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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 BACKGROUND TO IWM PLANNING
In terms of the 1999 National Waste Management Strategy (DEAT, 1999), local municipalities are required to develop first generation Integrated Waste Management Plans (IWMPs) and to submit such plans to their respective provincial environmental departments. The strategy was however not supported by legislation resulting in voluntary development of IWMPs by municipalities. With the enactment of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act 59 of 2008), the development of IWMPs became a statutory requirement. Section 4(a) of this Act states that each municipality should prepare and submit an IWMP to the relevant MEC for approval (RSA, 2008). The approved IWMP should then be incorporated into the municipal Integrated Development Plan (IDP) which is contemplated in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (Act 32 of 2000). The primary objective of IWM planning is to integrate and optimise waste management services, thereby maximising efficiency and improving the quality of life of all citizens while the associated environmental impacts and financial costs are minimised (DEAT, 2000). The guideline document for the development of IWM Plans further emphasises that the integration must be both horizontal and vertical within the government departments, as well as in other sectors and throughout the ‘waste life-cycle’ (DEAT, 2000). Effective integration, coordination and alignment of the actions of government at national provincial and local spheres remain an important aspect in ensuring efficient and effective provision of basic services to all (CoJ, 2010). 2 METHODOLOGY
This report was informed by a literature review of all existing information provided by the CoJ and a stakeholder consultation process which included both internal and external stakeholders. The following platforms were used to communicate and get input from a wide range of stakeholders throughout the duration of the study. 3 KEY LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
Key national and provincial pieces of legislation and policies relevant to the CoJ are outlined together with the existing legislative framework of the CoJ itself.
3.1 National Legislation
Key national legislation includes: � The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), which sets out the
environmental mandate as well the different roles and responsibilities of the different spheres of government.
� The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), Act 107 of 1998 is a framework legislation which covers the broad environmental management principles which form the basis for all other subsidiary environmental legislation.
� The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (NEMWA), 2008 is a subsidiary act of the NEMA, which regulates the management of all waste within South Africa as well as defines the different roles and responsibilities of the different spheres of government while implementing this mandate.
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� The National Health Act, (Act 61 of 2003) includes waste management as one of the functions of an Environmental Health Officer in terms of its explanation of ‘municipal health services’.
� The Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998) delineates powers and functions of different categories of municipalities. In terms of this Act, district municipalities have powers and functions relating to the integrated, sustainable and equitable social and economic development of the district. This role should be performed by ensuring integrated development planning for the district as a whole, building the capacity of local municipalities to perform their functions, exercising local municipal powers where capacity is lacking, and promoting the equitable distribution of resources between the local municipalities in its area. The Act further reiterates the functions of local municipalities as contained in the Constitution excluding the ones referred to as district functions. This includes the provision of waste collection and disposal services and cleansing.
� The Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000) defines the alternative approaches that may be employed in delivering municipal services and the processes to be followed when such alternatives are considered. The need for integrated planning and performance monitoring of both external and internal mechanisms of service delivery are emphasised in the Systems Act. The Act further mandates communities to be encouraged to participate in strategic decision making relating to service delivery.
3.1.1 Other Relevant National Legislation
Other legislation having relevance to waste management include the following: � National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act 39 of 2004) � National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) � Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993) � Hazardous Substances Act (Act 15 of 1973) � Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002) � Disaster Management Act, 57 of 2002 � Physical Planning Act (Act 125 of 1991) � Development Facilitation Act (Act 67 of 1995) � The Division of Revenue Act (Act 5 of 2002) � Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA), 56 of 2003 � National Treasury: Environmental Fiscal Reform Policy, 2006 � Strategic Framework for Sustainable Development in South Africa, 2006
3.1.2 National Standards and Regulations
� The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008) stipulates that standards are required to “give effect to the right to an environment that is not harmful to health and well-being of the people”.
� The Waste Information Regulations (Notice 430 of 2009) give effect to section 60 of NEMWA and regulate the procedure and criteria for the submission and processing of applications to register on the national Waste Information System (WIS).
The Waste Tyre Regulations (No 31901 of 2009, Gazette No R9032) are designed based on Section 24C of ECA, (Act No. 73 of 1989). This design is intended to regulate the handling, storage and disposal of used tyres.
3.1.3 National Policies and Strategies
� Integrated Pollution and Waste Management Policy (IP&WM): Environmental legislation, including pollution has historically been fragmented. The IP&WM Policy thus ensured integration in pollution control. This policy formed the basis on which the NEMWA came into being.
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� National Waste Management Summit: Polokwane Declaration: This declaration was adopted in 2001, and states optimistically that the goal is to reduce waste generation and disposal by 50% and 25% respectively by 2012 and to develop a zero waste strategy by the year 2022.
� National Policy on Thermal Treatment of General and Hazardous Waste: The national Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) developed a Policy for thermal treatment of waste to advocate government’s position on thermal waste treatment as an acceptable waste management option in 2009. The Policy outlines the conditions and requirements for establishing and operating thermal treatment technologies in the country.
� Draft Free Basic Refuse Removal Policy: This Policy on Free Basic Refuse Removal (FBRR) services makes provision for municipalities in South Africa to provide FBRR services within their areas of jurisdiction. The aim of the FBRR Policy is to ensure that all South Africans, including the poor, have access to at least basic (essential) refuse removal services.
� National Waste Management Strategy: The strategy is binding on all organs of state in all spheres of government and will be reviewed every five years. The targets as currently set in this strategy for the year 2015 are used as a bench mark for the targets set in this plan.
� National Cleaner Production Strategy: The National Cleaner Production Strategy has been formulated as a result of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation for Sustainable Consumption and Production document. The strategy strongly emphasises waste minimisation, re-use and recycling especially within industry. The main focus of Cleaner production is preventative rather than end of pipe treatment.
� Development of a core set of Environmental Performance Indicators: The purpose of the indicators is to provide Municipalities with a voluntary ‘toolkit’ to assess their performance in terms of the environment. Indicators of importance to this task include: waste generation rates, waste reduction, and waste services related issues.
� Local Government Turnaround Strategy: The Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs identified worrying trends undermining local government service delivery. In order to renew the vision of developmental local government, a turnaround strategy was devised to facilitate differentiated and targeted support to local government.
� Minimum Requirements: The then Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), having a concern for the protection of the water resources of South Africa and at the time being responsible for permitting of waste facilities developed a 3 part series of documents commonly referred to as the ‘Minimum Requirements’. The first edition was published in 1994, followed by the 2nd edition, which superseded the 1st edition in 1998.
3.2 Provincial Legislation
� Gauteng Provincial Integrated Waste Management Policy: The GPG has developed an appropriate legislative regime to support and enable the Gauteng IWM Policy, and to foster consistency between national, provincial and local waste management requirements, capacity building and filling of gaps in existing waste management regulations and requirements. Key issues addressed in this policy include waste reduction and minimisation, recovery and recycling, collection and transportation, processing, treatment, disposal and Waste information.
� First Generation Integrated Hazardous Waste Management Plan for Gauteng: Factors that hinder Integrated Waste Management in the Gauteng province include lack of the following: proper coordination of recycling activities, separation at source including for hazardous waste, testing and analysis facilities, incentives and insufficient waste volumes and economy of scale. Treatment facilities have also been noted to lack in number, capacity and access to the existing facilities.
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� Gauteng Provincial Standards and Regulations: Of importance to this task are the General Waste Collection Standards and Waste Information Regulations that the provincial government set in 2007 and 2004 respectively. These are elaborated further in the subsequent paragraphs below.
� Gauteng General Waste Collection Standards: The General Waste Collection Standards (GWCS) have been developed to ensure the provision of consistent, uniform waste collection and cleaning services which are equitable, appropriate, environmentally and socially acceptable, to the communities in Gauteng.
� Waste information Regulations: The GPG promulgated Waste Information Regulations in 2004 to guide the development of a Provincial WIS. The WIS is intended to compile and make available information relating to waste to the public as well as organs of state as well as create uniform reporting systems and monitoring intervals.
3.3 Local level legislation
Waste By-laws: The existing CoJ Waste by-laws are currently being revised. The by-laws should be revised in order to give effect to the Constitution, the principles of NEMA and the NEMWA
4 WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE COJ
4.1 Geographic Area
The CoJ is located within the province of Gauteng in the eastern plateau of South Africa at an elevation of about 1, 753 m. Post the apartheid era, Johannesburg was decentralised into 11 regions which were recently consolidated into 7 regions (Figure 3 and Table 3). Each of these regions is responsible for the delivery of all community based services including waste management. The operations of the regions are however still informed by the broad CoJ plans, strategies and policies.
4.2 Socio-economic Analysis
4.2.1 COJ Demographics
The CoJ forms part of the Gauteng Province (GP), which is generally perceived as the “economic hub” of South Africa. The CoJ covers a total area of about 1644 km2, which translates to about 10% of the geographical area of the Gauteng province. Within the Gauteng province, the three metropolitans (City of Tshwane, Ekurhuleni and CoJ) have by far the highest population. Together the three constitute approximately 85% of the population of Gauteng, with the CoJ contributing approximately 37% of it in both 2001 and 2007 (Stats SA, 2001 and 2007). From 2001, the CoJ has consistently been in the lead with the highest population followed by Ekurhuleni and the City of Tshwane coming third. The CoJ has experienced the biggest population growth from 2001 to 2007 within Gauteng at 20.6% (Stats SA, 2001 and 2007). The CoJ is therefore faced with the challenge of increased waste generation due to the increase in population.
4.2.2 Socio-economic status Johannesburg is known as the leading city in South Africa in terms of its economic profile (Wikipedia, 2010). It contributes the highest to the country’s GDP and employment rate. When comparing the employment percentage figures of 2001 and 2007 based on Census 2001 and the community survey of 2007 of Statistics SA, there seems to be a huge increase (39%) in the number of people without an income. However, there has been a huge increase in the number of people in the various income groups as well. Migration again plays an important factor in the distribution of income level groups within the country. The CoJ experiences major influxes of people from all over the country since it is perceived as
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having better employment opportunities. The CoJ therefore attracts both employed and unemployed people, with the view of improving their career prospects as well as those looking for employment.
4.3 Waste Management Systems
Existing waste management systems within the CoJ have been explored in order to determine gaps and challenges facing the CoJ.
4.3.1 Roles and Responsibilities
In terms of the Constitution of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) and the Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (Act 32 of 2000), the CoJ is mandated to provide waste collection, disposal and cleansing services to all its residents. There are currently 5 key sections which are directly involved in providing a waste management service within the CoJ as shown in Figure 5 below. These are the following:
• Environment: This department includes the Waste Management and Licensing section among others. It is responsible for strategic planning and policy formulation.
• Infrastructure and Services Department (ISD): The ISD is the department responsible for managing all MOEs/utilities/agencies responsible for delivering waste management services on behalf of the CoJ and ensuring that they perform according to their Service Delivery Agreement (SDA).
• Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD): As part of its mandate, the JMPD has a section dedicated to the enforcement of the city By-Laws. This includes the Waste By-Laws.
• Pikitup (PTY) Ltd.: Pikitup was formed in 2001 as a waste management utility, wholly owned by the CoJ, tasked to perform all operational duties with regards to waste collection and disposal.
• Environmental Health: As part of their mandate in terms of the health Act (Act No. of 61 of 2003), environmental health officers undertake waste management duties, especially compliance and enforcement monitoring.
4.3.2 Waste generation
The latest data on waste generation in the CoJ indicates that a total of 1 492 000 tonnes of general waste is generated per annum (GDACE, 2008). This translates to a reduction of 4.4% in general waste generation when compared to figures reported in 2003 (CoJ, 2003). It is important to note that these figures are based on disposal data, hence may not be a true reflection of the generation rates. This excludes all waste diverted away from landfill, waste disposed illegally and waste not collected due to waste service delivery backlogs. The accuracy of these figures can further be challenged on the basis of data capture and record keeping at landfill sites in the absence of properly operated weighbridges or any other weighing devices (CoJ, 2008).
4.3.3 Waste composition
Based on data collected over a period of three years (2007/08 to 2009/10), the weekly waste collection from households, contributes the highest percentage of the waste stream at 54.7%. The remaining 45.3% comprises other sources such as street cleaning (6.3%), garden refuse (9.7%), builders’ rubble in its different categories (12.2%) and waste cleared from illegal dumping areas contributing 16.5%. This makes illegal dumping the second biggest waste stream illustrating that illegal dumping is still a serious problem within the CoJ.
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4.3.4 Collection and Disposal
Pikitup owns and operates 11 waste management depots strategically located throughout the city, 42 garden refuse sites, 4 landfill sites (NB: 2 landfill sites are closed and currently being rehabilitated and monitored, while additional private sites are also being used to dispose of waste at a fee), 1 composting plant and 1 incinerator.
4.3.4.1 Fleet Pikitup’s fleet assets are currently provided by Fleet Africa whose contract is due to end in a year (2011). The key aspects in fleet management which ensure optimum and efficient operation are availability and reliability. Currently, the existing fleet performs below the set standard in terms of their Service Level Agreement (SLA) (Pikitup, 2010d). This can impact negatively on service delivery as it can increase vehicle down time. Fleet operation costs make up about 28% of the total Pikitup operational costs.
4.3.4.2 Disposal The 2009/10 figures, which only include figure of up to March 2010, indicate that all disposal sites show a decline in the disposal rates since 2008/09 with Marie Louise having the most dramatic decline. When assuming a yearly average for the remaining months to complete a year (April, May, June), the trend changes. Marie Louise and Ennerdale still show a decline in waste disposal rates while Goudkoppies maintains a steady rate. Robinson Deep on the other hand shows a slight increase in its deposition rate. Linbro landfill site was closed in 2007 and is no longer in use. An arrangement had been made for waste from Midrand and Ivory Park to be disposed at the Chloorkop landfill site, which is privately owned, at a fee. This decision was informed by the economies of proximity as this site was closest to the generation areas than transporting the waste to one of the CoJ sites. The lifespan of the Chloorkop landfill site is estimated to end in 2011, after which general waste from Midrand and Ivory Park will have to be accommodated in an alternative landfill site (CoJ, 2008). Pikitup has further entered into an agreement with the privately owned Mooiplaats landfill site, situated approximately eight kilometres from Diepsloot, to accept waste from July 2007 (CoJ, 2008). The costs of disposing at the Mooiplaats site are also escalating considerably, necessitating an alternative disposal option to be sort. The combined total available airspace and life spans for all 4 operating sites of the CoJ is currently 8 years with Robinson Deep contributing about 17 years, Goudkoppies having 6 years while Ennerdale and Marie Louise both only have a year left. The CoJ therefore has a critical need for alternative disposal options. Preliminary studies have explored different options that need further investigation. These options include developing additional cells at the existing sites, developing an additional landfill site and rigorously implementing and expanding on programmes that encourage diversion of waste from landfill, such as composting and waste to energy projects.
4.3.5 Waste minimisation
The CoJ has to critically consider waste minimisation options both as a legal requirement since the Waste Act is more inclined towards waste minimisation as well as the reality of diminishing airspace for the existing sites and the reality of limited suitable and available space for new sites. This scenario has forced a paradigm shift in the thinking and planning of the CoJ. The approach adopts the Waste Management Hierarchy principles which advocate for waste reduction, re-use, recycling and recovery as the preferred waste management options and disposal as the last resort to deal with the residue. The majority of the garden waste sites of the CoJ also act as drop-off centres for recyclables such as paper, plastic and cans. Some of the sites also accept e-waste. In addition to the garden sites, the CoJ
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operates 18 buy-back centres. There are also 19 shopping centres where recyclables may be deposited. These facilities accept glass, plastic, cardboard, paper, tins, metal and E-waste. An estimated 29 526 tonnes per annum, of which 61% is glass and metal, are recovered through all these centres (CoJ, 2008). Key waste minimisation programmes currently undertaken by Pikitup include:
� Source separation � Composting � Crushing of building and demolition waste � Recycling requirements placed at events held within the CoJ � Formation of a reclaimers’ committee to establish formal communication lines between the CoJ
and the reclaimers.
4.3.6 Backlogs
In terms of the recent reports from Pikitup all areas are provided with at least a weekly basic waste service, hence no service backlogs exist within the CoJ (ISD, 2010). In addition to the weekly service provided, Pikitup offers a daily cleaning programme to informal settlements. This is done through the use of community and output based contractors. Currently only 47% (86 out of 182) of these settlement receive this service. This 47% of settlements covers about 81% of units (165, 763 units out of a total of 203, 078 units) city wide (Pikitup, 2010d).
4.3.7 Illegal dumping
Like in many other cities in the country, the CoJ faces major challenges of illegal dumping. Pikitup has cleaned up approximately 13 900 tonnes of waste dumped illegally during 2007 (CoJ, 2008). On average Pikitup spends about R80 million per annum on clearing illegal dumping (Pikitup, 2010a). In addition Pikitup has embarked on several other projects to discourage illegal dumping including the inner city environmental education awareness campaign.
4.3.8 Community awareness, capacity building and public participation
A variety of programmes are undertaken as part of community awareness and public participation initiatives within the CoJ. These include: • Community environmental awards, where schools and environmental forums are recognised for their
role in environmental management issues. • Clean-up campaigns where members of the community are encouraged to participate in cleaning up a
particular identified area in the hope of cultivating a sense of responsibility for community members to clean their surroundings.
• Educational awareness programmes for different target groups including hawkers, shop owners and schools.
• Partnerships with different stakeholders resulting in campaigns against littering and illegal dumping. • The use of performance arts to communicate messages on waste management.
5 GAP ANALYSIS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT
5.1 Pressures and Challenges
Rapid population growth within the CoJ and associated economic development, which ultimately results in increased waste generation, is the key pressure resulting in the current waste management challenges in the city (Pikitup, 2010a and CoJ, 2008). Increased population further places pressure on the level of service the city can deliver (CoJ, 2008). The following needs were identified in this study:
� Waste Minimisation, Recycling, Re-use and Recovery:
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o Separation at source needs to be rolled out to the whole of the CoJ. o A waste characterisation study is required. o Green waste collected at the CoJ garden sites needs to be diverted to other privately run
composting plants not just the CoJ plant. o A framework for the coordination of establishing and running community based recycling
programmes has to be initiated. o There is a need to develop a strong legal framework to drive and enforce the waste
minimisation and recycling agenda. o There is a need for the formation of partnerships in order to facilitate the involvement of all
relevant stakeholder groups to ensure the sustainability of recycling programmes and attainment of set targets.
o There is a need to embrace and engage the existing informal recycling sector in new proposed formal recycling programmes and discourage the continual unfolding of informal recyclers.
o There is a need to continually and consistently undertake awareness and education programmes that target all relevant stakeholder groups.
o The CoJ as the authority should take a lead and operate in a manner that shows their dedication to facilitating waste minimisation and recycling principles by introducing waste separation at source initiatives in all CoJ offices and operational sites.
� Compliance and enforcement o There is a need to update the existing By-Laws to ensure relevance to the CoJ needs and
focus and priorities as well as alignment with national and provincial priorities. o Active compliance monitoring and enforcement of the By-laws and other relevant pieces
of legislation is essential. A Compliance and Enforcement section needs to be formed.
� Integrated Planning o All departments and companies directly involved with different aspects of waste
management services delivery should have a formalised communication structure. o Development planning in the City must also consider waste service provision and
therefore early engagement and communication between planners and those involved in waste management is needed.
� Waste data capture and management o The CoJ needs to undertake a waste survey to determine the actual waste generation
rates within the city. o There is need to develop and implement a centralised waste information system for the
CoJ which will standardise waste data capture.
� Waste treatment and disposal o The CoJ needs to come up with ways of saving/maximising landfill airspace (E.g. Waste
minimisation and recycling options, Potential for regional collaboration on new landfill site developments, Alternative disposal and/or treatment options).
o The CoJ needs to ensure that all its disposal facilities (closed, operational and new) are licensed in terms of the Waste Act and compliant to their license conditions.
� Awareness raising and capacity building o Education, awareness campaigns and capacity building programmes need to be
developed, implemented and improved on for all stakeholder groups.
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o The Department of Education should be approached and negotiate that environmental issues, including waste management issues, be included in the curriculum.
� Waste Service Delivery o A daily cleansing service should be provided to all citizens within the CoJ. o The CoJ needs to develop a Free Basic Refuse Removal strategy in line with the national
policy and the CoJ indigent policy. o A full cost accounting exercise needs to be undertaken in order to ensure a sustainable
collection process where the costs of delivering the service are recovered through tariffs. The balance between affordability and cost recovery will among others be offset by the FBRR Policy referred to above.
Based on the gaps identified, the needs for the CoJ are identified and subsequently addressed as part of the target setting and formulation of the action plan in subsequent chapters.
6 GOALS OBJECTIVES, TARGETS AND ACTION PLANS
This IWM Plan aims to facilitate the implementation of the IWM Policy of the CoJ. Eight (8) core goals have been identified for the IWM Plan on the basis of the CoJ IWM Policy objectives and mandate as derived from the Waste Act. These goals address the main challenges identified within the CoJ while taking cognisance of the national and provincial targets including the overall objective of the CoJ to be a clean city. For each goal, a set of objectives, targets and an action plan is included. Additional four (4) support goals have also been identified. These goals offer support and facilitate the attainment of the core goals. It is important to note that the Targets and Action plan have a long term view. The following are important to note in order to understand the set targets in context:
� Targets relating to developing plans/strategies/policies etc imply that subsequent years should be dedicated to the implementation of such plans/strategies/policies etc.
� Targets relating to the initiation of a programme imply that subsequent years are dedicated to the further implementation of such programmes.
7 INSTRUMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE IWMP
7.1 Partnerships
The costs and needs of a sustainable waste management system are huge and hence require input and participation from its varied stakeholders. It is thus important for municipalities to form partnerships with different stakeholders to try and sustain and promote good waste management practices for all their community members. There are a wide range of partnerships that can be formed including Public-Public, Public-Private and Public-Community partnerships.
7.2 Legal and Policy Instruments
A critical component to the implementation of the IWMP is the supporting legal framework. This framework needs to support and guide the implementation of the objectives of the IWMP. The Integrated Waste Management Policy as well as the By-laws are currently also being reviewed, although the review process for the by-laws has been delayed. This provides an excellent chance to ensure that both the plan and policy are aligned and support the implementation of the desired objectives.
