the nation’s industrial center. Greater resources when the country started to mobilize for war. Produced almost all of country started to mobilize for war. Produced almost all of its own war materials after 1862. The Northern economy its own war materials after 1862. The Northern economy expanded during the war, while the South’s shrank.expanded during the war, while the South’s shrank.

During the war years the North-South ratio wasDuring the war years the North-South ratio was

10: 1 in factory production10: 1 in factory production 15: 1 in iron15: 1 in iron38: 1 in coal38: 1 in coal 32: 1 in firearm production32: 1 in firearm production412: 1 in wheat production412: 1 in wheat production 2: 1 in corn production2: 1 in corn production14: 1 in textiles14: 1 in textiles 25: 1 in ship tonnage25: 1 in ship tonnage2.4: 1 in railroad mileage2.4: 1 in railroad mileage 3: 1 in farm acreage3: 1 in farm acreage1.8: 1 in draft animals1.8: 1 in draft animals 1.5: 1 in livestock1.5: 1 in livestock

Huge expansion in industry in North during war: Huge expansion in industry in North during war: demand, new machines (sewing machine), protective demand, new machines (sewing machine), protective tariffs – produced new millionaire class…speculators tariffs – produced new millionaire class…speculators and graft…sold shoddy goods to army (aged and blind and graft…sold shoddy goods to army (aged and blind horses, uniforms with shoddy wool, shoes with horses, uniforms with shoddy wool, shoes with cardboard soles)cardboard soles)

The only commodity the South was ahead in was cotton The only commodity the South was ahead in was cotton - 24: 1, but this advantage was negated by previous - 24: 1, but this advantage was negated by previous overproductionoverproduction and by and by stockpilingstockpiling by the North (as by the North (as with Britain) of Southern cotton as the war approachedwith Britain) of Southern cotton as the war approached

2.2. Access to finance;Access to finance;– – excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol: excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol: - income tax was introduced for the first time, 3% on income tax was introduced for the first time, 3% on

incomes above $800. later increased to 5% on incomes above $800. later increased to 5% on incomes between $600 and $5000 and 10% on incomes between $600 and $5000 and 10% on incomes above $5000: incomes above $5000:

- Tariffs were increased by between 5-10% through the Tariffs were increased by between 5-10% through the Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 (from the low Tariff of Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 (from the low Tariff of 1857 – 20%). 1857 – 20%).

- $2.6b raised through selling bonds, marketed through $2.6b raised through selling bonds, marketed through the private house of Jay Cooke and Company: the private house of Jay Cooke and Company:

- Increases of $450m in paper money / greenbacks (but Increases of $450m in paper money / greenbacks (but inadequately supported by gold, so value fluctuated inadequately supported by gold, so value fluctuated depending on nation’s credit and fortunes of war)depending on nation’s credit and fortunes of war)

3. The National Bank Act, 1863, recreated a national 3. The National Bank Act, 1863, recreated a national banking system, and regulated banks / currency. banking system, and regulated banks / currency. Banks had to have a minimum amount of capital, and Banks had to have a minimum amount of capital, and had to invest one third of that capital in govt. bonds had to invest one third of that capital in govt. bonds and securities. Eliminated the chaos and uncertainty in and securities. Eliminated the chaos and uncertainty in the country's banking system. The resulting economic the country's banking system. The resulting economic stability and direction contributed to the war effort stability and direction contributed to the war effort (first attempt to unifying banking since Jackson (first attempt to unifying banking since Jackson “killed” the BUS in 1836)...system functioned until “killed” the BUS in 1836)...system functioned until Federal Reserve Act of 1913Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Before, legislation concerning Tariffs, Banking, was Before, legislation concerning Tariffs, Banking, was defeated by the South – now they were not there to defeated by the South – now they were not there to veto veto

4. Superior transportation system - 20,000 + mile network 4. Superior transportation system - 20,000 + mile network of railroads. Also more and better means of inland of railroads. Also more and better means of inland water transportation (steamboats and barges) more water transportation (steamboats and barges) more surfaced roads, more wagons.surfaced roads, more wagons.

5.5. The Federal army and navy became the Union army The Federal army and navy became the Union army and Navy – just like the Federal Congress was the and Navy – just like the Federal Congress was the Union Congress - smooth transition. Through the navy Union Congress - smooth transition. Through the navy the North controlled the seas and was able to blockade the North controlled the seas and was able to blockade Southern ports (occasional trouble from Commerce Southern ports (occasional trouble from Commerce Raiders, such as the Raiders, such as the Alabama, Alabama, and the ironcladand the ironclad Merrimack)Merrimack)

It was also able to exchange wheat and corn for arms It was also able to exchange wheat and corn for arms and ammunition from European countries. and ammunition from European countries.

