The Restoration and Eighteenth Century I. Political Aspects

A. Charles I and Oliver Cromwell B. Charles II C. James II D. William and Mary (The Glorious Revolution) E. Anne F. House of Hanover

1. George I 2. George II 3. George III

II. Life during the Restoration

I> Great Plague (1665) II> Great Fire of London (1666) III> Growth of the Cities

a. Industrial Growth b. Scientific Advances

III. Various Labels for the Eighteenth Century IV. Literary Achievements

1. First Dictionary and Grammar Book 2. First Magazines 3. The Essay 4. Satire 5. Literary Criticism 6. First Novels

V. Arts and Society A. Music, Architecture, Art B. Coffeehouses

CIVIL WAR1642-1649

Charles I was beheaded by angry Puritans in the “Protestant Reformation”, led by Oliver Cromwell.

Oliver Cromwell—Lord Protector of the Commonwealth

First Non-Royal Ruler of England

Dictator

Strict Moralist

Religious Strife

Succeeded by his son, Richard, who was unable to hold the kingdom.

Restoration Period

1660--Charles II is recalled from France

A “Restoration” of the Monarchy

Rejection of Puritans

Royal Society of London Established

James II

Catholic

Jacobites

Fled to exile in France

NO CIVIL WAR!!!!

Mary II of England.. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 15 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com

William and Mary

The Glorious Revolution--1688

Queen Anne

King George I of England (r.1714-1727).. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 15 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com

Hanoverians

King George III

VARIOUS LABELS FOR THE 18TH CENTURY

• III. The eighteenth century has been given several labels:– Age of Reason – anything could be achieved through the calm working of

• the mind. People stopped asking “Why?” and started asking “How?”• (Logic)• Age of Classicism – (Neo-classicism) a fascination with the classical styles• of Ancient Greece and Rome. Neo-classicists focused upon order, balance,• and harmony in their art.• Age of Elegance – upper classes led an elegant lifestyle. Charles II, while exiled in

France, picked up the styles of the French and wore them when he got home to England. The upper class began to follow his lead. Men wore colorful knee breeches and colorful coats, vests, and stocking. Women wore lavish costumes with corsets so tight that breathing was difficult. Both sexes wore wigs or powdered their hair (until the 1790’s hair powder tax led to natural hairdos).

• Augustan Age – referred to the Emperor Augustus of a prosperous Rome of long ago when commerce and great literature thrived (classical ancient Rome). Some divide this period into two smaller periods:

– The Age of Pope (after Alexander Pope)– The Age of Johnson (after Samuel Johnson)

The greatest achievements in literature were not in poetry or drama, but in prose. Literature was basically concerned with order, balance, and control of thought and style.

Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1688) by John Dryden (Master of Modern EnglishProse)

A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) by Samuel Johnson

Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) by Robert Lowth

The Tatler and The Spectator (1711-1714) by Joseph Addison and RichardSteele – England’s first magazines/newspapers (periodicals)

Essay on Criticism by Alexander Pope

“A Modest Proposal” by Jonathan Swift – satirical essay

Diary by Samuel Pepys -- historical

Political writings—like Swift

Philosophical writings

The novel

Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe

Tom Jones by Henry Fielding

Pamela by Samuel Richardson

Types of novels

picaresque

novel of sentiment

gothic novel

novel of manners