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7.3 Economic Instruments
Financing of waste management services is dependent on accurate costing of the required services. The full cost of waste service provision is seldom understood by both municipal officials as well as the general public. This results in waste management services often being under budgeted and/or communities’ reluctance to pay the rightful cost of the service. Some of the interventions that can be implemented include undertaking a full cost accounting exercise, implementing recycling programmes to lower disposal costs as well as incentivising recycling and waste minimisation by introducing Pay-as-you throw principles to lower collection charges. The implementation of this IWMP can necessitate both capital and operational costs which can be funded through potential avenues listed in the table below. Funding Options
Capital Funding Operational Funding Own funding Tariffs Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG) Rates Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme (CMIP) Equitable share Municipal Systems Improvement Programme (MSIP) Donor funding Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP) Carbon credits Donor funding Product revenue Financial institution (e.g. DBSA) Public-private partnerships Provincial and National government allocations Additional sources of funding which can also serve to achieve some of the objectives of this IWM Plan are the implementation of taxes. The use of taxes can encourage and/or discourage certain behaviours and attitudes towards waste management. For instance, certain taxes can encourage recycling and discourage production of certain products or the usage of certain materials in the production processes. 8 ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND CONSULTATION
Several communication actions are needed to raise awareness about integrated waste management actions. These actions include communications between government departments, within government departments, between the government and industry/businesses, and between the government and the public. Communication should be such that every person understands the importance of responsible waste management and is empowered to take part in initiatives with confidence.
8.1 Communicate by example
The successful implementing of waste management initiatives within government will send out a clear message to all waste generators that the CoJ is serious about reducing reliance on landfill disposal and managing waste in a manner that is protective of the environment and society. This will also foster a deeper understanding and appreciation of waste management issues for municipal officials, which will in turn reflect in their influence on the broader community. This will set an example to the community and contribute towards the successful implementation of the IWM Plan.
8.2 Benchmarking
Benchmarking encourages sharing and learning between municipalities. The value of such exercises lies within the active learning and comparing that takes place, as well as the implementation of good practices related to waste management following such benchmarking exercises. Benchmarking will only
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have value if municipalities with a fair amount of similarities (background, number of residents and income) compare their good practices.
8.3 Communicate for public awareness
Public buy-in is essential for the implementation of an integrated waste management plan. The level of public buy-in will be determined by the communication between the CoJ and the public, the knowledge the public has about waste management, how convenient it is for the public to take part in the waste management initiatives, the sense of pride the public takes in their environment, and the example set by the municipality. 9 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
In order to ensure meaningful integration and successful implementation of the IWM Plan, there is a need to clearly differentiate the roles and responsibilities of all relevant stakeholders within the CoJ boundaries. These roles and responsibilities are directly based on the requirements of the Constitution and other relevant legislation such as the NEMWA as well as per the IWM Policy.
9.1 City of Johannesburg’s Responsibilities
9.1.1 Municipal Manager
The City Manager is ultimately responsible for ensuring that waste within his/her areas of jurisdiction is managed in accordance with legislative requirements of South Africa.
9.1.2 Waste Management Officer
The Waste Management Officer (WMO) designated in terms of Section 10 (3) of NEMWA, is responsible for ensuring that the dedicated waste management staff and the services provided by these staff meet the requirements of the Policy and are compliant with the legislation of South Africa. The WMO is also responsible for the coordination of waste management activities to ensure integration. It is the responsibility of all staff to adhere to all relevant legislation, including the IWM Policy, and this Plan.
9.1.3 Environmental Management Department
Environmental management department is the department that houses the Waste Management directorate. Some issues although specific to waste management are best handled at a broader level of environmental concerns due to the overlaps in disciplines and the integration required in dealing with such e.g. compliance and enforcement. It is therefore recommended that a section for compliance and monitoring of environmental legislation, which will include waste management be established within the environment department. This section will work together with JMPD and environmental health as the need arises, but will be the central point for all compliance monitoring and enforcement issues relating to NEMA and all its subsidiary legislation.
9.1.4 Waste Management Directorate
The Waste Management Directorate in the Department: Environmental Management is primarily responsible for strategic planning and policy formulation making it the core directorate to play the coordination and integration role within the CoJ. Their specific roles will thus include the following: • Waste Information System (WIS); • Auditing to ensure that all departments, MOEs, Contractors and Agencies dealing with waste are in
compliance with this plan and the IWM Policy.
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• Accident and incident management and reporting. • Ensure that the CoJ adheres to all national and provincial legal obligations.
9.1.5 Infrastructure and Serviced Department
The ISD is the department responsible for managing all MOEs/utilities/agencies responsible for delivering waste management services on behalf of the CoJ and ensuring that they perform according to their Service Delivery Agreement (SDA). Pikitup, which performs all operational duties with regards to waste collection and disposal, is one such utility which is managed by ISD.
9.1.6 Line Department Managers
Other line Departmental Managers within the CoJ where relevant will be responsible for:
� Ensuring that staff under their control is aware of the IWM Policy and Plan and that the mandatory training requirements of staff are fulfilled.
� Ensuring that where appropriate operational plans in relation to the implementation of the IWM Plan are developed and progress reporting in relation to same is undertaken.
� Assisting the Waste Management Department to make improvements to departmental waste management systems where accidents or incidents occur.
9.1.7 Responsibilities of Governance Structures of the CoJ
The Regions’ general responsibility is to monitor the outcomes of service delivery, and to report deficiencies to service departments for corrective action. They also have a responsibility to identify projects in terms of the IDP and community needs.
9.2 Stakeholder Responsibilities
Households and industry shall avoid negative impacts from waste on the environment and also play a role in terms of separation of waste at source, waste exchange and cleaner production. Changes in consumption patterns will reduce generation of waste and save our precious non-renewable natural resources. 10 MONITORING AND REVIEW
10.1 Monitoring of IWM Plan
An ongoing monitoring plan for the implementation of the IWMP detailed above should be developed. This monitoring constitutes an essential and integral part of the planning process. Performance and development indicators should be developed during the course of developing operating plans for the different sections responsible for waste management. The monitoring will focus on the short-term objectives of the IWMP to ensure that corrective action can be taken where necessary. Monitoring activities that should to be considered include:
� General Issues: These include budget allocations, human resources, waste generation rates, tariff payments, WIS, legislation, complaints etc.
� Waste prevention and minimisation (e.g. annual reports of waste minimisation programmes and projects, emissions to air, water and land; achievement of targets for prioritised waste streams and pollutants; and information exchange and the establishment of waste minimisation clubs).
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� Collection and transportation (e.g. annual reports on the implementation of collection and transportation services and payment received for waste collection and transportation services against the actual cost for provision of these services).
� Reuse, Recycling and Recovery (e.g. annual reports on waste reuse, recycling and recovery programmes and projects; information exchange between stakeholders; stakeholder forums coordinating new reuse, recycling and recovery activities; social and environmental impacts of the implementation of new reuse, recycling and recovery initiatives).
� Treatment (e.g. registration and licensing of waste treatment facilities; auditing of waste treatment facilities by provincial authorities; environmental performance and impact; provision of adequate hazardous waste treatment facilities).
Disposal (e.g. registration and licensing of waste disposal facilities; auditing of general waste disposal facilities by provincial departments; environmental performance and impact; provision of adequate hazardous waste disposal facilities; management and control of salvaging at landfill sites).
10.2 Evaluation and Review of IWM Plan
The IWMP is a living document which has to be reviewed on an on-going basis. An IWMP is intrinsically linked to the IDP hence its review cycle should be aligned with that of the IDP process. An IWMP is ideally reviewed every 5 years. An annual update is however encouraged to ensure that the IWMP remains relevant and effective. This will also facilitate the updating of the IWMP in view of the targets set in the plans/strategies/policies as per the Action Plan developed in this IWMP. A longer review period may result in the IWMP being less relevant and hence stakeholders losing faith in it and finally not using it.
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DEFINITIONS
Definitions listed below that are defined in terms of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 has the same meaning as in the Act and are listed below for ease of reference. A basic waste management service means to have access to at least once-a-week refuse removal services.
Best Practicable Environmental Option means the option that provides the most benefit or causes the least damage to the environment as a whole, at a cost acceptable to society, in the long term as well as in the short term. Building and demolition waste means waste, excluding hazardous waste, produced during the construction, alteration, repair or demolition of any structure, and includes rubble, earth, rock and wood displaced during that construction, alteration, repair or demolition. Buy-back Centre means a location where discarded materials can be exchanged for money for further transportation to a recycling facility. The price for the waste is determined by the current markets and the quantities of waste. Business Waste means waste that emanates from premises that are used wholly or mainly for commercial, retail, wholesale, entertainment or government administration purposes;
Composting means biologically degrading organic materials in the presence of oxygen, yielding carbon dioxide, heat and stabilised organic residues that may be used as a soil additive.
Container means a disposable or re-usable vessel in which waste is placed for the purposes of storing, accumulating, handling, transporting, treating or disposing of that waste, and includes bins, bin-liners and skips;
Cradle to cradle means substances and products shall be designed and managed such that environmental impact is avoided or minimised during waste generation, treatment (recycling), collection, transport and final disposal. Disposal means the burial, deposit, discharge, abandoning, dumping, placing or release of any waste into, or onto, any land. Domestic waste means waste, excluding hazardous waste, that emanates from premises that are used wholly or mainly for residential, educational, health care, sport or recreation purposes; Designated officer means a person in the employ of the Council authorised to be a designated officer in terms of (Section 10(5)) of the NEMWA, Act 59 of 2008;
General waste means waste that does not pose an immediate hazard or threat to health or to the environment, and includes—
(a) domestic waste; (b) building and demolition waste; (c) business waste: and (d) inert waste.
Green Procurement refers to procurement processes that favour products and services with demonstrated reduced environmental impacts.
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Hazardous waste means any waste that contains organic or inorganic elements or compounds that may, owing to the inherent physical, chemical or toxicological cause harm to the human health and the environment. Holder of waste means any person who imports, generates, stores, accumulates, transports, processes, treats or exports waste or disposes of waste. Hazardous waste means any waste that contains organic or inorganic elements or compounds that may, owing to the inherent physical, chemical or toxicological characteristics of that waste, have a detrimental impact on health and the environment; High income group means households which fall within the Living Standard Measure (LSM) of 5 – 10) Inert Waste means waste that—
(a) does not undergo any significant physical, chemical or biological transformation after disposal; (b) does not burn, react physically or chemically biodegrade or otherwise adversely affect any other
matter or environment with which it may come into contact; and (c) does not impact negatively on the environment, because of its pollutant content and because the
toxicity of its leachate is insignificant; Integrated Waste Management Plan means a plan prepared in terms of section 12 of NEMWA. Landfill means an appropriately designed, engineered and authorised waste disposal facility.
Low income group means households which fall within the Living Standard Measure (LSM) of 1 - 5
Materials Recovery Facility means a centre for the reception and transfer of materials recovered from the waste stream for recycling. Materials are sorted by type and treated (cleaning and compression). Pollution means any change in the environment caused by-
(a) substances; (b) radioactive or other waves; or (c) noise odours, dust or heat,
emitted from any activity, including the storage or treatment of waste or substances, construction and the provision of services, whether engaged in by any person, or organ of state, where that changes has an adverse effect on human health or well-being or on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural or managed ecosystems, or on materials useful to people, or will have such an effect in future. Recovery means the controlled extraction of a material or the retrieval of energy from waste to produce a product;
Recycle means a process where waste is reclaimed for further use, which process involves the separation of waste from a waste stream for further use and the processing of that separated material as a product or raw material; Re-use means to utilise articles from the waste stream again for a similar or different purpose without changing the form or properties of the articles; Separation at Source means the separation of recyclable material from other waste at the point and time the waste is generated. This includes separation of recyclable material into its component categories and may include further separation within each category.
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Treatment means any method, technique or process that is designed to— (a) change the physical, biological or chemical character or composition of a waste; or (b) remove, separate, concentrate or recover a hazardous or toxic component of a waste; or (c) destroy or reduce the toxicity of a waste, in order to minimise the impact of the waste on the environment prior to further use or disposal;
Waste means any substance, whether or not that substance can be reduced, re-used, recycled and recovered—
(a) that is surplus, unwanted, rejected, discarded, abandoned or disposed of; (b) which the generator has no further use of for the purposes of production; (c) that must be treated or disposed of; or (d) that is identified as a waste by the Minister by notice in the Gazette, and includes waste
generated by the mining, medical or other sector, but— (i) a by-product is not considered waste; and (ii) any portion of waste, once re-used, recycled and recovered, ceases to be waste.
Waste Avoidance means to employ efficiency-centred actions that remove or reduce the need to consume materials in the first place and hence avoid the generation of waste, but deliver the same outcome. Avoidance is at the top of the waste hierarchy. Waste generator means in this case any source of general waste that may contain recyclables that can be separated at source for purposes of formalised recycling. Waste Hierarchy is a concept promoting waste avoidance ahead of recycling and disposal, the waste hierarchy is recognised as promoting management of wastes in the order of preference: avoidance, reduce, reuse, recycle, recover and disposal. Waste Management Services means waste collection, treatment, recycling and disposal services
Waste Minimisation means techniques used to keep waste generation at a minimum level in order to divert materials from landfill. The term waste minimisation is also applied to recycling and other efforts to reduce the amount of waste going into the waste stream
Waste Minimisation Club is where businesses in a particular geographic area, group together to negotiate better terms/services from waste contractors. The Club may also share facilities and equipment and exchange waste items that may be of use to another business. The focus should eventually lead to waste minimisation efforts being put in place by the businesses.
Waste Transfer Facility means a facility that is used to accumulate and temporarily store waste before it is transported to a recycling, treatment or waste disposal facility.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... I 1 BACKGROUND TO IWM PLANNING ...................................................................................................... I 2 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... I 3 KEY LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................................... I
3.1 National Legislation ......................................................................................................... i 3.1.1 Other Relevant National Legislation ............................................................................... ii 3.1.2 National Standards and Regulations .............................................................................. ii 3.1.3 National Policies and Strategies ..................................................................................... ii
3.2 Provincial Legislation .................................................................................................... iii 3.3 Local level legislation .................................................................................................... iv
4 WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE COJ .......................................................................................... IV
4.1 Geographic Area ............................................................................................................ iv 4.2 Socio-economic Analysis .............................................................................................. iv
4.2.1 COJ Demographics ....................................................................................................... iv
4.3 Waste Management Systems ......................................................................................... v 4.3.1 Roles and Responsibilities ............................................................................................ v 4.3.2 Waste generation .......................................................................................................... v 4.3.3 Waste composition ........................................................................................................ v 4.3.4 Collection and Disposal ................................................................................................. vi 4.3.5 Waste minimisation ...................................................................................................... vi 4.3.6 Backlogs ...................................................................................................................... vii 4.3.7 Illegal dumping ............................................................................................................ vii 4.3.8 Community awareness, capacity building and public participation ............................. vii
5 GAP ANALYSIS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... VII
5.1 Pressures and Challenges ........................................................................................... vii 6 GOALS OBJECTIVES, TARGETS AND ACTION PLANS .................................................................... IX 7 INSTRUMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE IWMP ........................................................... IX
7.1 Partnerships ................................................................................................................... ix 7.2 Legal and Policy Instruments ....................................................................................... ix 7.3 Economic Instruments .................................................................................................... x
8 ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND CONSULTATION ........................................................... X
8.1 Communicate by example .............................................................................................. x 8.2 Benchmarking ................................................................................................................. x 8.3 Communicate for public awareness ............................................................................. xi
9 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ......................................................................................................... XI
9.1 City of Johannesburg’s Responsibilities ..................................................................... xi 9.1.1 Municipal Manager ........................................................................................................ xi 9.1.2 Waste Management Officer ........................................................................................... xi 9.1.3 Environmental Management Department ...................................................................... xi
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9.1.4 Waste Management Directorate .................................................................................... xi 9.1.5 Infrastructure and Serviced Department ...................................................................... xii 9.1.6 Line Department Managers .......................................................................................... xii 9.1.7 Responsibilities of Governance Structures of the CoJ ................................................. xii
9.2 Stakeholder Responsibilities ....................................................................................... xii 10 MONITORING AND REVIEW ................................................................................................................. XII
10.1 Monitoring of IWM Plan ................................................................................................ xii 10.2 Evaluation and Review of IWM Plan ........................................................................... xiii
DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................. XIV ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................................. XXII 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope of Work ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background to IWM Planning ........................................................................................ 1
2 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Literature review .............................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Stakeholder engagement ................................................................................................ 2
3 KEY LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................... 3
3.1 National Legislation ........................................................................................................ 4 3.1.1 Constitution of South Africa ........................................................................................... 4 3.1.2 National Environmental Management Act ..................................................................... 4 3.1.3 National Environmental Management: Waste Act ......................................................... 5 3.1.4 The National Health Act ................................................................................................ 8 3.1.5 Municipal Structures Act ................................................................................................ 9 3.1.6 Municipal Systems Act .................................................................................................. 9
3.2 National Standards and Regulations ............................................................................. 9 3.2.1 National Domestic Waste Collection Standards ............................................................ 9 3.2.2 Waste Information Regulations ................................................................................... 10 3.2.3 Waste Tyre Regulations .............................................................................................. 10
3.3 National Policies and Strategies .................................................................................. 10 3.3.1 Integrated Pollution and Waste Management Policy ................................................... 10 3.3.2 National Waste Management Summit: Polokwane Declaration .................................. 11 3.3.3 National Policy on Thermal Treatment of General and Hazardous Waste .................. 11 3.3.4 Draft Free Basic Refuse Removal Policy .................................................................... 11 3.3.5 National Waste Management Strategy ........................................................................ 12 3.3.6 National Cleaner Production Strategy ......................................................................... 12 3.3.7 Development of a core set of Environmental Performance Indicators ........................ 12 3.3.8 Local Government Turnaround Strategy ..................................................................... 14 3.3.9 Minimum Requirements .............................................................................................. 14
3.4 Provincial Legislation ................................................................................................... 15 3.4.1 Gauteng Provincial Integrated Waste Management Policy ......................................... 15 3.4.2 First Generation Integrated Hazardous Waste Management Plan for Gauteng .......... 17
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3.4.3 Gauteng Provincial Standards and Regulations .......................................................... 18
3.5 Local level legislation ................................................................................................... 19 3.5.1 Waste By-laws ............................................................................................................. 19
4 WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE COJ ......................................................................................... 19
4.1 Geographic Area ........................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Socio-economic Analysis ............................................................................................. 21
4.2.1 COJ Demographics ..................................................................................................... 21 4.2.2 Socio-economic status ................................................................................................ 23
4.3 Waste Management Systems ....................................................................................... 24 4.3.1 Roles and Responsibilities .......................................................................................... 24 4.3.2 Waste generation ........................................................................................................ 26 4.3.3 Waste composition ...................................................................................................... 27 4.3.4 Collection and Disposal ............................................................................................... 28 4.3.5 Waste minimisation ..................................................................................................... 33 4.3.6 Underground Bin Project ............................................................................................. 37 4.3.7 Backlogs ...................................................................................................................... 37 4.3.8 Illegal dumping ............................................................................................................ 38 4.3.9 Community awareness, capacity building and public participation ............................. 38
4.4 Future Plans ................................................................................................................... 39 5 GAP ANALYSIS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 40
5.1 Pressures and Challenges ........................................................................................... 40 6 GOALS OBJECTIVES, TARGETS AND ACTION PLANS ................................................................... 47
6.1 Waste Minimisation, Reuse, Recycling and Recovery .............................................. 47 6.2 Waste Treatment and Disposal .................................................................................... 53 6.3 Integrated Planning ....................................................................................................... 57 6.4 Effective Service Delivery ............................................................................................. 59 6.5 Waste Information Systems ......................................................................................... 62 6.6 Capacity Building and Awareness Raising ................................................................. 65 6.7 Compliance and Enforcement ...................................................................................... 68 6.8 Pollution Control ........................................................................................................... 70 6.9 Budget and Financial Management ............................................................................. 71 6.10 Capacity and Human Resource ................................................................................... 71 6.11 Performance Monitoring and Reporting ..................................................................... 72 6.12 Cooperative Governance .............................................................................................. 72
7 INSTRUMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE IWMP .......................................................... 73
7.1 Partnerships .................................................................................................................. 73 7.2 Legal and Policy Instruments ...................................................................................... 73 7.3 Economic Instruments .................................................................................................. 74
8 ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND CONSULTATION ......................................................... 75
8.1 Communicate by example ............................................................................................ 76
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8.2 Benchmarking ............................................................................................................... 76 8.3 Communicate for public awareness ............................................................................ 76
8.3.1 Public participation ...................................................................................................... 77 8.3.2 Information transfer ..................................................................................................... 77 8.3.3 The message ............................................................................................................... 77 8.3.4 Providing an enabling environment ............................................................................. 78
9 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................................................................................ 78
9.1 City of Johannesburg’s Responsibilities .................................................................... 78 9.1.1 Municipal Manager ...................................................................................................... 78 9.1.2 Waste Management Officer ......................................................................................... 79 9.1.3 Environmental Management Department .................................................................... 79 9.1.4 Waste Management Directorate .................................................................................. 79 9.1.5 Infrastructure and Serviced Department ..................................................................... 79 9.1.6 Line Department Managers ......................................................................................... 80
9.2 Responsibilities of Governance Structures of the CoJ ............................................. 80 9.3 Stakeholder Responsibilities ....................................................................................... 80
10 MONITORING AND REVIEW ................................................................................................................. 81
10.1 Monitoring of IWM Plan ................................................................................................ 81 10.2 Evaluation and Review of IWM Plan ............................................................................ 83
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 84 ANNEXURE 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 88 COMMENTS AND ISSUES ............................................................................................................................. 88
ANNEXURE 2 ....................................................................................................................... 107 SUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL GOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .............. 107
ANNEXES
Annexure 1: Comments and Issues Annexure 2: Summary of International Good Waste Management Practices
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Summary of Legislation relevant to Waste Management
Table 2: Summary of Minimum Requirements Documents
Table 3: New Regions of the CoJ
Table 4: Population Sizes of Provinces
Table 5: Population distribution by Districts and Metros within Gauteng
Table 6: Population of the CoJ
Table 7: Services Provided by Pikitup
Table 8: Waste Generation Projections
Table 9: Available Infrastructure, Fleet and Equipment
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Table 10: Available Airspace within the CoJ
Table 11: List of Garden Sites that Accept Builders’ Rubble
Table 12: Builders’ Rubble Estimates
Table 13: Estimated minimum total Building and demolition waste generation in the CoJ Table 14: Gap and Needs Analysis Table 15: Targets for Waste Minimisation, Recycling and Re-use Table 16: Action Plan for Waste Minimisation, Recycling and Re-use Table 17: Targets for Waste Treatment and Disposal
Table 18: Action Plan for Waste Treatment and Disposal
Table 19: Targets for Integrated Waste Management Planning Table 20: Action Plan for Integrated Waste Management Planning Table 21: Targets for Effective Waste Service Delivery
Table 22: Action Plan for Effective Waste Service Delivery
Table 23: Targets for Waste Information Systems
Table 24: Action Plan for Waste Information Systems
Table 25: Targets for Awareness Raising and Capacity Building
Table 26: Action Plan for Awareness Raising and Capacity Building
Table 27: Targets for Compliance and Enforcement
Table 28: Action Plan for Compliance and Enforcement
Table 29: Targets for Pollution Control
Table 30: Action Plan for Pollution Control
Table 31: Funding Options
Table 32: Options for Waste Related Tax Types
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Locality of the CoJ
Figure 2: Legislation Pyramid for Waste Management
Figure 3: New Regions of the CoJ
Figure 4: Population Distribution within the Gauteng Province
Figure 5: Income Levels within the CoJ
Figure 6: Organisational Structure of the CoJ
Figure 7: Waste Disposal Trends for the four Operating Landfill Sites of the CoJ
Figure 8: Waste Disposal Trend Projections for the Four Landfill Sites of the CoJ
Figure 9: Overall Waste disposal Trend within the CoJ
Figure 10: Waste Composition within the COJ
Figure 11: Paradigm Shift in the Waste Hierarchy
Figure 12: Waste Collection Trends
Figure 13: Roles and Responsibilities within the CoJ
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ACRONYMS
CoJ: City of Johannesburg
COGTA: Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs
CSIR: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
DEA: Department of Environmental Affairs
DWAF: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
ECA: Environment Conservation Act No 73 of 1989
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP: Environmental Management Plan
IDP: Integrated Development Plan
IEM: Integrated Environmental Management
IPC: Integrated pollution Control
IWMP: Integrated Waste Management Plan
IP&WM: Integrated Pollution and Waste Management
FBRR: Free Basic Refuse Removal
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GDACE: Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment
GP: Gauteng Province
GPD: Gauteng Province Department
GWCS: General Waste Collection Standards
MEC: Member of the Executive Committee
NEMA: National Environmental Management Act No 107 of 1998
NEMWA: National Environmental Management: Waste Act No 59 of 2008
NWMS: National Waste Management Strategy
PPP: Public Private Partnerships
PSC: Project Steering Committee
SLA: Service Level Agreement
SMME: Small Medium and Micro Enterprises
WIS: Waste Information System
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope of Work
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was appointed by the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) to review its existing Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) of 2005. The objective of the review was to align the Plan of 2005 with the new developments in the South African waste management legislation. This IWMP will therefore replace the 2005 plan. Specific objectives of this study include:
• Updating the status quo information1 relating to waste management in the CoJ, e.g. demographics, socio-economic profile of the CoJ, waste quantities and existing waste management practices.