6.6. North had 23 states with a pop of 22 million, which North had 23 states with a pop of 22 million, which was increasing every year by the arrival of was increasing every year by the arrival of immigrants. Just under 1m arrived during the Civil immigrants. Just under 1m arrived during the Civil War years alone, 1861-1865. 400,000 of these enlisted War years alone, 1861-1865. 400,000 of these enlisted in the Union armies, the rest worked in industry. 1.6m in the Union armies, the rest worked in industry. 1.6m men served in the Union armies (total during war), men served in the Union armies (total during war), including 180,000 African Americans (either free including 180,000 African Americans (either free before war or freed during war). The North-South before war or freed during war). The North-South ratio in free males aged 18 to 60 was 4.4: 1. (yet had ratio in free males aged 18 to 60 was 4.4: 1. (yet had to introduce conscription in 1863)to introduce conscription in 1863)

7.7. Border States / Slave states: Missouri, Kentucky, Border States / Slave states: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia – sources of Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia – sources of industry, transportation (Ohio River) and contributed industry, transportation (Ohio River) and contributed 300,000 troops to the Union300,000 troops to the Union

8. 8. In Lincoln the North had a charismatic, decisive leader In Lincoln the North had a charismatic, decisive leader who did what was necessary to win the war. Regarded as who did what was necessary to win the war. Regarded as a great war President / Commander in Chief. He was a a great war President / Commander in Chief. He was a keen strategist often showing greater insight than his keen strategist often showing greater insight than his generals. He maximized the North’s strength’s and generals. He maximized the North’s strength’s and resources.resources.

He took it upon himself to formulate policy, devised strategy, and He took it upon himself to formulate policy, devised strategy, and even directed tactical movement Urged his generals to even directed tactical movement Urged his generals to

-- keep up constant pressure on the whole defensive line of keep up constant pressure on the whole defensive line of the Confederacy until a week spot could be found and a the Confederacy until a week spot could be found and a breakthrough could be made. breakthrough could be made.

- At an early date he realized that the main objective of his armies - At an early date he realized that the main objective of his armies was the destruction of the Confederate armies and not the was the destruction of the Confederate armies and not the occupation of Southern territory. occupation of Southern territory.

Acted swiftly / decisively, taking arbitrary powers, while Acted swiftly / decisively, taking arbitrary powers, while Congress was not in session – it later approved of most of Congress was not in session – it later approved of most of his measures: set aside Constitution or took on powers of his measures: set aside Constitution or took on powers of Congress:Congress:

- - introduced a blockadeintroduced a blockade

- increased the size of the Army- increased the size of the Army

- suspended Habeas Corpus- suspended Habeas Corpus

- supervised ballot in border states (colored ballots - supervised ballot in border states (colored ballots indicating party, somewhat illegal) indicating party, somewhat illegal)

- suspended newspapers and arrested editors on - suspended newspapers and arrested editors on

ground of obstructing war ground of obstructing war

9. King Wheat and King Corn helped enormously – due to 9. King Wheat and King Corn helped enormously – due to bad harvests, British bought huge quantities of grain bad harvests, British bought huge quantities of grain from the North: If they had broken the blockade to get from the North: If they had broken the blockade to get Cotton, they would have provoked the North to war and Cotton, they would have provoked the North to war and lost the precious grain supplieslost the precious grain supplies

In a nutshell…the North enjoyed the prestige of a long-In a nutshell…the North enjoyed the prestige of a long-established government, financial stability, was fully established government, financial stability, was fully recognized both at home and abroad….and Lincoln recognized both at home and abroad….and Lincoln proved superior to the Davis..proved superior to the Davis..

Disadvantages of NorthDisadvantages of North

1. Weak commanders compared to South: 1. Weak commanders compared to South:

Gen Winfield Gen Winfield Scott: Scott: unable to cope with the strategies unable to cope with the strategies needed for a large-scale war. needed for a large-scale war.

George George McClellan: McClellan: always slow to advance, complained always slow to advance, complained of lack of men, supplies, artillery. Replaced Scott. Proud of lack of men, supplies, artillery. Replaced Scott. Proud and arrogant refused to follow orders. Could have and arrogant refused to follow orders. Could have destroyed main Confederate after Antietam if he had destroyed main Confederate after Antietam if he had followed up his initial success. followed up his initial success.

