City-States of GreeceCity-States of Greece

Chapter 5 Section 2Chapter 5 Section 2

““In soft regions are born soft men.” In soft regions are born soft men.” ~Herodotus~Herodotus

The Geography of GreeceThe Geography of Greece

Greek Geography Shaped Civilization

• Peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea (known as the Peloponnesus)

• Seas transportation, trade

• Land mountainous, rugged• Prevented unification• Not much farmland • Lacked natural resources• No major rivers for irrigation• Need for colonization

According to Plato, According to Plato, Greeks lived around the Greeks lived around the sea “like frogs around a sea “like frogs around a

pond”pond”

Greek Geography Shaped Civilization

• Climate Moderate, supported outdoor lifestyle

Today’s GoalsToday’s Goals• What are the similarities and What are the similarities and

differences among Greek city-states differences among Greek city-states and their legacies?and their legacies?

Rise of Greek City-States Rise of Greek City-States (800-510 BC)(800-510 BC)

• PolisPolis (city-state)(city-state) – Surrounded by Surrounded by

protective wallsprotective walls

• AgoraAgora - marketplace - marketplace• AcropolisAcropolis – fortified – fortified

hilltophilltop• Citizens (demos)– Citizens (demos)– free free

adult males w/propertyadult males w/property– Thetes Thetes – other free men– other free men

Forms of GovernmentForms of Government• MonarchyMonarchy – rule by 1 person (king) – rule by 1 person (king)• AristocracyAristocracy – rule by small group of – rule by small group of

noble, landowning familiesnoble, landowning families• OligarchyOligarchy – gov’t by few powerful – gov’t by few powerful

peoplepeople• TyrannyTyranny – gov’t by person who – gov’t by person who

seizes controlseizes control• Democracy Democracy – representative – representative

gov’t by the peoplegov’t by the people

New Kind ofNew Kind of Army Army• IronIron became metal used for weapons became metal used for weapons

& armor – & armor – affordable affordable for everyonefor everyone• HoplitesHoplites – citizen soldiers – fought on – citizen soldiers – fought on

footfoot• PhalanxPhalanx formation formation

AthensAthens• IoniansIonians who settled in who settled in AtticaAttica

Development of DemocracyDevelopment of Democracy

• DracoDraco – 621 BC – 621 BC– Drafted Drafted harsh set of lawsharsh set of laws

• SolonSolon - 594 BC - 594 BC

- Outlawed - Outlawed debt slaverydebt slavery

- - Four Four social classes social classes based on based on wealthwealth

- - Any citizenAny citizen could charge could charge against wrongdoingagainst wrongdoing

• PeisistratusPeisistratus – – tyranttyrant who seized power in who seized power in 541 BC541 BC

Cleisthenes Cleisthenes – 510 – 510 BCBC

- Reforms that - Reforms that led toled to democracy democracy in Athensin Athens

Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy• Divided into Divided into 10 tribes or “demes”10 tribes or “demes” (by (by

residenceresidence, not wealth) , not wealth) – Selected members for bouleSelected members for boule

• EkklesiaEkklesia – general town meeting – general town meeting of free male Atheniansof free male Athenians

• Boule (Council of 500)Boule (Council of 500)

- Filled by - Filled by lot for 1 yr. termlot for 1 yr. term

- - Legislature & executiveLegislature & executive

- Power to - Power to ostracize ostracize citizenscitizens

Athenian Society - Athenian Society - EducatioEducation

• Encouraged Encouraged educatededucated mind in strong bodymind in strong body

• Only Only wealthy sonswealthy sons

- Prepared to be - Prepared to be good good citizenscitizens

- Part of day in - Part of day in athleticathletic activities activities

- - Military schoolingMilitary schooling• Girls – trained to be Girls – trained to be goodgood wives & wives &

mothersmothers

Athenian MilitaryAthenian Military• Depended on Depended on strong navystrong navy for for

protectionprotection

SpartaSparta• Descendants of Descendants of

Dorians Dorians – settled in – settled in LaconiaLaconia

• Conquered Conquered MesseniansMessenians

- - Helots Helots – forced to – forced to work the landwork the land

• Messenian Messenian revolt is put revolt is put down, leads to down, leads to militarismmilitarism

Sparta’s Rigid Sparta’s Rigid MilitaristicMilitaristic SocietySociety

• StateState made all decisions made all decisions• Code of LycurgusCode of Lycurgus • Decided if babies Decided if babies

strong enough – if not, strong enough – if not, left in hills to dieleft in hills to die

• Children taken from Children taken from families at families at age 7age 7 to to begin training (begin training (AgogeAgoge system)system)

AgogeAgoge Training Training• Boys lived in Boys lived in army barracksarmy barracks

until until age 30age 30

- Rough training to become - Rough training to become tough soldiertough soldier

• Girls taught to be strong & Girls taught to be strong & athleticathletic

- Give birth to - Give birth to tough tough Spartan Spartan boysboys

- - More freedomMore freedom than than Athenian Athenian womenwomen

Spartan GovernmentSpartan Government• Ruled by Ruled by TWOTWO kingskings

- Responsible for military, - Responsible for military, politics, & religious practicespolitics, & religious practices

- Kingship passed on - Kingship passed on hereditarilyhereditarily

Senate = Senate = Council of EldersCouncil of Elders - Spartiates > - Spartiates > 60 60 years years oldold - Elected for - Elected for lifelife

• AssemblyAssembly = all men over = all men over age 30age 30• Five Five ephorsephors = overseers elected = overseers elected

annuallyannually

• Social OrderSocial Order• Lowest = Lowest = helotshelots

• Middle = Middle = perioikoiperioikoi

• Highest = Highest = SpartiatesSpartiates

Spartan Philosophy –Spartan Philosophy –Duty, Strength, Self-denial, Self-Duty, Strength, Self-denial, Self-

DisciplineDiscipline

Factors that Discouraged Unification Factors that Discouraged Unification of City-Statesof City-States

• Different Different laws & laws & governmentsgovernments

• Different Different coinagecoinage• Different Different weights & weights &

measuresmeasures• Different Different calendarscalendars

Factors that Encouraged Factors that Encouraged Unification of City-StatesUnification of City-States

• Same Same languagelanguage• Participation in the Participation in the

Olympic GamesOlympic Games• Common Common religionreligion• Common Common management management

of templesof temples

The Olympic GamesThe Olympic Games• Only freeborn Greeks (“athlos” = Only freeborn Greeks (“athlos” =

contest)contest)– Selected through elimination trialsSelected through elimination trials

• PentathlonPentathlon• BoxingBoxing

– PankrationPankration

• Marathon gamesMarathon games• 5 days5 days• Victors given Victors given

crown of olivescrown of olives