• Identify the mandate of the CoJ in relation to national and provincial legal prescripts, particularly as it relates to waste management.
• Review the existing IWMP to ensure compliance and alignment with national and provincial legislation, policies, strategies and plans relating to waste management.
The approach for developing this IWMP included 3 phases:
• Phase I - Inception Phase: The scope of the project was confirmed and a detailed project schedule (work plan) including time frames for deliverables agreed upon by the project team, to ensure that the expectations of the client, stakeholders and the CSIR are met.
• Phase II – Status Quo Analysis: A detailed literature review and desktop analysis of the prevailing waste management status in the CoJ in relation to national and provincial trends and legislation. This report serves to set the tone and place into context the review for the Plan.
• Phase III – Review and Amendment of the IWM Policy and Plan: Based on the outcome of Phase II, the Plan will be amended according to ensure alignment with national and provincial legal prescripts as well as relevance and effectiveness to the CoJ.
1.2 Background to IWM Planning
In terms of the 1999 National Waste Management Strategy (DEAT, 1999), local municipalities are required to develop first generation Integrated Waste Management Plans (IWMPs) and to submit such plans to their respective provincial environmental departments. The strategy was however not supported by legislation resulting in voluntary development of IWMPs by municipalities. With the enactment of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act 59 of 2008), the development of IWMPs became a statutory requirement. Section 4(a) of this Act states that each municipality should prepare and submit an IWMP to the relevant MEC for approval (RSA, 2008). The approved IWMP should then be incorporated into the municipal Integrated Development Plan (IDP) which is contemplated in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (Act 32 of 2000). 1 As per the terms of reference of this project, the updating of status quo information will not entail new primary data collection, but the collation of existing data from various published and unpublished sources.
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The primary objective of IWM planning is to integrate and optimise waste management services, thereby maximising efficiency and improving the quality of life of all citizens while the associated environmental impacts and financial costs are minimised (DEAT, 2000). The guideline document for the development of IWM Plans further emphasises that the integration must be both horizontal and vertical within the government departments, as well as in other sectors and throughout the ‘waste life-cycle’ (DEAT, 2000). Effective integration, coordination and alignment of the actions of government at national provincial and local spheres remain an important aspect in ensuring efficient and effective provision of basic services to all (CoJ, 2010). 2 METHODOLOGY
This report was informed by a literature review and stakeholder consultation as outlined below.
2.1 Literature review
To ensure delivery of appropriate and relevant outputs, cognisance was taken of existing work undertaken by the CoJ in the areas of waste management services delivery, policy and legislative frameworks. A review of all relevant national and provincial legislation, policies, standards, regulations, guidelines and other documents relevant to the scope of the project was undertaken as part of this project.
2.2 Stakeholder engagement
The purpose of this stakeholder consultation process was to: • Ensure buy-in and ownership of the Plan by the relevant stakeholders • Gather information on successes and failures of the policy and plan under revisions • Gain insights into the operations and plans of the CoJ relating to waste management
initiatives • Get consensus on the set targets and action plan to be incorporated into the plan • Facilitate capacity building and awareness raising
The following platforms were used to communicate and get input from a wide range of stakeholders throughout the duration of the study. Project Steering Committee (PSC)
• This committee comprised of representatives from all key departments within the CoJ and the CSIR.
• The PSC ensures easy access to and meaningful participation by key stakeholders. • This PSC met regularly to guide the process, review work done and supply any
information required.
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Stakeholder workshops • Two (2) internal stakeholder workshops were held. The initial one was intended to
establish the degree of implementation of the 2005 IWMP as well as identify gaps and opportunities to build on.
• One external stakeholder workshop was planned to present the draft reviewed IWMP to the stakeholders and get their input.
• A comment and response list from these workshops is attached as Annexure 1. 3 KEY LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
Key national and provincial pieces of legislation and policies relevant to the CoJ are outlined below. The presentation of this chapter is outlined as follows:
� first, the national legislative framework, policies and strategies;
� secondly, the provincial legislative framework, policies and strategies; and
� the local legislative framework.
Figure 1 below outlines the myriad of legislation which has relevance to waste management one way or the other. Only key pieces of legislation will be discussed in detail in the coming sections. A summary of the other pieces of legislation will be given in Table 2 detailing only its relevance to waste management.
Figure 1: Legislation Pyramid for Waste Management
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3.1 National Legislation
3.1.1 Constitution of South Africa
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) is the supreme law of the country and provides the legal foundation of the country. As such no government policy or plan will be complete without reference to the relevant sections in the Constitution. The Constitution of South Africa brought about many changes to the way the three spheres of government operate in the arena of environment, including the way waste is being managed. Even though these changes were made prior to the drafting of CoJ’s waste policy and IWMP, these changes are still relevant to the review process of these documents. In this Constitution, Section 24 of the Bill of Rights states that: Everyone has the right to –
(a) an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and
(b) have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other.
In particular, waste management service delivery is a local government function in terms of Schedule 5B of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (RSA, 1996). Furthermore, Section 152 (1) of the Constitution states that one of the responsibilities of local government is to ensure that the provision of services to communities is done in a sustainable manner (RSA, 1996).
3.1.2 National Environmental Management Act
The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), Act 107 of 1998 is the framework legislation that provide for environmental protection in South Africa. The environmental management principles as outlined in this Act form the basis for dealing with environmental issues in this country. The overarching principle is stated to be sustainable development while the more specific principles addressing waste management are:
• “Polluter pays” – those responsible for environmental damage must pay both the costs to repair the damage to the environment and human health as well as the costs associated with preventative measures to reduce or prevent further pollution or environmental damage.
• “Cradle-to-grave” – responsibility for the environmental health and safety consequences of
a policy, program, project, product, process, service or activity exists throughout its lifecycle. It is starts with conceptualization and planning and runs through all stages of implementation to re-use, recycling and ultimate disposal of product and waste or decommissioning of installations.
• “Precaution” - government will apply a risk averse and cautious approach that recognises
the limits of current knowledge about the environmental consequences of decisions or actions.
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• “Waste avoidance and minimisation” – waste management must minimise and avoid the
creation of waste at source, especially in the case of toxic and hazardous waste. Government must encourage waste recycling, separation at source and safe disposal of unavoidable waste.
As part of achieving sustainable development, this Act imposes duty on everyone who causes, has caused or may cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment to take reasonable measures to prevent it from occurring, continuing or recurring (Section 28(1)). Where harm to the environment is authorized by a law or cannot reasonably be avoided or stopped, a duty exists to minimize and rectify the harm (Section 28(1)). Although everyone has this duty, the act singles out the owner of the land or the person in control of the land to take measures to avoid further pollution and to remedy the effects of the pollution (Section 28 (2)). The measures stated in the Act include:
• Investigate, assess and evaluate the impact on the environment;
• Inform and educate employees about the environmental risks of their work and the manner in which their tasks must be performed in order to avoid causing significant pollution or degradation of the environment;
• Cease, modify or control any act, activity or process causing the pollution or degradation;
• Contain or prevent the movement of pollutants or the causation of degradation;
• Eliminate any source of the pollution or degradation;
• Remedy the effects of the pollution or degradation (Section 28(3)).
3.1.3 National Environmental Management: Waste Act
The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (NEMWA), 2008 came into effect on 1 July 2009. In its broadest terms, the Act defines “waste” as follows: Waste includes any substance, whether solid, liquid or gaseous, which is�
(i) discharged, emitted or deposited in the environment in such volume, consistency or manner as to cause an alteration to the environment,
(ii) a surplus substance or which is discarded, rejected, unwanted or abandoned, (iii) reused, recycled, reprocessed, recovered or purified by a separate operation from which
produced the substance or which may be or intended to be re-used, recycled, reprocessed, recovered or purified, or
(iv) identified as waste by prescribed regulation The Act also differentiates between general waste and domestic waste.
Domestic Waste means waste, excluding hazardous waste, that emanates from premises that are wholly or mainly for residential, educational, health care, sport or recreation purposes as defined in the National Environmental Management (RSA, 2008).
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General Waste means waste that does not pose an immediate hazard or threat to health or to the environment, and includes domestic waste, building and demolition waste, business waste, and inert waste.
Sections in the NEMWA that are most relevant to this task are highlighted below.
Section 10 (3) of NEMWA state that each municipality authorised to carry out waste management services by the Municipal Structures Act, 1998 (Act No. 117 of 1998), must designate in writing a waste management officer from its administration to be responsible for co-ordinating matters pertaining to waste management in that municipality. The Act further states in Section 10 (4) that power delegated or duty assigned to a waste management officer by virtue of subsection (1), (2) or (3) may be sub-delegated or further assigned by that officer to another official in the service of the same administration, subject to such limitations or conditions as may be determined by the Minister, MEC or municipality, respectively. One of the important assertions in the Act is found in section 11(4)(a) where it is stated that each municipality must-
(i) submit its integrated waste management plan (IWMP) to the MEC for approval: and
(ii) include the approved IWMP in its integrated development plan (IDP) as contemplated in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act.
The Act further re-iterates in Section11 (4)(b) that the MEC may within 30 days of receiving an integrated waste management plan or an amendment to an integrated waste management plan—
(i) request a municipality to adjust the plan or the amendment in accordance with the MEC's proposal if the plan or amendment—
(aa) does not comply with a requirement of this Act; or (bb) is in conflict with, or is not aligned with, or negates any relevant integrated waste
management plan or the national waste management strategy; or
(ii) request a municipality to comply with a specific provision of this Act relating to the process of drafting or amending integrated waste management plans if the municipality has failed to comply with the process or provision; or
(iii) approve the plan or amendment.
Section 12 of the Act sets out what should be included in the IWMP and the procedural processes that should be followed. According to Section 12 (1) an integrated waste management plan must at least—
(a) contain a situation analysis that includes—
(i) a description of the population and development profiles of the area to which the plan relates;
(ii) an assessment of the quantities and types of waste that are generated in the area;
(iii) a description of the services that are provided, or that are available, for the collection, minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery, treatment and disposal of waste; and
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(iv) the number of persons in the area who are not receiving waste collection services;
(b) within the domain of the Department, provincial department or Municipality, set out how that Department, provincial department or municipality intends—
(i) to give effect, in respect of waste management, to Chapter 3 of the National Environmental Management Act:
(ii) to give effect to the objects of this Act;
(iii) to identify and address the negative impact of poor waste management practices on health and the environment:
(iv) to provide for the implementation of waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery targets and initiatives;
(v) in the case of a municipal integrated waste management plan, to address the delivery of waste management services to residential premises;
(vi) to implement the Republic's obligations in respect of any relevant international agreements;
(vii) to give effect to best environmental practice in respect of waste management.
(c) within the domain of the Department or provincial department, set out how the Department or provincial department intends to identify the measures that are required and that are to be implemented to support municipalities to give effect to the objects of this Act;
(d) set out the priorities and objectives of the Department, provincial department or municipality in respect of waste management;
(e) establish targets for the collection, minimisation, re-use and recycling of waste;
(f) set out the approach of the Department, provincial department or municipality to the planning of any new facilities for disposal and decommissioning of existing waste disposal facilities;
(g) indicate the financial resources that are required to give effect to the plan;
(h) describe how the Department, provincial department or municipality intends to give effect to its integrated waste management plan; and
(i) comply with the requirements prescribed by the Minister.
In Section 12 (2) the Act describes the requirement that in the preparation of an integrated waste management plan, the Department and provincial departments must give proper effect to the requirements contained in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act, insofar as such plan affects a municipality. The Act also gives directives to have reports on implementation of integrated waste management plans. Section 13 (3) gives instruction that the annual performance report prepared in terms of section 46 of the Municipal Systems Act must contain information on the implementation of the municipal integrated waste management plan, including the information set out in paragraphs (a) to (j) of subsection (2) insofar as it relates to the performance of the municipality. In subsection 13 (3)(2) the Act specifies that the annual performance report that the Department or provincial
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department must submit in terms of subsection (1) must contain information on the implementation of its integrated waste management plan, including information on—
(a) the extent to which the plan has been implemented during the period;
(b) the waste management initiatives that have been undertaken during the reporting period;
(c) the delivery of waste management services and measures taken to secure the efficient delivery of waste management services, if applicable;
(d) the level of compliance with the plan and any applicable waste management standards;
(e) the measures taken to secure compliance with waste management standards;
(f) the waste management monitoring activities;
(g) the actual budget expended on implementing the plan;
(h) the measures that have been taken to make any necessary amendments to the plan;
(i) in the case of a province, the extent to which municipalities comply with the plan and, in the event of any non-compliance with the plan, the reasons for such non-compliance: and
(j) any other requirements as may be prescribed by the Minister.
A list of waste management activities that have or are likely to have a detrimental effect on the environment are contained in Government Gazette Notice 409 of 2009. Prior to the promulgation of NEMWA, these were listed under the EIA Regulations, GNR 385 and 386 for Basic Assessments and Full EIA respectively.
3.1.4 The National Health Act
The National Health Act, 2003 defines “municipal health services” to include water quality monitoring; food control; waste management; health surveillance of premises; surveillance and prevention of communicable diseases, excluding immunizations; vector control; environmental pollution control; disposal of the dead; and chemical safety, but excludes port health, malaria control and control of hazardous substances. Section 32 of the Act requires that the municipal health services [including waste management] must be effectively and equitably provided. Furthermore, national and provincial government must enter into a service level agreement as contemplated in section 156 (4) of the Constitution, assigning the administration of the listed matters to the municipality. The service level agreement must according to section 32(3) provide for: (a) the services to be rendered by the municipality; (b) the resources that the relevant member of the Executive Council must make available (c) performance standards which must be used to monitor services rendered by the municipality; and (d) conditions under which the agreement may be terminated. This Act also pertains to health care waste management. The Act in relation to waste activities designates the municipal services by including waste management in terms of formulating regulations regarding medical and health care waste by the Minister responsible. An important
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point to note in the gap analysis of the CoJ IWMP is that careful consideration should be given because health care waste and hazardous waste are considered as a provincial responsibility and this brings about a lot of challenges regarding waste generated by the clinics and heath centres run by the city.
3.1.5 Municipal Structures Act
The Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998) delineates powers and functions of different categories of municipalities. In terms of this Act, district municipalities have powers and functions relating to the integrated, sustainable and equitable social and economic development of the district. This role should be performed by ensuring integrated development planning for the district as a whole, building the capacity of local municipalities to perform their functions, exercising local municipal powers where capacity is lacking, and promoting the equitable distribution of resources between the local municipalities in its area. The Act further reiterates the functions of local municipalities as contained in the Constitution excluding the ones referred to as district functions. This includes the provision of waste collection and disposal services and cleansing.
3.1.6 Municipal Systems Act
The Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000) defines the alternative approaches that may be employed in delivering municipal services and the processes to be followed when such alternatives are considered. The need for integrated planning and performance monitoring of both external and internal mechanisms of service delivery are emphasised in the Systems Act. The Act further mandates communities to be encouraged to participate in strategic decision making relating to service delivery.
3.2 National Standards and Regulations
3.2.1 National Domestic Waste Collection Standards
The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008) stipulates that standards are required to “give effect to the right to an environment that is not harmful to health and well-being of the people”. The Standards (DEAT, 2009e), stipulate the service levels as varying between:
(a) On-site appropriate and regularly supervised disposal (applicable mainly to remote rural areas with low density settlements and farms supervised by a waste management officer);
(b) Community transfer to central collection point (medium density settlements);
(c) Organised transfer to central collection points and/or kerbside collection (high density settlements); or
(d) Mixture of ‘b’ and ‘c’ above for the medium to high density settlements.
The Standards also stipulate waste Collection in terms of:
(a) Separation at source: All domestic waste must be sorted at source.
(b) Collection of recyclable waste: The municipality must provide an enabling environment for households to recycle domestic waste.
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(c) Receptacles: Receptacles for the storage of non-reusable and non-recyclable waste must be easily distinguishable from those for the storage of recyclable waste.
(d) Bulk Containers: Bulk containers for the storage of non-reusable and non-recyclable waste must be easily distinguishable and in addition, they must be fitted with reflectors and where appropriate be placed next to a platform for ease of access.
(e) Communal collection points: These must be clearly demarcated areas with appropriate receptacles where household waste can be deposited for collection by the service provider/municipality.
(f) Frequency of Collection: Non-recyclable waste must be removed at least once a week, while recyclable waste must be removed at least once every two weeks.
In addition to the above conditions, the standards also spell out the following:
(a) Drop-off centres for Recyclables: Those not collected at the households must be easily accessible to the public.
(b) Collection vehicles: Those that are the most appropriate for the specific task and geographical terrain must be used.
(c) Health and safety: Existing Occupational Health and Safety legislation must be adhered to.
(d) Communication, awareness creation and complaints: There shall be a designated Waste management Officer and an awareness creation and guidelines to inform the households.
3.2.2 Waste Information Regulations
The Waste Information Regulations (Notice 430 of 2009) give effect to section 60 of NEMWA and regulate the procedure and criteria for the submission and processing of applications to register on the national Waste Information System (WIS). The list of activities requiring registration and reporting on the WIS includes general waste disposal facilities that receive more than 150 tons of waste per day, recycling and treatment facilities, hazardous waste being exported or imported as well as energy recovery facilities. Note that the waste to energy facilities are restricted to waste tyres at this stage.
3.2.3 Waste Tyre Regulations
The Waste Tyre Regulations (No 31901 of 2009, Gazette No R9032) are designed based on Section 24C of ECA, (Act No. 73 of 1989). This design is intended to regulate the handling, storage and disposal of used tyres. To be included in the reviewed CoJ’s IWMP is the enforcement of this requirement. The stipulation in the Waste Act 59 of 2008 is for every municipality to have a waste management officer would resolve the challenge.
3.3 National Policies and Strategies
3.3.1 Integrated Pollution and Waste Management Policy
Environmental legislation, including pollution has historically been fragmented. The Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) project was thus initiated in 1992 as a way of ensuring integrated pollution control. In 1995 waste management was included in the ambit of the IPC and the White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management IP&WM Policy was subsequently gazetted in 2000.
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This White Paper was subsequently translated into the National Waste Management Strategy which has been key in guiding waste management in South Africa. This policy formed the basis on which the NEMWA came into being.
3.3.2 National Waste Management Summit: Polokwane Declaration
This declaration was adopted in 2001, and still has much bearing on the current municipal waste management activities. The Polokwane Declaration states optimistically that the goal is to reduce waste generation and disposal by 50% and 25% respectively by 2012 and to develop a zero waste strategy by the year 2022. Although the Polokwane declaration is not legally binding, it is an illustration of how the priority of waste management and waste issues had shifted at that time. Progress towards meeting the targets of this Declaration will inform the setting of new realistic targets for waste minimisation in the CoJ.
3.3.3 National Policy on Thermal Treatment of General and Hazardous Waste
The national Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) developed a Policy for thermal treatment of waste to advocate government’s position on thermal waste treatment as an acceptable waste management option in 2009. The Policy outlines the conditions and requirements for establishing and operating thermal treatment technologies in the country. Specifically it looks at such conditions for the incineration of general and hazardous waste as well as the co-processing of selected waste types as alternative fuels and/or raw materials in cement kilns.
3.3.4 Draft Free Basic Refuse Removal Policy
The national department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) has recently drafted a policy for the provision of free basic refuse removal. The policy is currently awaiting approval by cabinet. This Policy on Free Basic Refuse Removal (FBRR) services makes provision for municipalities in South Africa to provide FBRR services within their areas of jurisdiction. The aim of the FBRR Policy is to ensure that all South Africans, including the poor, have access to at least basic (essential) refuse removal services. The following principles as contained in the Policy apply to its implementation:
1. A municipality must ensure that any relief provided in terms of the National Policy on FBRR services is constitutional, practical, fair, equitable and justifiable.
2. There will be differentiation between households based on indigence but not service level in accordance with this policy, legislation and the resolutions of Municipal Councils.