Replaced him with Gen Henry Replaced him with Gen Henry Halleck: Halleck: also proved to also proved to be unable to implement Lincoln’s strategy. be unable to implement Lincoln’s strategy.

Lincoln was forced to form and direct military strategy Lincoln was forced to form and direct military strategy by himself. He eventually found the North’s great by himself. He eventually found the North’s great general in general in Ulysses S. Grant (found good generals Ulysses S. Grant (found good generals through trial and error)through trial and error). .

Grant could think of the war in overall terms and devise Grant could think of the war in overall terms and devise strategy for the war as a whole. Like Lincoln he favored strategy for the war as a whole. Like Lincoln he favored a hard relentless pursuit of the enemy, not the old a hard relentless pursuit of the enemy, not the old concept of war as chessboard maneuvers conducted in concept of war as chessboard maneuvers conducted in leisurely fashion. Lincoln trusted him and gave him a leisurely fashion. Lincoln trusted him and gave him a relatively free hand. However Grant always consulted relatively free hand. However Grant always consulted him on major decisions. him on major decisions. Meade and ShermanMeade and Sherman also also proved to be capable generals.proved to be capable generals.

2.2. Had to win the war outright, had to conquer the South Had to win the war outright, had to conquer the South and reduce it to subjugation, to obedience to federal and reduce it to subjugation, to obedience to federal law. A tie would not be sufficient. Had to take the law. A tie would not be sufficient. Had to take the offensive. The South had only to stave off defeat.offensive. The South had only to stave off defeat.

3. Fighting on enemy territory. Had to maintain long lines 3. Fighting on enemy territory. Had to maintain long lines of communication, deal with hostile local population, of communication, deal with hostile local population, and rely on the South's inadequate system of and rely on the South's inadequate system of transportation. transportation.

4.4. North not fully united behind the war effort. North not fully united behind the war effort.

The war was opposed by the The war was opposed by the Peace DemocratsPeace Democrats (as opposed to (as opposed to War Democrats) who wanted to end the fighting and hold a War Democrats) who wanted to end the fighting and hold a national convention to amend the Constitution in ways that wd national convention to amend the Constitution in ways that wd satisfy the South. satisfy the South.

It was opposed by the It was opposed by the Copperheads - Copperheads - extremist opponents (after extremist opponents (after poisonous snake) who actively opposed / obstructed the war and poisonous snake) who actively opposed / obstructed the war and esp. the draft (Vallandigham).. esp. the draft (Vallandigham)..

Opposition to Draft from workers (esp. Irish Immigrants) – Opposition to Draft from workers (esp. Irish Immigrants) – several riots, esp. in NY – anger with $300 exemptionseveral riots, esp. in NY – anger with $300 exemption

Deserters – total of 200,000 – inc. Bounty Boys / JumpersDeserters – total of 200,000 – inc. Bounty Boys / Jumpers

5. Having to be careful to appease the precarious5. Having to be careful to appease the precarious Border StatesBorder States (Slave states): Missouri, Kentucky, (Slave states): Missouri, Kentucky,

Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia – sources of Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia – sources of industry, Ohio River: would have seceded if North had industry, Ohio River: would have seceded if North had fired the first shots: Lincoln used persuasion and martial fired the first shots: Lincoln used persuasion and martial law (Maryland, Missouri, West V): Lincoln had to insist law (Maryland, Missouri, West V): Lincoln had to insist that the war was to save the Union, not to end slavery – that the war was to save the Union, not to end slavery – didn’t want to drive these states into Confederacy didn’t want to drive these states into Confederacy

Butternut RegionsButternut Regions (southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois: (southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois: areas settled largely by Southerners who had carried their areas settled largely by Southerners who had carried their racial prejudices with them: area was a “hotbed of pro-racial prejudices with them: area was a “hotbed of pro-Southern sentiment throughout the war.” Again, to Southern sentiment throughout the war.” Again, to ensure their loyalty Lincoln insisted that his paramount ensure their loyalty Lincoln insisted that his paramount purpose in the war was to save the Unionpurpose in the war was to save the Union

Casualties and CostsCasualties and Costs

600,000 died in action or of disease600,000 died in action or of disease 1m killed or seriously wounded1m killed or seriously wounded $15 billion$15 billion