3. A municipality should provide FBRR services within the bound of their financial stability and sustainability.
4. A municipality should review and amend the qualification criteria for indigent support for FBRR services on a regular basis as provided by it as and when necessary.
5. A municipality should put in place FBRR services administrative support structures ensuring effective and efficient mechanisms of implementation.
6. FBRR services’ tariffs should be clear and easily understandable.
7. Operating subsidies for FBRR services within the municipality’s jurisdiction should be well targeted in order to reach the identified indigent.
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8. Indigent households must formally apply using the municipal system as specified and will qualify for such support according to the specified criteria/principles laid down by the municipality.
9. Indigent households registered for FBRR services must be re-evaluated after a given period of time as specified by the concerned municipality.
10. Disciplinary measures specified by the municipality should be imposed on households and/or individuals who abuse the FBRR services.
11. The municipality will put in place reasonable measures to publicise the FBRR services within its jurisdiction, including measures to put in place an effective communication programme.
12. The roles of the social worker/municipal official/councillor/traditional leader or any other authority so designated in the evaluation of the indigent household for the FBRR services should be fully recognised and specified.
13. The list of applicants for FBRR services should be made available for public scrutiny for at least one month at accessible public points within the municipality (i.e. libraries and clinics).
3.3.5 National Waste Management Strategy
The NEMWA requires that the Minister establish a National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) within two years of the act coming into effect. The strategy is binding on all organs of state in all spheres of government and will be reviewed every five years. The Strategy has been drafted and is currently going through the public consultation process. The targets as currently set in this strategy for the year 2015 are used as a bench mark for the targets set in this plan.
3.3.6 National Cleaner Production Strategy
The National Cleaner Production Strategy has been formulated as a result of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation for Sustainable Consumption and Production document. The strategy strongly emphasises waste minimisation, re-use and recycling especially within industry. The main focus of Cleaner production is preventative rather than end of pipe treatment.
3.3.7 Development of a core set of Environmental Performance Indicators
Performance Indicators’ play an important role it terms of measuring how well the organisation has implemented its projects and plan. DEAT prepared a document on this subject in 2004, with the purpose of providing Municipalities with a voluntary ‘toolkit’ to assess their performance in terms of the environment. Indicators of importance to this task include: waste generation rates, waste reduction, and waste services related issues. According to the Sustainability Institute report on waste analysis done in 2007, the environmental indicators identified for waste management include, among others:
• Waste generation rates
o Per capita
o Hazardous waste per sector
• Waste services
• Waste reduction and management
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o Illegal dumping
o Recycling
o Landfill sites (compliance)
o Landfill sites available air space
This reports further states that there is still debate over whether the waste generation rates should be captured in terms of mass or volume. Table 1: Summary of Legislation having relevance to waste management
Legislation Main relevant Issues National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act 39 of 2004)
S22 relates to the need for a license for listed activities of which some of the waste facilities such as incinerators are. S35 relates to the control of offensive odours which is one of the main impacts of solid waste.
National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998)
S20 deals with the control of emergency incidents. These are explained as any incidents that may pollute or have a detrimental impact on a water resource. S21 lists those activities that are regarded as “water uses” and which would therefore necessitate an application for a Water Use Licence. The following are listed among these water uses: (f) discharging waste or water containing waste into a water resource
through a pipe, canal, sewer, sea outfall or other conduit. (g) disposing of waste in a manner which may detrimentally impact
on a water resource; (h) disposing in any manner of water which contains waste from or
which has been heated in any industrial or power generation process.
Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993)
Safe working environments and conditions are defined in the Occupational Health and Safety Act. All employers are governed by this act and all waste management facilities must conform to this requirement. This includes the responsible management of people salvaging from waste disposed at the landfill site or any other waste management facility.
Hazardous Substances Act (Act 15 of 1973)
Relevant sections are 2, 3, 19, and 29. These deal with the hazard rating of hazardous substances and regulate the handling and transportation of such substances, which may include hazardous waste.
Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002)
Gives effect to the objects of integrated environmental management (IEM) by requiring mining application to include an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which would cover waste management issues. Also advocates for the upliftment of communities affected by mining.
Disaster Management Act, 57 of 2002
Spells out how to address waste management issues during disasters, whether natural or human engineered.
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Legislation Main relevant Issues Physical Planning Act (Act 125 of 1991)
Regulates planning at a national and provincial level through the preparation of national and regional development plans.
Development Facilitation Act (Act 67 of 1995)
The general principles in Section 3 of the DFA include the requirement that policy, administrative practice and laws should encourage environmentally sustainable land development practices and processes. These principles are to be applied to all land development and are specifically said to apply to the actions of the State and a local government body. Furthermore, they serve to guide the administration of any physical, transport, guide, structure or zoning plan or scheme administered by any competent authority in terms of any law.
The Division of Revenue Act (Act 5 of 2002)
This Act deal with the transfer of funds to municipalities to fund various capital investments and support the delivery of basic services.
Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA), 56 of 2003
This Act deals with financial management in the municipalities and the roles of three spheres of government as well as that of the Mayor, Executive and Non-Executive Councillors and officials. The objective is to maximise the capacity of municipalities in delivering services to all its citizens.
National Treasury: Environmental Fiscal Reform Policy, 2006
The aim of this policy is to introduce market-based instruments such as taxes and charges that are environmentally based as a way of supporting sustainable development.
Strategic Framework for Sustainable Development in South Africa, 2006
Addressing consumption patterns and meeting the United Nations MDGs
3.3.8 Local Government Turnaround Strategy
The Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs identified worrying trends undermining local government service delivery. In order to renew the vision of developmental local government, a turnaround strategy was devised to facilitate differentiated and targeted support to local government. Four factors underpin the turnaround strategy, namely:
� The impact of uniform regulatory frameworks � Municipalities focus on compliance � Untargeted and ineffective support � The combination of internal factors with external impacts.
The turnaround strategy provides an opportunity for municipalities to reflect on their own performance and concentrating on removing constraints. Each municipality must develop a turnaround strategy to improve service delivery and address service backlogs.
3.3.9 Minimum Requirements
The then Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), having a concern for the protection of the water resources of South Africa and at the time being responsible for permitting of waste facilities developed a 3 part series of documents commonly referred to as the ‘Minimum
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Requirements’. The first edition was published in 1994, followed by the 2nd edition, which superseded the 1st edition in 1998. The general objectives of the Minimum Requirement are to:
• Set out minimum requirements in terms of processes to be followed and information required for the application of a permit for a facility.
• Provide a minimum set of environmentally acceptable ways of handling, transportation, treatment and disposing of different types of waste that has to be achieved.
• Set minimum standards and specification, which had to be adhered to, in order to protect water resources from potential pollution from waste facilities.
Specific objectives of the different documents are discussed in the Table below. Table 2: Summary of Minimum Requirements Documents Minimum Requirements Documents Objectives of the Documents
Document 1: Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification and Disposal of Hazardous Waste which sets out the following:
• Sets a hazardous waste classification for SA. • Rating of hazardous waste • A framework for the handling, transportation, treatment and
disposal of the different classes and ratings of hazardous waste.
Document 2: Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill
• Sets a landfill classification system for SA. • A framework for the sitting, design, preparation/development,
operation, closure and monitoring of the different classes of landfill sites.
• A framework and criteria for the permitting of such facilities. Document 3: Minimum Requirements for Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities
• Sets a framework for the design and monitoring of water quality monitoring programmes for landfill sites.
3.4 Provincial Legislation
The Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG) embraces the adoption and enforcement of all legislation dealing with the safe management, handling and transportation, treatment and disposal of waste, as well as the adoption of appropriate waste management standards and performance indicators with respect to all aspects of IWM to improve waste management service delivery. At Gauteng provincial level, the relevant documentation on legislative frameworks and policy to support the review of the CoJ policy and the IWMP are as follows:
• Gauteng Provincial Integrated Waste Management Policy (2006)
• First Generation Integrated Hazardous Waste Management Plan for Gauteng (2008)
• Gauteng General Waste Collection Standards (2007)
• Waste Information Regulations (2004)
3.4.1 Gauteng Provincial Integrated Waste Management Policy
The GPG has developed an appropriate legislative regime to support and enable the Gauteng IWM Policy, and to foster consistency between national, provincial and local waste management
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requirements, capacity building and filling of gaps in existing waste management regulations and requirements. Key issues addressed in this policy include the following:
• Waste reduction and minimisation
Under this the GPG endorses the development and adoption of appropriate and realistic targets requiring reduction and minimisation in waste generation of all forms of waste. This is in line with the goals of NEMWA which emphasizes waste minimisation options to be intensified.
The tools to achieve this may include, among others, enhancing the implementation of waste exchange and waste minimisation clubs to facilitate the avoidance, substitution, recovery, re-use and recycling of waste between different industries and organisations. This in turn requires that GPG supply Local Government, industries and other waste role players with information and guidance on waste reduction and minimisation initiatives as well as other waste databases available.
In addition, the GPG recognises the need for the setting of targets for waste minimisation,
recovery, reuse and recycling – taking account of the NWMS – and recognising that waste minimisation and recycling will be a priority wherever practicable. The targets should also take into account associated waste management initiatives and regulations as may become necessary. Hence, the reviewed CoJ’s IWMP should take into account setting target, while bearing in mind those set by the NWMS and COGTA Turn-around strategy of zero- waste service backlog by 2015 and 2014 respectively.
• Waste Recovery and Recycling
As an important component of waste management at municipality level, the GPG reaffirms the need for laws for the recovery, reuse and recycling of all waste as well as guidance for and encouragement of the recovery, reuse and recycling of all waste, done through source-separation or co-mingled collection programmes, manual or mechanical separation, or waste exchange, to provide recovery and recycling of appropriate prioritised waste streams. Hence the GPG is supportive of existing and new laws designed to encourage the manufacture and purchase of products made from recovered and recycled materials.
• Waste Collection and Transportation
As an important component of IWM, the GPG subscribes to the goals of environmentally sustainable waste management systems. It has to this effect, developed General Waste Collection Standards for Gauteng in 2007. These standards also informed the draft National Domestic Waste Collection Standards developed by DEA in 2009. The Gauteng Standards support the implementation of legislation that governs the transportation of waste material in line with the principles of the National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act 93 of 1996), relevant South African National Standards (SANS) codes of conduct, and relevant international codes of conduct
• Waste processing
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In view of some waste that cannot be recycled, the GPG recognises that alternative waste processing options exist for circumstances in which it is not possible or economically viable to recycle certain waste. These provide for the recovery of waste or components of waste (e.g. waste to energy, minerals) and should be considered as long as legal requirements are satisfied.
• Waste treatment and disposal
The GPG recognises that, even though there would be intensified waste minimisation and waste recovery, there still would be residues requiring disposal. Therefore, there is need for the safe treatment and disposal of waste only as a last option in terms of the waste management hierarchy. Illegal dumping remains a big challenge to most cities; hence the GPG also recognises the need for enforcement of legislation. It realises the importance to investigate and prosecute illegal waste disposers for the costs incurred in the management of such wastes and the environmental and human health impacts of such activities, according to the Duty-of-care Principle. Cognisance should therefore be taken to ensure that this forms part of the reviewed CoJ’s IWMP.
• Waste information
In its policy, the GPG recognises the importance of collection and dissemination of accurate waste information by each Local Government in the Province and all waste role players, for purposes of the National Waste Information System (WIS) that is being implemented in terms of the NWMS. Minimum reporting requirements have been established for Provincial and Local Government and it is the responsibility of Provincial Government to ensure that these are applied, through the regulation promulgated in 2004. (See details under regulations in 3.4.3.2).
3.4.2 First Generation Integrated Hazardous Waste Management Plan for Gauteng
According to GDACE 2008, there are a number of major factors in the hazardous waste sector in the Gauteng Province that when acting in combination hamper Integrated Waste Management, and recycling and treatment of hazardous waste in particular. The factors are as follows:
• Recycling:
o Lack of proper coordination
o Lack of proper waste separation at source
o Lack of testing and analysis facilities
o Lack of incentives
o Insufficient waste volumes and a lack of economy of scale
• Treatment:
○ Lack of facilities
○ Access to and location of existing facilities
○ Limited capacity of existing facilities
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○ Lack of comprehensive separation at source of hazardous waste
○ Insufficient waste volumes and a lack of economy of scale
In addition, the document records some of the key risks such as the storage of hazardous waste on the premises of the waste generators without the necessary permit to do so. This therefore calls for site inspections to identify the extent of this problem.
3.4.3 Gauteng Provincial Standards and Regulations
Of importance to this task are the General Waste Collection Standards and Waste Information Regulations that the provincial government set in 2007 and 2004 respectively. These are elaborated further in the subsequent paragraphs below.
3.4.3.1 Gauteng General Waste Collection Standards The following General Waste Collection Standards (GWCS) have been developed to ensure the provision of consistent, uniform waste collection and cleaning services which are equitable, appropriate, environmentally and socially acceptable, to the communities in Gauteng. Section 152 (1) of the Constitution (RSA, 1996), states that one of the responsibilities of local government is to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner. It indicates that provincial government has the exclusive responsibility to ensure that local governments carry out these functions effectively. The standards are therefore made up of two main components namely:
• Waste Collection (domestic and business/non-hazardous industrial waste); and
• Cleaning (street sweeping, litter picking, littering and illegal dumping)
In addition, the standards also cover other waste management activities and related issues such as health and safety, and transport. These standards are in most respects similar to those proposed by National government but notable differences for Gauteng are:
• The use of photographic images as Standard; and
• Their area of application.
In terms photographic images, these are used for enforcing the cleansing standards in which a predetermined photograph is used for measuring the cleanliness of the street and hence how best the cleansing work has been done. For purposes of areas of use, GWCS have been developed for use by all waste collection service providers active within Gauteng. It is the intention of GDACE that these standards are fully implemented and their implementation will be monitored. The service provider must ensure that training is given to all employees on the content of the standards and implementation.
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3.4.3.2 Waste information Regulations The GPG promulgated Waste Information Regulations in 2004 for the development of a Provincial WIS to:
(a) enable GDACE to compile and make available – to the public and other organs of state – data and information regarding waste in the Province, so as to further the protection of the environment and the continuous improvement of integrated waste management throughout the Province;
(b) make information available to organs of state and the public regarding waste for: i) education, research and development ii) spatial planning and environmental impact assessment iii) public safety and disaster management iv) the development of waste streaming and the assessment of the quantities of various
waste streams for monitoring government strategies with regard to waste management and
v) state of the environment reporting; and (c) to create a uniform reporting method which incorporates secure internet reporting formats
and monitoring intervals.
3.5 Local level legislation
3.5.1 Waste By-laws
The existing CoJ Waste by-laws are currently being revised. The by-laws should be revised in order to give effect to the Constitution, the principles of NEMA and the NEMWA. In particular the by-laws should be specific in terms of the services provided by the municipality and regulate those not provided by the municipality. These should further address the participation of private companies and persons in waste management services detailing the processes, conditions and requirements for permitting of facilities. As a general rule, by-laws should cover the full spectrum of the waste hierarchy to ensure that all aspects of waste management are covered. 4 WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE COJ
4.1 Geographic Area
The CoJ is located within the province of Gauteng in the eastern plateau of South Africa at an elevation of about 1, 753 m. Post the apartheid era, Johannesburg was decentralised into 11 regions which were recently consolidated into 7 regions (Figure 3 and Table 3). Each of these regions is responsible for the delivery of all community based services including waste management. The operations of the regions are however still informed by the broad CoJ plans, strategies and policies.
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Table 3: New Regions of the CoJ New
Regions Old
Regions Comments
A 1 and 2 The former regions have been combined into one (Diepsloot, Midrand, Fourways, Sunninghill, Woodmead).
B 3 and 4 Includes whole of the former Region 4, excluding Ward 70 (Florida), including Wards 90, 102 & 104 (Rosebank, Bryanston, Randburg).
C 5 This includes Wards 44, 49, 50, 70 and 84 (Bram Fischerville, Thulani, Florida) D 6 and 10 Soweto only. E 7 Includes all of the former Region 3, excluding Wards 90, 102 and 104 (Rosebank,
Bryanston, Randburg). Includes Wards 73, 74, 91, 103 and 106 (Parkwood, Highlands North, Alexandra, Wynberg, Morningside, Douglasdale).
F 8 and 9 Includes whole of former Region 8 and includes Wards 23, 54, 57, 65 and 66 (Glenvista, Ormonde, City Deep, Benrose, Kensington).
G 11 Includes the former Region 11 plus Ward 10 (Lenasia), Wards 17 and 18 (Eldorado Park and Protea).
Figure 2: New Regions of the CoJ
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4.2 Socio-economic Analysis
4.2.1 COJ Demographics
The CoJ forms part of the Gauteng Province (GP), which is generally perceived as the “economic hub” of South Africa. Gauteng is the smallest of all provinces in the country with just 1% of the total geographic area of the country. Small as it is, Gauteng constituted approximately 20% of the total population of the country in 2001, second to Kwazulu-Natal at 21% (Table 4). This increased to 22% in 2007 making it the most populated province in the country (Table 4). Table 4: Population Sizes of Provinces
Province 1996 2001 2007 Geographical
Area 1996 % 2001 % 2007 % Km2 %
Eastern Cape 6 302 525 16% 6 436 763 14% 6 527 747 13% 169 952 14% Free State 2 633 504 6% 2 706 775 6% 2 773 059 6% 129 821 11% Gauteng 7 348 423 18% 8 837 178 20% 10 451 713 22% 16 927 1% KwaZulu-Natal 8 417 021 21% 9 426 017 21% 10 259 230 21% 92 303 8% Limpopo 4 929 368 12% 5 273 642 12% 5 238 289 11% 122 839 10% Mpumalanga 2 800 711 7% 3 122 990 7% 3 643 435 8% 79 512 7% Northern Cape 840 321 2% 822 727 2% 1 058 060 2% 362 591 30% North West 3 354 825 8% 3 669 349 8% 3 271 948 7% 116 180 10% Western Cape 3 956 875 10% 4 524 335 10% 5 278 585 11% 129 448 11% South Africa 40 583 573 100% 44 819 778 100% 48 502 066 100% 1 219 574 100%
(Sources: Stats SA, 2001 and Municipal Demarcation Board, 2010) The population of Gauteng has grown steadily at a rate of approximately 20.4% between 1996 and 2001 and by approximately 13.9% between 2001 and 2007 to approximately 10 451 713 people (Stats SA, 2007). According to the Mid-year estimates of 2009, this has grown further by about 5.9% to 10.53 million (Stats SA, 2009). Gauteng’s population growth rate is significantly higher than the average for the whole country, which has slowed down from 10.4% to 8.2% (Stats SA, 2007). The CoJ covers a total area of about 1644 km2, which translates to about 10% of the geographical area of the Gauteng province. Within the Gauteng province, the three metropolitans (City of Tshwane, Ekurhuleni and CoJ) have by far the highest population. Together the three constitute approximately 85% of the population of Gauteng, with the CoJ contributing approximately 37% of it in both 2001 and 2007. From 2001, the CoJ has consistently been in the lead with the highest population followed by Ekurhuleni and the City of Tshwane coming third (Figure 4 below).
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0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
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40.00%
Sedibeng Metsweding West Rand Ekurhuleni CoJ City ofTshwane
Districts and Metros
% P
opul
atio
n of
Gau
teng
2 0012007
Figure 3: Population Distribution within the Gauteng Province
Table 5 below shows that the CoJ has experienced the biggest population growth from 2001 to 2007 within Gauteng at 20.6%. This is more than double the country’s population increase and about 1.5 times more than the Gauteng growth rate within the same period. Migration is believed to be the main factor influencing population changes over time between provinces and cities (Stats SA, 2001 and 2007). Table 5: Population Distribution by Districts and Metros within Gauteng
DCs & METROs CENSUS 2001 CS 2007 % CHANGE DC 42: Sedibeng 796 754 800 819 0.5 DC 46: Metsweding 162 270 153 539 -5.4 DC 48: West Rand 533 675 539 038 1.0 GTDMA: West Rand 5 781 2 918 -49.5 EKU: Ekurhuleni 2 478 631 2 724 229 9.9 JHB: City of Johannesburg 3 225 309 3 888 180 20.6 TSH: City of Tshwane 1 982 235 2 345 908 18.3 Gauteng 9 178 873 10 451 713 13.9 South Africa 44 819 778 48 502 063 8.2
The CoJ is therefore faced with the challenge of increased waste generation due to the increase in population. According to census 2001 and the 2007 Community Survey data, the population of the CoJ increased by about 21% (Table 6), with the most increase occurring within the Black population. According to the Community Survey of 2007, about 90% of all households within the CoJ receive a weekly collection of waste, while 2% receives a collection service less frequently (Stats SA, 2007).
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Table 6: Population within the CoJ
PopulationGroup
2001 2007 % Increase from 2001 to
2007 Population % Population %
Black African 2,369,769 73.47% 2,907,948 74.79% 22.71% Coloured 206,245 6.39% 229,231 5.90% 11.14% Indian/Asian 134,111 4.16% 167,144 4.30% 24.63% White 515,185 15.97% 583,861 15.02% 13.33%
Total 3,225,310 100.00% 3,888,184 100.00% 20.55%
4.2.2 Socio-economic status
Johannesburg is known as the leading city in South Africa in terms of its economic profile (Wikipedia, 2010). It contributes the highest to the country’s GDP and employment rate. When comparing the employment percentage figures of 2001 and 2007 based on Census 2001 and the community survey of 2007 of Statistics SA, there seems to be a huge increase (39%) in the number of people without an income (Figure 4). However, there has been a huge increase in the number of people in the various income groups as well. There is about 7 fold more people within the R1 to R400 income group; about 31% and 69% increase in the income groups ranging from R401 – R6400 and R6401 – R25600 respectively. There are approximately 3 times more people in the income group of R25601 – 204800 while there are twice as much people within the income group of people earning more than R204800 a month. Migration again plays an important factor in the distribution of income level groups within the country. The CoJ experiences major influxes of people from all over the country since it is perceived as having better employment opportunities. The CoJ therefore attracts both employed and unemployed people, with the view of improving their career prospects as well as those looking for employment.
0
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R 51201 -R 102400
R 102401- R
204800
R 204801or more
Income Groups
Num
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of p
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2001 2007
Figure 4: Income Levels within the CoJ
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4.3 Waste Management Systems
Existing waste management systems within the CoJ have been explored in order to determine gaps and challenges facing the CoJ. A summary of international good practices has also been included as Annexure 2.
4.3.1 Roles and Responsibilities
In terms of the Constitution of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) and the Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (Act 32 of 2000), the CoJ is mandated to provide waste collection, disposal and cleansing services to all its residents. There are currently 5 key sections which are directly involved in providing a waste management service within the CoJ as shown in Figure 5 below. These are the following:
• Environment: This department includes the Waste Management and Licensing section among others. It is responsible for strategic planning and policy formulation.
• Infrastructure and Services Department (ISD): The ISD is the department responsible for managing all MOEs/utilities/agencies responsible for delivering waste management services on behalf of the CoJ and ensuring that they perform according to their Service Delivery Agreement (SDA).
• Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD): As part of its mandate, the JMPD has a section dedicated to the enforcement of the city By-Laws. This includes the Waste By-Laws.
• Pikitup (PTY) Ltd.: Pikitup was formed in 2001 as a waste management utility, wholly owned by the CoJ, tasked to perform all operational duties with regards to waste collection and disposal.
• Environmental Health: As part of their mandate in terms of the health Act (Act No. of 61 of 2003), environmental health officers undertake waste management duties, especially compliance and enforcement monitoring.
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EXECUTIVE MAYOR
CITY MANAGER
ENVIRONMENT JMPD
Energy sector
INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES DEPARTMENT (ISD)
Waste Management Sector
Waste Management & Regulation
Policy Integration & Management Support
Natural Resources Management
Environmental Regulatory Services
Air Quality & Climate Change Support Services
By-Law Enforcement
OperationsWater Sector
MOE Service Delivery
Joburg City Parks
City Power
Johannesburg Zoo Joburg Water
PIKITUP
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Environmental Health
Figure 5: Organisational Structure of relevant departments dealing with solid waste
within the CoJ
Pikitup services mainly domestic households from which it derives the majority of its income as a service fee to the CoJ. It also renders services to businesses for the collection of dailies, bulk container services and the rental of bins, as well as landfill fees (Pikitup, 2007a). Pikitup provides council services in line with the mandate from the CoJ as well as commercial services to the citizens of Johannesburg. These can further be divided on the basis of whether they are billable or not and whether they are core functions or not. Table 7 below shows this classification.
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Table 7: Services Provided by Pikitup COUNCIL SERVICES COMMERCIAL SERVICES
Domestic round collected refuse Business round collected refuse
Putrescible waste (dailies) Healthcare risk waste
Street cleaning Bulk services
Lane flushing Hazardous waste
Area cleaning Composting
Illegal dumping Recycling activities
Animal carcasses Special events
Garden sites Landfill services
Safe disposal
Source: Pikitup, 2010d
4.3.2 Waste generation
The latest data on waste generation in the CoJ indicates that a total of 1 492 000 tonnes of general waste is generated per annum (GDACE, 2008). This translates to a reduction of 4.4% in general waste generation when compared to figures reported in 2003 (CoJ, 2003). It is important to note that these figures are based on disposal data, hence may not be a true reflection of the generation rates. The accuracy of these figures can further be challenged on the basis of data capture and record keeping at landfill sites in the absence of properly operated weighbridges or any other weighing devices (CoJ, 2008). The Strategic Roadmap Plan Report of 2007 makes the following waste generation estimates (Table 8). It is important to note that these were still based on waste disposal figures not actual generation data. Table 8: Waste Generation Projections
WASTECATEGORY
ANNUAL GROWTH RATE %
TOTALMASS
(ton/month)
TOTAL WASTE GENERATED (1 000 ton/year)
2006 2008 2010 2012 2017 2022
General 4.1 84665.1 1 016 1 101 1 193 1 293 1 581 1 932Builders Rubble 4.1 16237.1 195 211 229 248 303 370Garden waste 4.1 15077.3 181 1 196 212 230 281 344Recycling material 4.1 301.5 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.6 5.6 6.8TOTAL 4.1 116281.2 1 395 1 512 1 639 1 776 2 170 2 654Source: Pikitup, 2007a Table 8 above shows projections for general waste generation for the year 2008 as 1 101 000 tonnes, which is conservative compared to the figure of 1 492 000 given in the Gauteng Status Quo and Waste Minimisation Options Report of 2008 contemplated above. Waste generation estimates are made based on the disposal amounts recorded at landfill sites. This method has limitations in that it does not give a reflection of the amounts of waste generated
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but rather those disposed of. This does not account for waste generated in areas that do not have a formal waste collection service. It further excludes waste diverted from landfill either through reuse and recycling efforts or illegal dumping. Figure 6 below shows the general deposition rates of waste within the CoJ.
1 200 000
1 250 000
1 300 000
1 350 000
1 400 000
1 450 000
1 500 000
1 550 000
1 600 000
1 650 000
2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
Time(years)
Was
te Q
uant
ities
Figure 6: Overall Waste Disposal Trends within the CoJ
There has been a steady decrease in the amount of waste disposed to landfill from 2007/08. There is an initial decline of about 11% followed by a further 5% decrease. This cannot be taken at face value to imply that waste generation is decreasing in the COJ. Since these figures are disposal quantities recorded at landfill weighbridges, a decrease could mean an increase in the amount of waste being diverted from landfills. The diversion could be through recycling and recovery efforts or it could be indicative of a failing system where less and less waste is being collected and ultimately being illegally dumped. This therefore presents a need for the CoJ to undertake a waste survey to establish waste generation rates.
4.3.3 Waste composition
Figure 7 below shows the composition of waste disposed at all four landfill sites currently in operation within the CoJ. This is based on data collected over a period of three years (from the 2007/08 to 2009/10 financial year).
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6.3%
54.7%0.6%
9.7%
16.5%
0.4%
0.8%11.0%
Street Cleaning Round Collected Refuse DailiesGarden Refuse Illegal Dumping Builders RubbleBuilders Rubble - Non Cover - no charge
Figure 7: Waste Composition within the CoJ
The chart above shows that Round Collected Refuse (RCR), which refers to the weekly waste collection from households, contributes the highest percentage of the waste stream at 54.7%. The remaining 45.3% comprises other sources such as street cleaning (6.3%), garden refuse (9.7%), builders’ rubble in its different categories (12.2%) and waste cleared from illegal dumping areas contributing 16.5%. This makes illegal dumping the second biggest waste stream illustrating that illegal dumping is still a serious problem within the CoJ.
4.3.4 Collection and Disposal
Pikitup owns and operates the following facilities (Table 8):
• 11 waste management depots strategically located throughout the city.
• 42 garden refuse sites.
• 4 landfill sites (NB: 2 landfill sites are closed and currently being rehabilitated and monitored, while additional private sites are also being used to dispose of waste at a fee).
• 1 composting plant.
• 1 incinerator.
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Figure 8: Locality of Pikitup Waste Management Facilities and Infrastructure
Table 9 below shows the available infrastructure, fleet and equipment available to undertake the collection, transportation and disposal of waste within the city by Pikitup.
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Table 9: Available Pikitup Infrastructure, fleet and equipment
Source: Pikitup, 2010c
4.3.4.1 Fleet Pikitup’s fleet assets are currently provided by Fleet Africa whose contract is due to end in a year. The key aspects in fleet management which ensure optimum and efficient operation are availability and reliability. Currently, the existing fleet performs below the set standard in terms of their Service Level Agreement (SLA) (Pikitup, 2010d). This can impact negatively on service delivery as it can increase vehicle down time. Fleet operation costs make up about 28% of the total Pikitup operational costs.
4.3.4.2 Disposal Figure 9 below shows the waste disposal per landfill in the CoJ from 2004/05 to 2009/10. Linbro was officially closed in 2007, while Marie Louise and Ennerdale are approaching the end of their lifespan with approximately one year left for each (Pikitup, 2010c).
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0
100 000
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500 000
600 000
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800 000
2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
Years
Was
te Q
uant
ities
(ton
s) Marie LouiseGoudkoppiesEnnerdaleRobinsonLinbro
Figure 9: Waste Disposal Trends for the Four Operating Landfill Sites of the CoJ
The 2009/10 figures only include figure of up to March 2010, running short of additional 3 month tonnages to complete the financial year. In this scenario all disposal sites show a decline in the disposal rates since 2008/09 with Marie Louise having the most dramatic decline. When assuming a yearly average for the remaining months, the trend changes as shown below (Table 10).
0
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2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
Time (years)
Was
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s)
Marie LouiseGoudkoppiesEnnerdaleRobinsonLinbro
Figure 10: Waste Disposal Trend Projections for Four Landfill Sites of the CoJ
Marie Louise and Ennerdale still show a decline in waste disposal rates while Goudkoppies maintains a steady rate (Figure 10). Robinson Deep on the other hand shows a slight increase in its deposition rate. Linbro landfill site was closed in 2007 and is no longer in use.
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An arrangement had been made for waste from Midrand and Ivory Park to be disposed at the Chloorkop landfill site, which is privately owned, at a fee. This decision was informed by the economies of proximity as this site was closest to the generation areas than transporting the waste to one of the CoJ sites. The lifespan of the Chloorkop landfill site is estimated to end in 2011, after which general waste from Midrand and Ivory Park will have to be accommodated in an alternative landfill site (CoJ, 2008). Pikitup has further entered into an agreement with the privately owned Mooiplaats landfill site, situated approximately eight kilometres from Diepsloot, to accept waste from July 2007 (CoJ, 2008). The costs of disposing at the Mooiplaats site are also escalating considerably, necessitating an alternative disposal option to be sort. To dispose at Mooiplaats costs R 52 per ton and approximately R 2.59 million per annum while disposing at Chloorkop costs R64 000 per month plus a rate of R43.72 per ton for waste in excess of the agreed amount which results in approximately R 3 257 million per annum (ISD, 2010b). The operational cost per ton for the CoJ landfills are estimated to range from R 21,98 to R 71,75 (ISD, 2010b). Table 10 below shows the total available airspace and life spans for all operating sites of the CoJ. Currently the combined available airspace for the 4 sites is 8 years with Robinson Deep contributing about 17 years, Goudkoppies having 6 years while Ennerdale and Marie Louise both only have a year left. Table 10: Available Airspace for the CoJ
Details Robinson Deep Ennerdale Marie
Louise Goudkoppies New
Landfill (100 ha)
Total Available
Compaction ratio 1.4 1.435 1.529 1.426 1.4 Volume Total 28,969,515 2,453,896 8,276,8 11,831,923 51,532,22 Volume current 10,808,325 202,141 307,407 2,288,885 30,000,000 13,606,75 Airspace current (m3) 15,131,655 290,072 470,025 3,263,950 42,000,000 19,155,70 Deposition rate nominal 48,157 14,509 38,621 24,843 126,130 Deposition rate 5.5% annual growth 74,967 19,126 40,336 48,816 199,644
Remaining life (years) – No Interventions 17 1 1 6 8
Remaining Life with Interventions
a. 4 New cell developments 12 b. 1 New landfill site 26 c. 4 New cell developments + new landfill Site 30 d. 4 New cell developments + new landfill Site + Composting 31 e. 4 New cell developments + new landfill Site + Composting + Thermal Plant 54
Adapted from: Pikitup, 2010c Table 10 highlights the facts that the CoJ has a critical need for alternative disposal options. Preliminary studies have explored different options that need further investigation. These options include developing additional cells at the existing sites, developing an additional landfill site and rigorously implementing and expanding on programmes that encourage diversion of waste from landfill, such as composting and waste to energy projects.
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Pikitup has employed a wide range of interventions geared towards optimising their remaining airspace. Below are such interventions as contained in the Pikitup 2010/11 Business Plan (Pikitup 2010d).
• Diversion of all garden waste from landfill sites to the composting plant.
• Disposal of some waste to the privately owned and run landfill sites of Chloorkop and Mooiplats.
• Discussions have been initiated with Emfuleni Local Municipality to service the areas such as Orange Farm, Drieziek and some parts of Ennerdale. This is influenced by the proximity issues of waste sources to disposal sites and the associated cost implications.
• Necessary authorisations from the Provincial environmental department in accordance with the EIA regulations have been issued for the extension of existing sites. A geosynthetically lined cell has been developed at Goudkoppies landfill site.
• Builders’ rubble from the Watervaal depot is currently being diverted to a privately owned crusher plant.
The impacts of the planned interventions in terms of saved and/or additional airspace created are further discussed below.
• Developing 4 additional new cells will increase the life span by 6 making it a total of 12 years of combined airspace.
• Alternatively, developing a new landfill site will result in a combined total of 26 years.
• Implementing both the intervention of developing the 4 cells together with the new landfill site will increase this life span to 30 years.
• Including composting of as a way of diverting the green waste will add another year making it a total of 31 years.
• Adding other additional waste diversion programmes will increase this even further. A thermal plant would increase this to 54 years.
An additional point to note is that both the Linbro and Kya Sands landfill sites which have been closed were located in the north. The means that the northern area of the CoJ, which comprises Midrand among others are in dire need for a disposal site in view of the fact that the Chloorkop landfill site will no longer be available for disposal.
4.3.5 Waste minimisation
The CoJ has to critically consider waste minimisation options both as a legal requirement since the Waste Act is more inclined towards waste minimisation as well as the reality of diminishing airspace for the existing sites and the reality of limited suitable and available space for new sites. This scenario has forced a paradigm shift in the thinking and planning of the CoJ. The approach adopts the Waste Management Hierarchy principles which advocate for waste reduction, re-use and recycling as the preferred waste management options and disposal as the last resort to deal with the residue (Figure 11).
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Figure 111: Paradigm Shift in the Waste Hierarchy
The majority of the garden sites mentioned above also act as drop-off centres for recyclables such as paper, plastic and cans. Some of the sites also accept e-waste. In addition to the garden sites, the CoJ operates 18 buy-back centres. There are also 19 shopping centres where recyclables may be deposited. These facilities accept glass, plastic, cardboard, paper, tins, metal and E-waste. An estimated 29 526 tonnes per annum, of which 61% is glass and metal, are recovered through all these centres (CoJ, 2008). Key waste minimisation programmes currently undertaken by Pikitup are discussed below.
4.3.5.1 Source Separation There are currently a few post consumer source separation initiatives happening within the CoJ. However, most of these are initiatives from the private sector. The CoJ piloted a source separation project in Watervaal. This pilot has adopted a three bag systems where waste is separated into the following:
• Paper • Other “dry” recyclables (plastic, tins and glass) • Residual waste
All recyclables are collected by a private company, while Pikitup collects the residual for disposal to landfill. Participation levels have varied between high income and low income groups within the pilot area. 78% of the participants were from the higher income group while the remainder (22%) was from the lower income group (Pikitup, 2010b). Participation rates and consequently the amounts of recyclables collected steadily increased since November 2009 with paper being the most collected followed by glass at 58% and 21% respectively (Pikitup, 2010b). The pilot has been generally regarded as a success; however there are a few problems which were encountered which will be used as lessons for city wide roll-out of source separation. The following were noted:
• Informal reclaimers invaded the area and took the recyclables before the collection vehicles arrived. This created a further problem of littering as the reclaimers tore bags to salvage what they wanted leaving the rest of the waste strewn along the roads.
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• Community behaviour and mind set towards waste and recycling has not changed. Sorting of waste is perceived by many as cumbersome and time wasting.
• Budget constraints from Pikitup were also a limiting factor.
Further influx of reclaimers has been controlled by issuing identification cards to those already in the area. Ongoing education and community awareness is also undertaken by way of distributing pamphlets on a monthly basis in order to cultivate better understanding and appreciation of waste separation at source and recycling as a whole. The CoJ intends to undertake a city wide roll-out of separation at source by 2012. The initial education and awareness programmes will however commence in this financial year (2010/11).
4.3.5.2 Composting Pikitup has 48 garden waste transfer sites available to the public to dispose of light garden waste. The utility provides containers for the organic matter at each of these sites (Pikitup, 2010a). The waste is then transferred to a disposal site or taken to a composting site facility at Panorama in the West Rand. This facility was launched in September 2005 and has a capacity of 50, 000 tons per annum (Pikitup, 2007b). The plant produces other products such as mulch, potting soil, unscreened compost and top dressing and is currently operating at full capacity. The capacity of the facility is not sufficient to process all garden waste produced within the CoJ, hence the facility is currently over supplied. Some of the excess waste material is chipped and used as cover material for landfill sites. It has been suggested that an additional 3 plants strategically located within the city would be required to process all the garden waste produced within the city. The economies of distance also do not support the transportation of waste from all transfer sites within the city to this facility. Additional sites closely located to the sources would be ideal.
4.3.5.3 Builders’ Rubble Crushing Plant According to the Builders’ rubble crushing plant feasibility report of 2007 (Pikitup, 2007c), builders’ rubble is classified into different categories depending on it composition and structure as follows:
• Fine clean material that can be used as cover materials. The disposal of such material is free of charge since it is used as cover material.
• Contaminated builders’ rubble. This material is normally contaminated and comprises of commercial waste and big boulders making it unsuitable for use as cover material. This material is normally referred to as ‘commercial waste’ and is not accepted at Pikitup disposal sites.
• Builders’ rubble collected from all Pikitup depots receiving this type of waste as well as any other collections made by Pikitup.
• Illegally dumped builders’ rubble. This forms the bulk of illegally dumped waste.
Only 12 of the Pikitup garden sites (Table 11) accept wheelbarrow loads of builders’ rubble.
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Table 11: List of Garden Sites that accept Builders’ Rubble Watervaal Garden
SitesNorwood Garden
SitesZondi Garden Sites
Ashanti Ashburton Barbiana Belona Disa Fairlands Victory Park
Bezuidenhout valley Melrose Norwood
Mapetla Protea north
Table 12 shows the builders’ rubble estimates as recorded at the different Pikitup disposal sites during the 2006/07 financial year, while Table 13 depicts the scenario for the whole of the CoJ including the private sector. It should be noted however that this information is based on estimates and captures information which could be accessed at the time that the builder’s rubble estimates report of Pikitup was compiled. Table 12: Builder’s Rubble Estimates disposed on Pikitup landfill sites for the year 2006/07
SUMMARY(2006/2007) (Tons/yr)
Ennerdale Goudkoppies MarieLouise
Robinson Deep
Totals
1. Cover (No charge) 1 703 9 543 99 879 41 577 152 702 2. Builder's Rubble (Depots) 13 3 601 - 3 260 6 874 3. Illegal Dumping 78 959 50 144 - 5 195 134 298 TOTAL 80 675 63 288 99 879 50 032 293 874
Source: Pikitup, 2007c
Table 13: Estimated minimum total Building and demolition waste generation in the CoJ Source Amount
(tons/yr) Comments
Pikitup Landfill site estimates 293 874 Visual estimates as the waste is disposed at landfill sites
Private Landfilling of Builders’ Rubble
Unknown -
Builders’ rubble being processed & recycled.
835 000 Known companies were consulted and estimates of their respective operations noted.
Builders’ rubble being used as fill.
Unknown -
TOTAL 1 128 874 -
Source: Pikitup, 2007c
4.3.5.4 Recycling at Events Recycling bins are provided by Pikitup for major sporting events such as soccer matches as a way of promoting separation at source. In certain instances Pikitup hires general workers who can pick up and sort the waste at such events. This however is only limited to their area of jurisdiction. E.g.
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For soccer matches, Pikitup would clean and sort waste outside the stadia while the stadia management will be responsible for collecting and sorting waste inside the stadia.
4.3.5.5 Landfill Reclaimers Committee Pikitup facilitates a committee for landfill reclaimers at the various landfill sites. This committee serves as a communication platform through which the CoJ can foster a culture of working together with the reclaimers. This can serve to assist a better understanding of the activities of the reclaimers which would then influence the formulation of more appropriate and effective solutions to the existing reclamation problems.
4.3.6 Underground Bin Project
A number of underground bins have been installed in high traffic areas in Soweto and the city centre – with 49 bins being rolled out in the 2008/09 year. Waste placed in separate bins above the ground will feed into these bins for collection. Problems with the truck fleet have delayed the start of using this system. There is a plan to ultimately roll out 20,000 of these bins.
4.3.7 Backlogs
Refuse removal services from households (weekly collections) have dropped from 91.2% in 2001 to 90.2% in 2007 (GDACE, 2008). This however, should not be interpreted to mean that there has been a decrease in the number of households receiving the weekly collection. There has actually been an increase of about 12.59% in the number of households receiving a weekly collection as illustrated by Figure 12 (Stats SA, 2001 and 2007). This decline could be as a result of the huge increase in population from 2001 to 2007. While some 1 069 547 households are receiving some level of refuse removal service (weekly and less often collections), a backlog of 95 469 households still exists (Stats SA, 2007). It must, however, be noted that these figures do not take residents without legal residency into account (CoJ, 2008). In terms of the recent reports from Pikitup all areas are provided with at least a weekly basic waste service, hence no service backlogs exist within the CoJ (ISD, 2010). In addition to the weekly service provided, Pikitup offers a daily cleaning programme to informal settlements. This is done through the use of community and output based contractors. Currently only 47% (86 out of 182) of these settlement receive this service. This 47% of settlements covers about 81% of units (165, 763 units out of a total of 203, 078 units) city wide (Pikitup, 2010d).
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0
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WeeklyRemoval
Removed <weekly
Communalrefuse dump
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No rubbishdisposal
Other
Type of Collection
Num
ber
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ouse
hold
s
20012007
Figure 122: Waste Collection Trends
4.3.8 Illegal dumping
Like in many other cities in the country, the CoJ faces major challenges of illegal dumping. Pikitup has cleaned up approximately 13 900 tonnes of waste dumped illegally during 2007 (CoJ, 2008). On average Pikitup spends about R80 million per annum on clearing illegal dumping (Pikitup, 2010a). Some of the factors that are believed to contribute to this problem include the relatively high costs of collection, transportation and disposal of waste, the rather early closing times of some landfills and other management facilities, making them inaccessible to the working population. A further impacting factor is the general lack of understanding of the environmental and economic impacts of dumping of waste (CoJ, 2008). Pikitup has embarked on the following projects as part of their fight against illegal dumping:
• Project 100 Spots - the campaign is concerned with cleaning up illegal dumping sites, informing communities about the hazards of illegal dumping and encouraging them to take ownership and guardianship of these sites.
• Inner City Environmental Education Awareness Campaign - the project is part of the Executive Mayor's Clean and Green Campaign. Its main focus is to influence a change in the behaviour of people in the inner city to stop littering and dumping waste illegally.
4.3.9 Community awareness, capacity building and public participation
A variety of programmes are undertaken as part of community awareness and public participation initiatives within the CoJ. These include: • Community environmental awards, where schools and environmental forums are recognised for
their role in environmental management issues.
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
39
• Clean-up campaigns where members of the community are encouraged to participate in cleaning up a particular identified area in the hope of cultivating a sense of responsibility for community members to clean their surroundings.
• Educational awareness programmes for different target groups including hawkers, shop owners and schools.
• Partnerships with different stakeholders resulting in campaigns against littering and illegal dumping.
• The use of performance arts to communicate messages on waste management.
4.4 Future Plans
The following are some of the planned future projects of the CoJ:
• The Gauteng Green E-waste Channel has initiated the establishment of ten pilot sites for the drop-off of e-waste in collaboration with Pikitup.
• Separation of waste at sources has been accepted as the principle that will be followed during the 2010 Soccer World Cup. The CoJ is already raising awareness through separation of waste at source at current sporting events (SOER, 2008).
• Extension of the existing landfill airspace by developing additional cells.
• Developing a new landfill site.
• Develop a waste to energy plant.
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
40
5 GAP ANALYSIS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT
5.1 Pressures and Challenges
Rapid population growth within the CoJ and associated economic development, which ultimately results in increased waste generation, is the key pressure resulting in the current waste management challenges in the city (Pikitup, 2010a and CoJ, 2008). Increased population further places pressure on the level of service the city can deliver (CoJ, 2008). Further constraints identified by Pikitup (Pikitup, 2010a) as well as in the State of the Environment Report of 2008 relate to the following:
• Limited landfill airspace,
• Ambitious Polokwane Declaration targets,
• Legislative changes requiring separation at source ,
• Health and safety of reclaimer activities at landfills
• Recycling facilities not handling full spectrum of recyclable materials at Garden Sites and Buyback centres
• The new business outlook, which excludes further investment in composting and incineration.
• Lack of buy-in to waste minimization initiatives from communities
• Culture of littering and illegal dumping
• Limited Capex funding without long-term sustainability
• Lack of integrated asset management plan
• Increasing costs of waste management and disposal
The 2008 CoJ SOER suggested the review of the IWM Policy and Plan in order to address the following:
• Review of targets in respect of the waste management hierarchy. The reduction of waste generation and disposal targets in the waste management policy and plan need to be reviewed.
• Consideration of waste reduction implementation vehicles. There are many financially demanding obligations of the municipality competing for the limited resources available, including recycling programmes. However, it is notable that most of these recycling programmes can be economically viable and that a number of recycling businesses are successful. Consideration should therefore be given to joint launching and implementation of recycling programmes within structures such as public private partnerships. Appropriate business structures will provide opportunities to develop recycling facilities at lower cost to the CoJ.
• Some of the challenges facing recycling ventures include requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, the Health Act and the Occupational Health and Safety Act. While these requirements do not pose difficulty to medium to large companies, small companies may be significantly impacted. It is therefore proposed that the following may be considered:
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
41
o Direct joint ventures to comply with relevant legislation
o Monitoring and auditing functions of the CoJ, combined with the population of a Waste Information System, will be important to ensure compliance with the host of legal requirements applicable to waste recycling operations;
o Appropriate locations for recycling facilities are often problematic. Sites of closed landfill sites may be considered in this regard.
Based on the above challenges and the data collection process for the review of both the IWM Policy and Plan further problems were identified and are listed and discussed in the table below as gaps. Based on the gaps identified, the needs for the CoJ are identified and subsequently addressed as part of the target setting and formulation of the action plan in subsequent chapters.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
42
Tabl
e 14
: Gap
and
Nee
ds A
naly
sis
Pri
ority
Are
as
Gap
s N
eeds
Was
te M
inim
isat
ion,
R
ecyc
ling
and
Re-
use
Sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e is
lim
ited
to th
e pi
lot a
rea
only
. Thi
s lim
its th
e po
tent
ial a
mou
nt o
f was
te th
at c
an b
e di
verte
d aw
ay fr
om d
ispo
sal t
o la
ndfil
l.
Sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e ne
eds
to b
e ro
lled
out t
o th
e w
hole
CoJ
in o
rder
to
pro
mot
e re
cycl
ing
and
achi
eve
max
imum
div
ersi
on o
f rec
ycla
ble
was
te fr
om la
ndfil
l site
s.
Ther
e is
no
clea
r ind
icat
ion
of th
e w
aste
com
posi
tion
and
char
acte
risat
ion
to d
irect
was
te m
inim
isat
ion
and
recy
clin
g ta
rget
set
ting
A w
aste
cha
ract
eris
atio
n st
udy
is re
quire
d to
info
rm th
e se
tting
of
was
te m
inim
isat
ion
and
recy
clin
g ta
rget
s Th
e se
t tar
gets
sho
uld
be a
ligne
d w
ith th
ose
set i
n sp
ecifi
c In
dust
ry
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
ns (I
WM
Ps)
The
exis
ting
com
post
ing
plan
t can
not p
roce
ss a
ll gr
een
was
te d
iver
ted
from
dis
posa
l to
land
fill a
s th
e m
ater
ial i
s be
yond
its
capa
city
.
Gre
en w
aste
col
lect
ed a
t the
CoJ
gar
den
site
s ne
eds
to b
e di
verte
d to
oth
er p
rivat
ely
run
com
post
ing
plan
ts n
ot ju
st th
e C
oJ p
lant
.
Com
mun
ity b
ased
recy
clin
g pr
ogra
mm
es a
re li
mite
d an
d ar
e no
t for
mal
ly c
oord
inat
ed b
y th
e C
oJ.
A fr
amew
ork
for t
he c
oord
inat
ion
of e
stab
lishi
ng a
nd ru
nnin
g co
mm
unity
bas
ed re
cycl
ing
prog
ram
mes
has
to b
e in
itiat
ed. T
his
prog
ram
me
wou
ld in
clud
e fu
ndin
g an
d m
arke
t mec
hani
sms,
tech
nica
l su
ppor
t as
wel
l as
mon
itorin
g an
d re
porti
ng m
echa
nism
s. B
est
prac
tices
sho
uld
also
be
inve
stig
ated
.
Ther
e ar
e no
lega
l ins
trum
ents
to fa
cilit
ate
and
enfo
rce
was
te m
inim
isat
ion
and
recy
clin
g pr
inci
ples
.
Ther
e is
a n
eed
to d
evel
op a
stro
ng le
gal f
ram
ewor
k to
driv
e an
d en
forc
e th
e w
aste
min
imis
atio
n an
d re
cycl
ing
agen
da. S
uch
pres
crip
ts c
ould
incl
ude
the
revi
sion
of t
he e
xist
ing
by-la
ws
to in
clud
e re
cycl
ing
oblig
atio
ns to
all
stak
ehol
ders
, i.e
. CoJ
, priv
ate
sect
or a
nd
the
com
mun
ity. T
hese
sho
uld
be c
oupl
ed w
ith c
ompl
imen
tary
re
quire
men
ts fo
r the
use
of r
ecyc
led
mat
eria
l in
man
ufac
turin
g.
Per
form
ance
sta
ndar
ds fo
r com
post
sho
uld
also
be
set.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
43
Pri
ority
Are
as
Gap
s N
eeds
Ther
e is
lim
ited
invo
lvem
ent o
f the
priv
ate
sect
or
(exc
ludi
ng c
ompa
nies
alre
ady
oper
atin
g in
the
was
te
sect
or) i
n w
aste
min
imis
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
es to
ens
ure
max
imum
div
ersi
on o
f was
te fr
om la
ndfil
l and
cre
ate
sust
aina
ble
job
oppo
rtuni
ties.
Ther
e is
a n
eed
for t
he fo
rmat
ion
of p
artn
ersh
ips
in o
rder
to fa
cilit
ate
the
invo
lvem
ent o
f all
rele
vant
sta
keho
lder
gro
ups
to e
nsur
e th
e su
stai
nabi
lity
of re
cycl
ing
prog
ram
mes
and
atta
inm
ent o
f set
targ
ets.
S
uch
partn
ersh
ips
can
incl
ude
Pub
lic P
ublic
, Pub
lic P
rivat
e or
Pub
lic
Com
mun
ity p
artn
ersh
ips.
(The
se a
re d
iscu
ssed
furth
er in
sec
tion
7.1)
.
Info
rmal
recy
clin
g is
pre
vale
nt re
sulti
ng in
unc
oord
inat
ed
effo
rts w
hich
resu
lt in
poo
r dat
a m
anag
emen
t, un
sust
aina
ble
busi
ness
es a
s w
ell a
s in
crea
sed
heal
th a
nd
safe
ty is
sues
.
Ther
e is
a n
eed
to e
mbr
ace
and
enga
ge th
e ex
istin
g in
form
al
recy
clin
g se
ctor
in n
ew p
ropo
sed
form
al re
cycl
ing
prog
ram
mes
and
di
scou
rage
the
cont
inua
l unf
oldi
ng o
f inf
orm
al re
cycl
ers.
The
se
sent
imen
ts s
houl
d be
incl
uded
in th
e Po
licy
and
By-
law
s in
ord
er to
en
sure
suc
cess
ful i
mpl
emen
tatio
n.
Ther
e is
a fo
rmal
Pic
kers
Ass
ocia
tion
thro
ugh
whi
ch th
e pi
cker
s ca
n be
app
roac
hed
and
ensu
re th
at th
eir i
nclu
sion
is a
ppro
pria
te a
nd
rele
vant
to th
eir n
eeds
and
circ
umst
ance
s.
Ther
e is
lim
ited
awar
enes
s an
d ed
ucat
ion
on w
aste
m
inim
isat
ion
and
recy
clin
g to
the
com
mun
ity a
t lar
ge.
Mos
t ini
tiativ
es a
re c
once
ntra
ted
at s
choo
ls.
Ther
e is
a n
eed
to c
ontin
ually
and
con
sist
ently
und
erta
ke a
war
enes
s an
d ed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
mes
that
targ
et a
ll re
leva
nt s
take
hold
er
grou
ps.
Ther
e ar
e no
was
te m
inim
isat
ion
and/
or re
cycl
ing
initi
ativ
es w
ithin
the
adm
inis
tratio
n an
d op
erat
ions
of C
oJ
itsel
f. Th
ese
wou
ld a
lso
perp
etua
te th
e aw
aren
ess
to th
e br
oade
r pub
lic.
The
CoJ
as
the
auth
ority
sho
uld
take
a le
ad a
nd o
pera
te in
a m
anne
r th
at s
how
s th
eir d
edic
atio
n to
faci
litat
ing
was
te m
inim
isat
ion
and
recy
clin
g pr
inci
ples
by
intro
duci
ng w
aste
sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e in
itiat
ives
in a
ll C
oJ o
ffice
s an
d op
erat
iona
l site
s.
Com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent
Out
date
d B
ylaw
s w
hich
are
not
alig
ned
with
•
The
natio
nal a
nd p
rovi
ncia
l prio
ritie
s as
wel
l as
puni
tive
mea
sure
s as
pre
scrib
ed b
y th
e W
aste
Act
. E.g
. fin
es
bein
g to
o lo
w.
• Th
e cu
rren
t cha
lleng
es w
ithin
the
CoJ
. •
The
revi
ewed
IWM
Pol
icy
and
Pla
n.
Ther
e is
a n
eed
to u
pdat
e th
e ex
istin
g By
-Law
s to
ens
ure
rele
vanc
e to
the
CoJ
nee
ds a
nd fo
cus
and
prio
ritie
s as
wel
l as
alig
nmen
t with
na
tiona
l and
pro
vinc
ial p
riorit
ies.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
44
Pri
ority
Are
as
Gap
s N
eeds
Cur
rent
ly c
ompl
ianc
e an
d en
forc
emen
t for
was
te
man
agem
ent i
ssue
s fa
lls u
nder
the
JMPD
as
part
of th
eir
man
date
to e
nfor
ce a
ll by
-law
s. T
his
pres
ents
the
follo
win
g ch
alle
nges
: •
Thes
e of
ficia
ls h
owev
er d
o no
t hav
e th
e re
leva
nt w
aste
m
anag
emen
t kno
wle
dge
mak
ing
pros
ecut
ion
rate
s in
th
is re
gard
low
. •
Ther
e is
als
o no
form
al c
omm
unic
atio
n lin
e be
twee
n th
e JM
PD
and
the
rele
vant
was
te m
anag
emen
t se
ctio
ns w
ithin
the
CoJ
.
Act
ive
com
plia
nce
mon
itorin
g an
d en
forc
emen
t of t
he B
y-la
ws
and
othe
r rel
evan
t pie
ces
of le
gisl
atio
n is
ess
entia
l. Th
is is
a s
peci
alis
ed
func
tion
henc
e th
ose
task
ed to
und
erta
ke it
sho
uld
be g
iven
the
appr
opria
te tr
aini
ng (E
nviro
nmen
tal M
anag
emen
t Ins
pect
or tr
aini
ng)
to e
nsur
e an
incr
ease
d pr
osec
utio
n ra
te o
f was
te m
anag
emen
t tra
nsgr
essi
ons
and
envi
ronm
enta
l man
agem
ent t
rans
gres
sion
s as
a
who
le.
A C
ompl
ianc
e an
d E
nfor
cem
ent s
ectio
n to
be
form
ed u
nder
en
viro
nmen
tal m
anag
emen
t. Th
is w
ill ho
use
the
Env
ironm
enta
l M
anag
emen
t Ins
pect
ors
(EM
Is) w
ho w
ill b
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r co
mpl
ianc
e m
onito
ring
and
enfo
rcem
ent o
f all
envi
ronm
enta
l mat
ters
in
term
s of
Cha
pter
7 o
f NE
MA
, inc
ludi
ng w
aste
man
agem
ent
mat
ters
.
Inte
grat
ed P
lann
ing
Ther
e ar
e no
form
al c
omm
unic
atio
n st
ruct
ures
bet
wee
n de
partm
ents
dea
ling
with
was
te m
anag
emen
t and
pl
anni
ng in
the
city
.
• A
ll de
partm
ents
and
com
pani
es d
irect
ly in
volv
ed w
ith d
iffer
ent
aspe
cts
of w
aste
man
agem
ent s
ervi
ces
deliv
ery
shou
ld h
ave
a fo
rmal
ised
com
mun
icat
ion
stru
ctur
e. S
uch
com
mun
icat
ion
shou
ld
not o
nly
be re
serv
ed fo
r ope
ratio
nal m
atte
rs b
ut s
houl
d in
clud
e th
e pl
anni
ng s
tage
s. T
his
will
ens
ure
true
and
mea
ning
ful i
nteg
ratio
n.
• D
evel
opm
ent p
lann
ing
in th
e C
ity m
ust a
lso
cons
ider
was
te
serv
ice
prov
isio
n an
d th
eref
ore
early
eng
agem
ent a
nd
com
mun
icat
ion
betw
een
plan
ners
and
thos
e in
volv
ed in
was
te
man
agem
ent i
s ne
eded
Com
plia
nce
mon
itorin
g an
d re
porti
ng is
als
o la
ckin
g on
ke
y st
rate
gic
docu
men
ts s
uch
as th
e IW
MP
. Th
e C
oJ n
eeds
to m
onito
r and
aud
it th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of e
xist
ing
Pol
icie
s, s
trate
gies
and
pla
ns to
ens
ure
alig
nmen
t and
con
sist
ency
.
Was
te d
ata
capt
ure
and
man
agem
ent
Ther
e is
no
accu
rate
info
rmat
ion
rela
ting
to w
aste
ge
nera
tion
rate
s in
the
city
. Cur
rent
est
imat
es a
re b
ased
on
dis
posa
l dat
a.
The
CoJ
nee
ds to
und
erta
ke a
was
te s
urve
y to
det
erm
ine
the
actu
al
was
te g
ener
atio
n ra
tes
with
in th
e ci
ty. T
his
will
form
a g
ood
basi
s fo
r fu
ture
pla
nnin
g an
d de
cisi
on-m
akin
g.
Ther
e is
no
sing
le, f
ully
ope
ratio
nal W
aste
Info
rmat
ion
Ther
e is
nee
d to
dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t a c
entra
lised
was
te
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
45
Pri
ority
Are
as
Gap
s N
eeds
Sys
tem
with
in th
e C
oJ. T
his
resu
lts in
: •
Inco
nsis
tenc
ies
in d
ata
capt
ure,
ana
lysi
s an
d re
porti
ng.
• D
ata
and
info
rmat
ion
not b
eing
eas
ily a
cces
sibl
e w
ithin
th
e C
oJ d
epar
tmen
ts it
self
as w
ell a
s to
the
publ
ic.
• C
ompr
omis
ed p
lann
ing
and
exec
utio
n of
pro
gram
mes
.
info
rmat
ion
syst
em fo
r the
CoJ
whi
ch w
ill st
anda
rdis
e w
aste
dat
a ca
ptur
e. T
his
will
then
impr
ove
the
accu
racy
of d
ata
and
stan
dard
ise
the
sour
ce o
f dat
a us
ed in
repo
rts a
nd p
lans
.
This
Was
te In
form
atio
n S
yste
m s
houl
d be
hou
sed
unde
r the
Was
te
Man
agem
ent D
irect
orat
e. W
eigh
brid
ges
mus
t be
fully
ope
ratio
nal a
nd
data
cap
ture
d an
d ac
cura
tely
repo
rted
in o
rder
to e
nsur
e th
e su
cces
s of
the
WIS
.
Was
te tr
eatm
ent a
nd
disp
osal
The
exis
ting
land
fill s
ites
are
near
ing
thei
r end
of l
ife w
ith
limite
d op
tions
to e
xten
d th
eir l
ife s
pans
. Th
e C
oJ n
eeds
to c
ome
up w
ith w
ays
of s
avin
g/m
axim
isin
g la
ndfil
l ai
rspa
ce s
uch
as:
• W
aste
min
imis
atio
n an
d re
cycl
ing
optio
ns.
• P
oten
tial f
or re
gion
al c
olla
bora
tion
on n
ew la
ndfil
l site
de
velo
pmen
ts.
• A
ltern
ativ
e di
spos
al a
nd/o
r tre
atm
ent o
ptio
ns.
The
licen
sing
of p
ropo
sed,
exi
stin
g op
erat
iona
l and
clo
sed
faci
litie
s in
term
s of
the
Was
te A
ct is
a c
onst
ant i
ssue
to
be ta
ken
into
acc
ount
. All
faci
litie
s al
read
y op
erat
ing
in
term
s of
the
perm
its is
sued
in te
rms
of th
e E
nviro
nmen
t C
onse
rvat
ion
Act
may
be
requ
ired
to a
pply
for w
aste
m
anag
emen
t lic
ence
s as
per
a g
over
nmen
t gaz
ette
pu
blis
hed
by th
e M
inis
ter.
The
CoJ
nee
ds to
ens
ure
that
all
its d
ispo
sal f
acilit
ies
(clo
sed,
op
erat
iona
l and
new
) are
lice
nsed
in te
rms
of th
e W
aste
Act
and
co
mpl
iant
to th
eir l
icen
se c
ondi
tions
. In
addi
tion
ther
e is
a n
eed
to
ensu
re s
uffic
ient
reso
urce
s al
loca
tion
to fa
cilit
ate
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
suc
h lic
ence
con
ditio
ns.
Aw
aren
ess
rais
ing
and
capa
city
bui
ldin
g E
duca
tion,
aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
ns a
nd c
apac
ity b
uild
ing
prog
ram
mes
are
inad
equa
te to
add
ress
the
curr
ent w
aste
re
late
d ch
alle
nges
in th
e C
oJ.
Edu
catio
n, a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
and
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g pr
ogra
mm
es
need
to b
e de
velo
ped,
impl
emen
ted
and
impr
oved
on
for a
ll st
akeh
olde
r gro
ups.
The
suc
cess
of s
uch
prog
ram
mes
sho
uld
be
visi
ble
in:
• C
hang
ed b
ehav
iour
of t
arge
ted
grou
ps. E
.g. d
eclin
e in
litte
ring
and
illeg
al d
umpi
ng
• In
crea
sed
parti
cipa
tion
in w
aste
min
imiz
atio
n an
d re
cycl
ing
prog
ram
mes
.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
46
Pri
ority
Are
as
Gap
s N
eeds
Ther
e sh
ould
be
clea
r pro
gram
me
of a
ctio
n ba
sed
on th
e ta
rget
s of
th
is p
lan
as w
ell a
s w
ell d
ocum
ente
d pr
ogre
ss a
nd a
chie
vem
ent
repo
rts a
gain
st th
ese
targ
ets.
Th
e D
epar
tmen
t of E
duca
tion
shou
ld b
e ap
proa
ched
and
neg
otia
te
that
env
ironm
enta
l iss
ues,
incl
udin
g w
aste
man
agem
ent i
ssue
s, b
e in
clud
ed in
the
curr
icul
um.
Was
te S
ervi
ce
Del
iver
y N
ot a
ll in
form
al a
reas
are
pro
vide
d w
ith a
dai
ly c
lean
sing
se
rvic
e.
A d
aily
cle
ansi
ng s
ervi
ce s
houl
d be
pro
vide
d to
all
citiz
ens
with
in th
e C
oJ. F
urth
erm
ore,
ther
e is
nee
d fo
r con
tinua
l im
prov
emen
t on
the
leve
l of s
ervi
ce b
eing
giv
en.
The
CoJ
will
nee
d to
pre
pare
itse
lf fo
r the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Nat
iona
l Fre
e B
asic
Ref
use
Rem
oval
Pol
icy.
Th
e C
oJ n
eeds
to d
evel
op a
Fre
e B
asic
Ref
use
Rem
oval
stra
tegy
in
line
with
the
natio
nal p
olic
y an
d th
e C
oJ in
dige
nt p
olic
y.
Col
lect
ion
char
ges
are
not b
ased
on
the
cost
of d
eliv
erin
g th
e se
rvic
e. T
his
may
resu
lt in
a fi
nanc
ially
uns
usta
inab
le
was
te c
olle
ctio
n sy
stem
.
A fu
ll co
st a
ccou
ntin
g ex
erci
se n
eeds
to b
e un
derta
ken
in o
rder
to
ensu
re a
sus
tain
able
col
lect
ion
proc
ess
whe
re th
e co
sts
of d
eliv
erin
g th
e se
rvic
e ar
e re
cove
red
thro
ugh
tarif
fs. T
he b
alan
ce b
etw
een
affo
rdab
ility
and
cost
reco
very
will
amon
g ot
hers
be
offs
et b
y th
e FB
RR
Pol
icy
refe
rred
to a
bove
.
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
47
6 GOALS OBJECTIVES, TARGETS AND ACTION PLANS
This IWM Plan aims to facilitate the implementation of the IWM Policy of the CoJ. Eight (8) core goals have been identified for the IWM Plan on the basis of the CoJ IWM Policy objectives and mandate as derived from the Waste Act. These goals address the main challenges identified within the CoJ while taking cognisance of the national and provincial targets including the overall objective of the CoJ to be a clean city. For each goal, a set of objectives, targets and an action plan is included. Additional four (4) support goals have also been identified. These goals offer support and facilitate the attainment of the core goals. It is important to note that the Targets and Action plan have a long term view. The following are important to note in order to understand the set targets in context:
� Targets relating to developing plans/strategies/policies etc imply that subsequent years should be dedicated to the implementation of such plans/strategies/policies etc.
� Targets relating to the initiation of a programme imply that subsequent years are dedicated to the further implementation of such programmes.
The Tables setting out the targets comprise the following columns:
2005 IWMP: These are the targets that were set in the existing IWM Plan of 2005, which will be repealed by this one.
2010 Draft NWMS: These are the targets as proposed in the draft National Waste Management Strategy which all organs of state have to comply with.
Provincial targets: These are existing targets set by the Gauteng provincial government through their legislation and which the CoJ has to comply with in addition to the national requirements.
It is important to note that the provincial targets may not contradict the national targets but may be more stringent.
Baseline from IDP: In the absence of data indicating the level of attainment of the 2005 IWMP targets, the targets set in the 2010/11 Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for the CoJ were used as a baseline.
Proposed: This are the targets proposed in this IWM Plan in view of the other existing targets mentioned above as well as the baseline.
6.1 Waste Minimisation, Reuse, Recycling and Recovery
Goal:To implement sustainable waste minimisation, reuse, recycling and recovery programmes through strategic interventions including the promotion of composting, waste-to-energy and other reuse and recycling initiatives supported by the introduction of waste separation at source programmes. These programmes should contribute towards the upliftment of the quality of life of the people within the CoJ by ensuring them a clean environment and by identifying, promoting and supporting potential job opportunities within the sector
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
48
Objectives:• Develop programmes to encourage cleaner production. • Develop programmes to encourage separation at source. • Identify and implement all potential waste diversion mechanisms that can be employed in
order to reduce waste quantities disposed of at landfill sites. • Evaluate and implement appropriate mechanisms to formalize informal salvaging at the
working face of the landfill site. • To ensure that waste minimisation, reuse, recycling and recovery procedures and
practices are adopted by all sectors of society. • Create sustainable employment through local entrepreneur development in waste
minimisation, recycling and reuse partnerships. • Create awareness and build capacity among communities on issues relating to waste
minimisation, reuse, recycling and recovery.
• Development and implementation of appropriate regulatory instruments.
• Development and implementation of appropriate economic instruments and other financial incentives.
Target:
20% reduction of waste disposal to landfill by 2015, based on 2010 disposal tonnage.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
49
Tabl
e 15
: Tar
gets
for
Was
te M
inim
isat
ion,
Reu
se, R
ecyc
ling
and
Rec
over
y 20
05 IW
MP
20
10 D
RA
FT N
WM
S
Pro
vinc
ial T
arge
ts
Bas
elin
e fr
om ID
P
2010
/11
PR
OP
OS
ED
A ta
rget
of 3
0%
redu
ctio
n of
the
dom
estic
and
co
mm
erci
al w
aste
st
ream
s di
spos
ed
to la
ndfil
l with
in th
e sh
ort t
erm
(200
4-20
06).
To d
iver
t 25%
gr
een
and
gard
en
was
te (a
ppro
x. 8
5 00
0 to
nnes
per
an
num
) cur
rent
ly
bein
g la
ndfil
led
to
exis
ting
or n
ew
gard
en w
aste
co
mpo
stin
g si
tes
by 2
007.
• A
chie
vem
ent o
f tar
gets
in
Pac
kagi
ng In
dust
ry
WM
P.
• 20
% re
duct
ion
in
recy
clab
les
to la
ndfil
l. •
Sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e im
plem
ente
d in
all
Met
ros.
•
Mat
eria
ls R
ecov
ery
Faci
litie
s (M
RFs
) es
tabl
ishe
d in
all
mun
icip
aliti
es.
• Th
e w
aste
sec
tor s
houl
d co
ntrib
utes
0.2
% to
GD
P
• 5%
incr
ease
in
empl
oym
ent
- W
aste
ser
vice
s -
Rec
yclin
g -
Rec
over
y
• 5%
incr
ease
in S
MM
Es
with
in w
aste
sec
tor
• E
stab
lish
smal
ler r
ecyc
labl
e co
llect
ion
faci
litie
s at
com
mun
ity
leve
l by
2012
/15.
•
Dev
elop
alte
rnat
ive
colle
ctio
n sy
stem
s su
ch a
s th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
smal
l ent
repr
eneu
rs to
col
lect
re
cycl
able
s in
a b
lock
wat
ch fa
shio
n an
d to
acc
umul
ate
till s
uffic
ient
vo
lum
es a
re a
chie
ved
by 2
012/
15.
• In
trodu
ce P
ay-A
s-Th
row
sys
tem
s to
en
cour
age
was
te re
-use
and
re
cycl
ing
by 2
010/
11.
• S
et ta
rget
s fo
r com
post
ing
by
2010
/11.
•
Am
end
proc
urem
ent r
equi
rem
ents
by
201
0/11
to:
- S
ourc
e al
l com
post
mat
eria
l fro
m lo
cal a
utho
rity
land
fills
. -
Sou
rce
all f
ill a
nd a
ggre
gate
m
ater
ial f
rom
bui
lder
s’ ru
bble
co
llect
ion
poin
ts
• 5%
of r
ecyc
labl
e w
aste
div
erte
d fro
m
land
fill b
y 20
10.
• 50
% o
f gre
en w
aste
di
verte
d fro
m la
ndfil
l by
201
0.
• A
nnua
l rep
ortin
g by
indu
stry
in
alig
nmen
t with
thei
r Ind
ustry
Was
te
Man
agem
ent P
lans
in te
rms
of th
e N
EM
: WA
. •
Rol
l out
sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e to
su
itabl
e pr
e id
entif
ied
hous
ehol
ds*:
-
30%
of t
he h
ouse
hold
s by
201
5.
- 60
% o
f hou
seho
lds
by 2
020.
-
100%
of h
ouse
hold
s by
202
5 •
Div
ert t
he fo
llow
ing
amou
nts
of g
arde
n w
aste
from
land
fill s
ites:
-
60%
by
2015
-
100%
by
2020
•
Initi
ate
com
mun
ity b
ased
pro
gram
mes
th
at w
ill pr
ovid
e at
leas
t 0.1
% o
f the
po
pula
tion
of th
e C
oJ (A
bout
400
0 pe
ople
) with
jobs
and
/or o
ppor
tuni
ties
for S
MM
Es
by 2
015.
•
A 2
0% re
duct
ion
of d
omes
tic a
nd
com
mer
cial
was
te s
tream
s di
spos
ed to
la
ndfil
l by
2015
. *
Sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e m
ay n
ot b
e be
nefic
ial f
or a
ll ho
useh
olds
. In
certa
in in
stan
ces,
whe
re th
ere
is v
ery
little
rec
ycla
ble
was
te in
the
was
te s
tream
, the
sep
arat
ion
and
colle
ctio
n of
re
cycl
able
s m
ay b
e m
ore
cost
ly th
an th
e be
nefit
der
ived
from
suc
h as
exe
rcis
e.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
50
Tabl
e 16
: Act
ion
Pla
n fo
r W
aste
Min
imis
atio
n, R
ecyc
ling
and
Re-
use
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
20%
redu
ctio
n of
was
te d
ispo
sal t
o la
ndfil
l R
oll o
ut s
epar
atio
n at
sou
rce
to:
• 30
% o
f the
hou
seho
lds
by
2015
. •
60%
of h
ouse
hold
s by
202
0.
• 10
0% o
f hou
seho
lds
by 2
025
Dev
elop
a p
lan
for S
ourc
e se
para
tion
to e
nsur
e th
e at
tain
men
t of t
he s
et
obje
ctiv
es.
June
201
1 Pi
kitu
p
Initi
ate
awar
enes
s an
d ed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
mes
for w
aste
sep
arat
ion
at
sour
ce.
July
201
1 E
nviro
nmen
t, IS
D, P
ikitu
p an
d th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.
Impl
emen
t sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e at
all
maj
or e
vent
s.
June
201
1 A
ll M
OE
s, d
epar
tmen
ts
and
priv
ate
sect
or.
Initi
ate
sepa
ratio
n at
sou
rce
in o
ther
are
as o
ther
than
the
pilo
t are
a.
July
201
2 P
ikitu
p an
d th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.
Con
tinua
lly ro
ll ou
t sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e to
oth
er a
reas
in o
rder
to a
chie
ve
the
set t
arge
ts.
2014
P
ikitu
p an
d th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Div
ert t
he fo
llow
ing
amou
nts
of
gree
n w
aste
from
land
fill s
ites:
•
60%
by
2015
•
100%
by
2020
Aw
aren
ess
rais
ing
and
educ
atio
n on
com
post
ing
at h
ouse
hold
leve
ls o
n an
on
-goi
ng b
asis
. O
n-go
ing
Env
ironm
ent,
ISD
, Pik
itup
and
priv
ate
sect
or
Est
ablis
h/Id
entif
y 3
addi
tiona
l com
post
ing
faci
litie
s.
2015
E
nviro
nmen
t, IS
D, P
ikitu
p an
d P
rivat
e se
ctor
Est
ablis
h di
vers
ion
mec
hani
sms
for g
arde
n w
aste
suc
h as
: •
Chi
ppin
g/M
ulch
ing:
Thi
s re
duce
s th
e m
ass
and
volu
me
of w
aste
and
th
e m
ulch
can
als
o be
use
d fo
r oth
er p
urpo
ses
e.g.
as
cove
r mat
eria
l. •
Ene
rgy
reco
very
(e.g
. fas
t pyr
olys
is; a
naer
obic
dig
estio
n)
• P
rovi
ding
sep
arat
e co
llect
ion
rece
ptac
les
for g
arde
n w
aste
at
hous
ehol
d le
vel.
2015
P
rivat
e se
ctor
, all
MO
Es
and
depa
rtmen
ts
CoJ
4000
Job
opp
ortu
nitie
s (0
.1%
of t
he
popu
latio
n in
CoJ
) cre
ated
thro
ugh
was
te m
inim
isat
ion,
recy
clin
g an
d re
use
by 2
015.
Initi
ate
com
mun
ity b
ased
pro
gram
mes
that
will
prov
ide
at le
ast 0
.1%
of t
he
popu
latio
n of
the
CoJ
(Abo
ut 4
000
peop
le) w
ith jo
bs a
nd/o
r opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r S
MM
Es.
The
se c
an in
clud
e an
y of
the
follo
win
g:
• C
ompo
stin
g fa
cilit
ies.
•
MR
Fs a
nd b
uy b
ack
cent
res
2015
All
MO
Es
and
depa
rtmen
ts
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
51
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
• C
omm
unity
bas
ed c
olle
ctio
n sy
stem
s.
• R
e-us
e of
recy
clab
les
to p
rodu
ce o
ther
mar
keta
ble
prod
ucts
e.g
. mat
s,
jew
elle
ry e
tc.
Con
tinua
lly im
prov
e on
this
targ
et b
y a
perc
enta
ge in
crea
se to
be
dete
rmin
ed b
ased
on
the
outc
omes
of t
he w
aste
sur
vey
to b
e un
derta
ken.
2015
A 2
0% re
duct
ion
of d
omes
tic a
nd
com
mer
cial
was
te s
tream
s di
spos
ed to
land
fill b
y 20
15.
Incl
ude
prov
isio
ns in
sup
port
of w
aste
min
imis
atio
n, re
use,
recy
clin
g an
d re
cove
ry in
was
te B
y-la
ws.
20
10
Env
ironm
ent
Dev
elop
(100
%) a
nd im
plem
ent (
50%
) a R
ecla
imer
s’ M
anag
emen
t Sys
tem
(R
MS)
. Thi
s in
clud
es:
• R
egis
ter r
ecla
imer
s on
all
oper
atin
g la
ndfil
l site
s •
Issu
e pe
rson
al P
rote
ctiv
e E
quip
men
t (P
PE
) to
the
regi
ster
ed re
clai
mer
s.
• O
ffer t
rain
ing
on h
ealth
and
saf
ety
issu
es o
n an
on-
goin
g ba
sis.
2011
E
nviro
nmen
t, P
ikitu
p an
d th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Des
ign
and
impl
emen
t an
awar
enes
s ra
isin
g an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
prog
ram
me
for w
aste
min
imis
atio
n, re
use,
recy
clin
g an
d re
cove
ry. T
hese
ca
n in
clud
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
•
Dev
elop
ing
and
disp
layi
ng p
ublic
info
rmat
ion
shee
ts
• P
rovi
ding
info
rmat
ion
on C
ounc
il an
d P
IKIT
UP
web
site
on
an o
ngoi
ng
basi
s.
• D
evel
opin
g an
d im
plem
entin
g a
prom
otio
nal c
ampa
ign
• P
rodu
ce q
uarte
rly R
ecyc
ling
publ
icat
ion
for t
he C
ity
• D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent t
rain
ing
prog
ram
mes
inte
rnal
ly a
nd fo
r the
co
mm
unity
. N
B: A
ctiv
ities
und
er A
war
enes
s R
aisi
ng a
nd C
apac
ity B
uild
ing
can
cont
ribut
e to
war
ds th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of t
his
targ
et.
June
201
1 E
nviro
nmen
t, IS
D a
nd
Piki
tup
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t an
inte
rnal
CoJ
was
te m
inim
isat
ion,
reus
e,
recy
clin
g an
d re
cove
ry p
rogr
am in
clud
ing
gree
n pr
ocur
emen
t gui
de to
in
fluen
ce th
e pr
ocur
emen
t pol
icy.
Dec
embe
r 201
1 En
viro
nmen
t
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
52
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
A d
edic
ated
sor
ting
area
to b
e de
sign
ated
in a
ll la
ndfil
l site
s.
Dec
embe
r 201
2 P
ikitu
p an
d th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Dev
elop
a re
cycl
ing
finan
cial
mod
el to
ens
ure
the
finan
cial
sus
tain
abili
ty o
f al
l ini
tiate
d pr
ogra
mm
es.
Dec
embe
r 201
1 IS
D a
nd P
ikitu
p
Und
erta
ke a
was
te s
urve
y in
clud
ing
was
te c
hara
cter
isat
ion
in o
rder
to d
irect
w
aste
min
imis
atio
n, re
use,
recy
clin
g an
d re
cove
ry p
rogr
amm
es.
June
201
2 E
nviro
nmen
t and
ISD
Det
erm
ine
alte
rnat
ive
and/
or a
ppro
pria
te te
chno
logi
es/p
rogr
amm
es fo
r im
prov
ing
was
te m
inim
isat
ion,
reus
e, re
cycl
ing
and
reco
very
rate
s.
• D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent a
pilo
t pro
ject
for t
he c
olle
ctio
n of
fluo
resc
ent
tube
s, s
mal
l bat
terie
s, ty
res
and
vehi
cle
batte
ries.
•
Est
ablis
h ne
w b
uy b
ack
cent
res
and
recy
clin
g pr
ogra
mm
es.
• In
vest
igat
e th
e fe
asib
ility
and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
was
te p
rogr
amm
es a
nd
faci
litie
s.
June
201
2 IS
D a
nd P
ikitu
p
Faci
litat
e th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f Mat
eria
ls R
ecov
ery
Faci
litie
s (M
RFs
) by
June
20
13 a
s th
e ne
ed m
ay b
e ba
sed
on th
e ou
tcom
e of
the
was
te
char
acte
risat
ion
stud
y.
June
201
3 E
nviro
nmen
t, P
ikitu
p an
d th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Form
atio
n of
par
tner
ship
s (P
ublic
-Pub
lic, P
ublic
-Priv
ate
& P
ublic
C
omm
unity
) will
ensu
re th
e su
stai
nabi
lity
of p
rogr
amm
es a
nd th
e in
volv
emen
t of d
iffer
ent s
take
hold
er g
roup
s.
At l
east
1
partn
ersh
ip
shou
ld b
e fo
rmed
per
fin
anci
al y
ear.
Env
ironm
ent,
ISD
, Pik
itup
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
53
6.2 Waste Treatment and Disposal
Goal: To treat and safely dispose of waste through Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) interventions aimed at saving landfill airspace and reducing the potential negative impacts on the environment; Objectives:
• Develop and implement a waste treatment and disposal strategy that will include but not limited to the following:
o Compliance of all waste treatment and disposal facilities with relevant legislation for their development and permitting, operation and closure.
o Addressing long term capacity needs of the CoJ.
o Explore alternative treatment and/or disposal options.
o Explore the potential for regional landfill sites.
Target: The percentage increase in volume of waste disposal to landfill should not exceed its potential population.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
54
Tabl
e 17
: Tar
gets
for
Was
te T
reat
men
t and
Dis
posa
l 20
05 IW
MP
20
10 D
raft
NW
MS
P
RO
VIN
CIA
L TA
RG
ETS
B
asel
ine
from
IDP
201
0/11
P
RO
PO
SE
D•
Dev
elop
and
co
mm
issi
on th
e N
orth
ern
Wor
ks
land
fill s
ite to
re
ceiv
e w
aste
by
Janu
ary
2003
.
• A
sses
smen
t of a
ll hi
stor
ical
site
s by
20
06.
• Su
bmis
sion
of
reha
bilit
atio
n pl
ans
for o
pera
ting
land
fill
site
s to
DW
AF b
y 20
05.
• C
losu
re a
nd
reha
bilit
atio
n of
50%
of
the
dum
psite
s by
20
06.
• 0%
incr
ease
to
volu
me
of w
aste
to
land
fill.
• A
ll la
ndfil
ls
licen
sed
and
com
plia
nt.
• O
ne th
ird o
f m
unic
ipal
ities
ha
ve a
cces
s to
re
gion
al la
ndfil
ls.
• A
ll M
etro
s to
im
plem
ent w
aste
to
ene
rgy
proj
ects
.
• G
DA
RD
to m
anda
te a
ll lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s to
in
stal
l gre
en’s
chi
pper
s at
all
land
fills
by
2010
/11.
•
Tend
er fo
r the
out
sour
cing
of a
rovi
ng m
obile
ru
bble
cru
shin
g m
achi
ne fo
r use
at a
ll la
ndfil
ls
by 2
010/
11.
• R
epla
ce la
ndfil
l cov
er m
ater
ial w
ith c
rush
ed
build
ers’
rubb
le b
y 20
10/1
1.
• Te
nder
for b
usin
ess
plan
s to
est
ablis
h bu
ilder
s’ ru
bble
reco
very
and
/or r
epro
cess
ing
faci
litie
s at
all
land
fills
by
2010
/11.
•
Reg
iste
r pic
kers
and
issu
e pe
rson
al p
rote
ctiv
e cl
othi
ng b
y 20
10/1
1.
• P
rovi
de a
ded
icat
ed s
ortin
g ar
ea a
t lan
dfills
aw
ay fr
om h
eavy
mac
hine
ry o
pera
tions
by
2010
/11.
•
Dev
elop
Lan
dfill
Pic
kers
’ Man
agem
ent
Sys
tem
s an
d tra
in p
icke
rs w
ith re
spec
t to
heal
th a
nd s
afet
y by
201
0/11
. •
Rev
ise
land
fill d
ispo
sal c
harg
es to
mak
e w
aste
min
imis
atio
n an
d re
cycl
ing
mor
e at
tract
ive
by 2
010/
11.
• 5%
of r
ecyc
labl
e w
aste
di
verte
d fro
m la
ndfil
l by
2010
. •
50%
of g
reen
was
te d
iver
ted
from
land
fill b
y 20
10.
• A
feas
ibilit
y st
udy
on
alte
rnat
ive
tech
nolo
gies
for
was
te tr
eatm
ent a
nd
redu
ctio
n co
mpl
eted
by
2010
. •
A s
trate
gy fo
r inc
reas
ing
land
fill c
apac
ity is
com
plet
ed
by 2
010.
• Th
e pe
r cap
ita d
ispo
sal
rate
s sh
ould
not
exc
eed
the
2010
rate
. •
All
land
fills
sho
uld
be
licen
sed
and
com
plia
nt to
th
eir l
icen
ce c
ondi
tions
by
June
201
1.
• E
xplo
re th
e po
tent
ial f
or
havi
ng a
cces
s to
at l
east
on
e R
egio
nal l
andf
ill si
te
by J
une
2011
. •
Inve
stig
ate
and
impl
emen
t at
leas
t one
w
aste
to e
nerg
y pr
ojec
t by
201
5
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
55
Tabl
e 18
: Act
ion
Pla
n fo
r Tr
eatm
ent a
nd D
ispo
sal
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
The
perc
enta
ge in
crea
se in
th
e vo
lum
e of
was
te
disp
osed
to la
ndfil
l sho
uld
not e
xcee
d its
pro
porti
onal
po
pula
tion
incr
ease
.
Est
ablis
h at
leas
t one
bui
ldin
g w
aste
cru
sher
pla
nt.
Dec
embe
r 20
13
Pik
itup
and
priv
ate
sect
or
Rep
lace
land
fill c
over
mat
eria
l with
cru
shed
bui
ldin
g w
aste
at l
east
at o
ne la
ndfil
l site
. D
ecem
ber
2013
P
ikitu
p an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
G
arde
n w
aste
chi
pper
s to
be
inst
alle
d at
all
oper
atin
g si
tes
gard
en s
ites.
Ju
ne 2
012
Pik
itup
and
priv
ate
sect
or
Rev
ise
disp
osal
cha
rges
to re
flect
the
cost
s of
runn
ing
and
reha
bilit
atin
g th
ese
faci
litie
s as
wel
l as
thei
r env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s in
ord
er to
enc
oura
ge re
cycl
ing.
Ju
ne 2
012
Pik
itup
and
ISD
Inve
stig
ate
the
feas
ibilit
y of
intro
duci
ng ta
xes,
levi
es o
r add
ition
al p
aym
ent f
or s
peci
fic
was
te ty
pes.
Ju
ne 2
012
Piki
tup
NB
: Act
iviti
es li
sted
und
er th
e fo
llow
ing
will
als
o co
ntrib
ute
tow
ards
ach
ievi
ng th
is g
oal:
• W
aste
min
imis
atio
n, re
use,
recy
clin
g an
d re
cove
ry.
• A
war
enes
s ra
isin
g an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing.
All
land
fills
sho
uld
be
licen
sed
and
com
plia
nt to
th
eir l
icen
se c
ondi
tions
by
June
201
1.
All
lega
lly o
pera
ting
land
fill s
ites
in te
rms
of th
e E
CA
sho
uld
be li
cens
ed in
term
s of
th
e W
aste
Act
as
soon
as
such
a c
all i
s m
ade
by th
e M
inis
ter i
n th
e G
over
nmen
t G
azet
te.
As re
quire
d by
the
Min
iste
r P
ikitu
p an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.
Dev
elop
site
ope
ratio
n pl
ans
for a
ll op
erat
iona
l site
s ba
sed
on n
atio
nal m
inim
um
requ
irem
ents
and
the
perm
it/lic
ense
con
ditio
ns.
Dec
embe
r 20
11
Pik
itup
and
priv
ate
sect
or
Reg
iste
r and
mai
ntai
n re
porti
ng fo
r all
disp
osal
site
s on
the
natio
nal W
IS.
June
201
1 P
ikitu
p an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Ens
ure
com
plia
nce
to th
e pe
rmit/
licen
ce c
ondi
tions
by
unde
rtaki
ng a
udit
and
repo
rting
as
per t
he p
resc
ribed
con
ditio
ns o
n an
on-
goin
g ba
sis.
on
-goi
ng b
asis
P
ikitu
p an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
56
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
Exp
lore
the
pote
ntia
l for
ha
ving
acc
ess
to a
t lea
st
one
Reg
iona
l lan
dfill
site
.
Est
ablis
h or
join
alre
ady
exis
ting
Was
te M
anag
emen
t For
ums
with
in th
e pr
ovin
ce to
fa
cilit
ate
info
rmat
ion
shar
ing.
D
ecem
ber
2011
E
nviro
nmen
t, IS
D,
Piki
tup
Und
erta
ke a
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
for r
egio
nalis
atio
n of
was
te fa
cilit
ies.
Ju
ne 2
011
ISD
, Pik
itup
Inve
stig
ate
and
impl
emen
t at
leas
t one
sui
tabl
e w
aste
to
ene
rgy
proj
ect b
y 20
15
Und
erta
ke a
Tec
hnol
ogy
Ass
essm
ent s
tudy
to d
eter
min
e th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
te w
aste
to
ene
rgy
proj
ects
. D
ecem
ber
2011
IS
D, P
ikitu
p
Impl
emen
t at l
east
one
was
te to
ene
rgy
proj
ect.
Ju
ne 2
014
Pik
itup
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
57
6.3 Integrated Planning
Goal: Securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development through appropriate and effective integrated development planning including waste related infrastructure development planning; Objectives:
• Develop and submit an IWMP for the CoJ to the provincial environmental department for approval and ensure inclusion of the approved IWMP into the IDP as a sector plan.
• Ensure capacity building for all key stakeholders relevant to the successful implementation of the IWMP.
• Enforce strict control and performance monitoring of the implementation of the IWM Plan by all key stakeholders within the CoJ.
Target: Ensure waste minimisation is incorporated to broader planning process. Table 19: Targets for Integrated Planning
2005IWMP
2010 DARFT NWMS PROVINCIAL
TARGETS Baseline from IDP 2010/11
PROPOSED
• All municipalities have prepared IWMPs and integrated them with IDPs.
• All organs of state responsible for the waste function to submit annual performance reports.
2005 IWM Plan
• Capacitate all key stakeholders on the IWMP by September 2011.
• Monitoring and review of the implementation of the IWMP on an annual basis.
• Establish formal communication lines between all relevant departments/MOEs/Entities by June 2011.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
58
Tabl
e 20
: Act
ion
Pla
n fo
r In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
nnin
g
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
Ens
ure
was
te m
inim
isat
ion
is
inco
rpor
ated
to b
road
er
plan
ning
pro
cess
.
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t an
awar
enes
s an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
prog
ram
me
for
inte
rnal
sta
keho
lder
s on
the
IWM
P w
ithin
2 m
onth
s of
the
appr
oval
of t
he
IWM
P.
May
201
1 E
nviro
nmen
t
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t an
awar
enes
s an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
prog
ram
me
for
exte
rnal
sta
keho
lder
s on
the
IWM
P w
ithin
6 m
onth
s of
the
appr
oval
of t
he
plan
. Cap
acita
te a
ll ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs o
n th
e IW
MP
by
Dec
embe
r 201
1.
Dec
embe
r 20
11
Env
ironm
ent
Mon
itorin
g an
d re
view
of t
he
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
IWM
P o
n an
ann
ual b
asis
.
Rev
iew
the
IWM
P o
n an
ann
ual b
asis
in o
rder
to e
nsur
e al
ignm
ent w
ith th
e ID
P.
Ann
ually
E
nviro
nmen
t
Ens
ure
that
all
key
stak
ehol
ders
hav
e de
velo
ped
oper
atio
nal p
lans
bas
ed
on th
e IW
MP
with
in 6
mon
ths
of th
e ap
prov
al o
f the
IWM
P.
Augu
st 2
012
Env
ironm
ent
Dev
elop
repo
rting
tem
plat
es a
nd p
roto
cols
for a
ll ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs w
ithin
2
mon
ths
of th
e ap
prov
al o
f the
IWM
P.
June
201
1 E
nviro
nmen
t
All
rele
vant
sta
keho
lder
s to
pre
pare
ann
ual r
epor
ts o
n th
e im
plem
enta
tion
prog
ress
. A
nnua
lly
Env
ironm
ent,
ISD
, P
ikitu
p, E
H, J
MP
D,
DE
D a
nd p
rivat
e se
ctor
.
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
59
6.4 Effective Service Delivery
Goal: To promote and ensure effective delivery of waste services to all waste generators within the CoJ by extending appropriate waste services to all un-serviced areas and continually improving the level of service given; Objectives:
• Extend at least a basic waste management services to all areas within the CoJ. • Ensure an efficient and effective waste management service. • Implement the Free Basic Refuse Removal Policy.
Target: All households within the COJ must receive a basic level of waste service according to waste level National/Provincial standards. Table 21: Targets for Effective Service Delivery
2005 IWMP 2010 DRAFT
NWMS COGTA
TARGETS Baseline from IDP
2010/11 PROPOSED
75% of all households receive a regular waste collection services and illegal dumping is phased out by year 2004.
• Universal provision of basic level of services.
• Cost of waste services below R50/hh/month (2010 prices).
• All municipalities to implement full cost accounting.
• All municipalities implementing FBRR policy.
All waste service backlogs to be eradicated by 2014.
• A weekly collection service has been achieved in all areas.
• 119 out of 182 informal areas receive a daily cleaning service.
• A level 4 cleanliness level has been maintained in the inner city.
• All households within the CoJ to receive at least a basic level of waste service, including a daily cleansing service to all informal settlements by 2014.
• Ensure an effective and efficient waste management service on an on-going basis.
• Implement the FBRR policy by July 2013.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
60
Tabl
e 22
: Act
ion
Pla
n fo
r E
ffec
tive
Was
te S
ervi
ce D
eliv
ery
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
All
hous
ehol
ds w
ithin
the
CoJ
to re
ceiv
e at
leas
t a
basi
c le
vel o
f was
te
serv
ice,
incl
udin
g a
daily
cl
eans
ing
serv
ice
to a
ll in
form
al s
ettle
men
ts b
y 20
14.
Iden
tify
area
s w
here
ser
vice
nee
ds im
prov
emen
t and
initi
ate
and
impl
emen
t app
ropr
iate
w
aste
col
lect
ion
syst
ems.
Ja
nuar
y 20
12
Piki
tup
Rev
iew
was
te c
olle
ctio
n op
erat
ions
, in
orde
r to
mak
e th
em a
s ef
ficie
nt a
s po
ssib
le, w
ith
due
rega
rd to
val
ue fo
r mon
ey in
the
area
of m
unic
ipal
was
te c
olle
ctio
n.
Janu
ary
2012
Pi
kitu
p
Initi
ate
the
colle
ctio
n of
acc
urat
e da
ta re
gard
ing
gene
ral a
nd c
omm
erci
al w
aste
ge
nera
tion
and
colle
ctio
n.
Janu
ary
2012
P
ikitu
p an
d th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
In
vest
igat
e an
d im
plem
ent w
aste
col
lect
ion
syst
ems
that
are
app
ropr
iate
for i
nfor
mal
se
ttlem
ents
and
hig
h de
nsity
are
as.
June
201
1 IS
D a
nd
Piki
tup
Ens
ure
an e
ffect
ive
and
effic
ient
was
te
man
agem
ent s
ervi
ce.
Impl
emen
t a n
ew re
vise
d ch
arge
rate
sys
tem
for w
aste
ser
vice
s.
June
201
2 Pi
kitu
p
Adh
ere
to th
e st
anda
rds
for s
treet
cle
anin
g as
set
by
the
prov
inci
al g
over
nmen
t. Ju
ne 2
011
ISD
and
Pi
kitu
p
Set
sta
ndar
ds fo
r ser
vice
s pr
ovid
ed to
low
inco
me
area
s an
d in
form
al s
ettle
men
ts.
June
201
3 E
nviro
nmen
t IS
D a
nd
Piki
tup
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t the
was
te c
olle
ctio
n gu
idel
ines
for e
xter
nal c
ontra
ctor
s.
June
201
2 E
nviro
nmen
t an
d IS
D
Impl
emen
t a W
aste
Col
lect
ors
Per
mitt
ing
Sch
eme.
Ju
ne 2
013
Env
ironm
ent
and
ISD
Und
erta
ke a
full
cost
s ac
coun
ting
exer
cise
whi
ch w
ill d
eter
min
e th
e tru
e co
st a
nd h
ence
th
e re
lativ
e ch
arge
s fo
r the
ser
vice
s.
June
201
2 IS
D a
nd
Piki
tup
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
61
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
Pro
vide
app
ropr
iate
rece
ptac
les
that
pro
mot
e se
para
tion
at s
ourc
e to
all
hous
ehol
ds,
incl
udin
g in
form
al s
ettle
men
ts a
nd lo
w-in
com
e ne
ighb
ourh
oods
as
wel
l as
in p
ublic
ar
eas.
• G
ener
al w
aste
rece
ptac
les
to b
e pr
ovid
ed to
all
hous
ehol
ds b
y Ju
ne 2
012.
• R
ecyc
labl
e re
cept
acle
s to
be
prov
ided
as
follo
ws:
- 30
% o
f the
hou
seho
lds.
-
60%
of h
ouse
hold
s.
- 10
0% o
f hou
seho
lds.
2015
2020
2025
Piki
tup
Dev
elop
edu
catio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
mes
to p
rom
ote
an u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he
impo
rtanc
e of
was
te m
anag
emen
t, in
clud
ing
the
colle
ctio
n an
d ho
w th
e se
rvic
e fe
es
are
used
to fu
nd th
is w
aste
col
lect
ion.
Suc
h pr
ogra
mm
es c
an b
e al
igne
d w
ith th
e pr
ogra
mm
es u
nder
aw
aren
ess
rais
ing,
edu
catio
n an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing.
June
201
3 Pi
kitu
p
Impl
emen
t the
FB
RR
po
licy
by J
uly
2013
. D
evel
op a
nd i
mpl
emen
t a
CoJ
Pol
icy
on F
BRR
to
cove
r am
ong
othe
r, th
e fo
llow
ing
aspe
cts
by D
ecem
ber 2
011:
• D
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of h
ouse
hold
s w
ho q
ualif
y fo
r FB
RR
• D
eter
min
e th
e as
soci
ated
fina
ncia
l cos
t,
• D
eter
min
e th
e po
tent
ial s
ourc
es o
f fun
ding
to c
over
the
cost
s.
June
201
4 E
nviro
nmen
t, IS
D a
nd
Piki
tup
Put
in
plac
e FB
RR
ser
vice
s ad
min
istra
tive
supp
ort
stru
ctur
es e
nsur
ing
effe
ctiv
e an
d ef
ficie
nt m
echa
nism
s of
impl
emen
tatio
n by
Jun
e 20
12.
June
201
4 IS
D a
nd
Piki
tup
C
omm
ence
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
FBR
R P
olic
y.
With
in a
yea
r of
the
Pol
icy
bein
g pr
omul
gate
d.
Piki
tup
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
62
6.5 Waste Information Systems
Goal: Achieving integrated waste management reporting and planning through the development and/or implementation of an appropriate and efficient waste management system aligned with provincial and national waste information requirements; Objectives:
• Establish and implement a waste information system that will track waste generation, disposal, waste diverted from landfill by all existing waste diversion programmes, treatment, exchanges etc.
• Establish a monitoring and reporting protocol (generators, collectors, treatment, recycling / re-use / recovery and disposal facilities to CoJ, CoJ to GDARD and/or DEA).
• Capacity building for all key personnel along the data chain e.g. weighbridge operators, data capturers, analysts and distributors.
Target: An operational WIS, with all waste activities registered and reporting to WIS, system that can generate state of waste management for the City. Table 23: Targets for Waste Information Systems
2005 IWMP 2010 DRAFT
NWMS PROVINCIAL TARGETS
Baselinefrom IDP 2010/11
PROPOSED
To have a fully operational WIS in place by the end of 2007 (the short term). This will include an extensive industry database and up-to-date waste management information and included as part of the waste licensing conditions.
To ensure publicly accessible information from SAWIS to provide accurate waste balance.
• A person who operates a GLB+, GLB-, GMB+ and/or GMB- sites must register their operations in terms of Regulation 4 of the Gauteng WIS Regulations within 180 days of the commencement of the Regulations for already existing facilities or before the commencement of operation of a new site.
• The total weight of waste received for disposal per month whether generated in Gauteng or outside should be reported.
• The landfill operator must prepare quarterly reports for submission to the Provincial Environmental department not later than 2 weeks after the end of the quarter coinciding with quarters ending in March, June, September and December.
• Alignment of the CoJ reporting requirements with the provincial requirements to avoid duplication of reporting requirements on the service providers.
• All relevant waste facilities must report accurately on the SAWIS as per the SAWIS requirements.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
63
Tabl
e 24
: Act
ion
Pla
n fo
r W
aste
Info
rmat
ion
Sys
tem
s
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
All
was
te
faci
litie
s op
erat
ing
with
in t
he C
oJ
mus
t rep
ort a
ccur
atel
y on
th
e S
AW
IS
as
per
the
SA
WIS
requ
irem
ents
.
• A
com
preh
ensi
ve w
aste
sur
vey,
incl
udin
g w
aste
cha
ract
eris
atio
n to
be
unde
rtake
n fo
r the
CoJ
. •
To b
e in
clud
ed in
the
next
revi
ew
June
201
2 E
nviro
nmen
t and
ISD
• A
Was
te In
form
atio
n S
yste
ms
for t
he C
oJ h
as to
be
esta
blis
hed
and
oper
atio
nal.
This
sho
uld
incl
ude
reco
rds
of w
aste
gen
erat
ed w
ithin
the
CoJ
but
trea
ted
and
disp
osed
out
side
the
bord
ers
of th
e C
oJ.
• A
ll w
aste
man
agem
ent a
ctiv
ities
sho
uld
also
regi
ster
and
repo
rt on
the
CO
J w
aste
man
agem
ent s
yste
m.
Dec
embe
r 20
11
Env
ironm
ent
All
was
te a
ctiv
ities
, inc
ludi
ng th
ose
run
by th
e C
oJ, m
ust b
e re
gist
ered
on
eith
er th
e S
AW
IS o
r Gau
teng
WIS
. Ju
ne 2
011
All
MO
Es,
dep
artm
ents
and
pr
ivat
e se
ctor
All
plan
ned
was
te m
anag
emen
t act
iviti
es s
houl
d be
regi
ster
ed o
n th
e S
AW
IS o
r G
aute
ng W
IS b
efor
e th
ey c
omm
ence
with
ope
ratio
n.
As
soon
as
such
fa
cilit
ies
are
oper
atio
nal
All
MO
Es,
dep
artm
ents
and
pr
ivat
e se
ctor
All
regi
ster
ed fa
cilit
ies,
incl
udin
g th
ose
owne
d by
the
CoJ
mus
t rep
ort o
n th
e ap
prop
riate
WIS
. O
n a
mon
thly
ba
sis
All
MO
Es,
dep
artm
ents
and
pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Qua
rterly
repo
rts m
ust b
e su
bmitt
ed to
the
Gau
teng
Env
ironm
enta
l dep
artm
ent.
Qua
rterly
A
ll M
OE
s, d
epar
tmen
ts a
nd
priv
ate
sect
or
All
rele
vant
per
sonn
el s
houl
d un
derg
o tra
inin
g on
dat
a ca
ptur
e, v
erifi
catio
n an
d an
alys
is m
etho
ds o
f the
WIS
. D
ecem
ber
2011
A
ll M
OE
s, d
epar
tmen
ts a
nd
priv
ate
sect
or
Liai
son
with
the
prov
inci
al g
over
nmen
t and
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f a c
omm
on re
porti
ng
sche
dule
to a
void
dup
licat
ion
of re
porti
ng b
y se
rvic
e pr
ovid
ers
and
info
rmat
ion
shar
ing.
Dec
embe
r 20
11
CoJ
, Pro
vinc
ial g
over
nmen
t
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
64
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
G
ener
ate
a st
ate
of w
aste
man
agem
ent f
or th
e C
ity
2015
Env
ironm
ent,
ISD
and
Pi
kitu
p
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
65
6.6 Capacity Building and Awareness Raising
Goal: To raise awareness about waste management, including treatment and disposal impacts and options, and building capacity in support of waste minimisation, reuse, recycling and recovery initiatives; Objectives
• Develop and implement a communication and public awareness plan that encourage minimisation, reuse, recycling, and recovery and discourage illegal dumping and littering, thereby minimise the negative impacts of waste on the environment including the quality of life of the people themselves. This IWMP will include among others the following: o Capacity building programmes for internal members of staff within the CoJ. o Awareness and education programmes for the broader community. o Mechanisms of forming partnerships with different stakeholders in order to expend
the reach and impact of the awareness campaigns undertaken. Table 25: Targets for Capacity Building and Awareness Raising
2005 IWMP 2010 DARFT
NWMS PROVINCIAL
TARGETS
Baselinefrom IDP 2010/11
PROPOSED
That 40% of the population of the City of Johannesburg will have been exposed to information and been made aware of waste management and waste management planning issues by the end of 2007.
• 80% of municipalities running effective local awareness campaigns
• 60% of South Africans show meaningful awareness of waste issues
• 50% of schools have waste awareness and recycling programmes
• 80% participation of municipalities in the Cleanest Town programme
• 25% of schools within the CoJ have established waste minimisation programmes and/or other waste related projects by June 2012.
• Initiate programmes that translate the objectives of provincial and national programmes geared towards encouraging cleaner environments and responsible behaviour towards the environment such as the ‘Bontle ke botho’ and the ‘Cleanest Town competitions to other stakeholders and the broader community by December 2010.
• Initiation and operation of other awareness campaigns involving an additional 20% of the population of the CoJ (excluding the schools) by June 2011.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
66
Tabl
e 26
: Act
ion
Pla
n fo
r A
war
enes
s R
aisi
ng a
nd C
apac
ity B
uild
ing
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
Initi
atio
n an
d op
erat
ion
of o
ther
aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
ns in
volv
ing
an a
dditi
onal
20%
of t
he
popu
latio
n of
the
CoJ
(exc
ludi
ng th
e sc
hool
s).
Dev
elop
and
initi
ate
scho
ol p
rogr
amm
es th
at w
ill e
nhan
ce th
e pr
inci
ples
of
was
te m
inim
isat
ion
and
recy
clin
g su
ch a
s th
e fo
llow
ing:
•
Dev
elop
was
te re
cycl
ing
reso
urce
s fo
r sch
ools
. •
Sta
ndar
d m
ater
ials
for c
lass
room
dem
onst
ratio
ns a
nd ta
lks.
•
Pre
pare
a w
aste
aud
it gu
ide
for s
choo
ls.
June
201
5 Pi
kitu
p
Initi
ate
prog
ram
mes
that
tran
slat
e th
e ob
ject
ives
of
pro
vinc
ial a
nd n
atio
nal p
rogr
amm
es g
eare
d to
war
ds e
ncou
ragi
ng c
lean
er e
nviro
nmen
ts a
nd
resp
onsi
ble
beha
viou
r tow
ards
the
envi
ronm
ent
such
as
the
‘Bon
tle k
e bo
tho’
and
the
‘Cle
anes
t To
wn
com
petit
ions
to o
ther
sta
keho
lder
s an
d th
e br
oade
r com
mun
ity.
Com
petit
ions
bet
wee
n th
e di
ffere
nt s
ecto
rs o
f soc
iety
can
be
initi
ated
to
culm
inat
e in
to th
e pr
ovin
cial
ly a
nd n
atio
nally
run
prog
ram
mes
for t
he c
ity
as a
who
le. S
uch
com
petit
ions
can
incl
ude
but n
ot li
mite
d to
war
d co
mpe
titio
ns.
Furth
er a
war
enes
s pr
ogra
mm
es d
iscu
ssed
bel
ow w
ill al
so c
ontri
bute
to
war
ds th
is p
rogr
amm
e.
Dec
embe
r20
12
Env
ironm
ent,
Pik
itup
25%
of s
choo
ls w
ithin
the
CoJ
hav
e es
tabl
ishe
d w
aste
min
imis
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd/o
r oth
er
was
te re
late
d pr
ojec
ts.
Pro
mot
e an
d im
plem
ent H
ome
Com
post
ing
prog
ram
s.
Dec
embe
r20
11
Piki
tup
Pre
pare
, dis
sem
inat
e an
d pr
omot
e a
"Goo
d C
ompo
stin
g G
uide
". Ja
nuar
y 20
12
Piki
tup
Dev
elop
an
Info
rmal
set
tlem
ents
and
low
inco
me
Com
mun
ities
Edu
catio
n pr
ojec
t. Ja
nuar
y 20
12
Piki
tup
Pro
mot
e an
d E
stab
lish
Com
mun
ity g
arde
n ne
twor
ks.
June
201
3 Pi
kitu
p
Dev
elop
a "H
ow to
Gui
de" t
o ge
t com
mun
ity g
arde
ns u
p an
d ru
nnin
g.
Janu
ary
2013
Pi
kitu
p
Inve
stig
ate
esta
blis
hmen
t of a
"Res
ourc
e Li
brar
y" (v
irtua
l, el
ectro
nic)
. D
ecem
ber
2014
IS
D a
nd E
nviro
nmen
t
Dev
elop
an
educ
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
me,
gui
des
and
info
rmat
ion
pack
s.
2012
A
ll M
OE
s an
d de
partm
ents
, pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
67
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
Pre
pare
New
Sta
ff In
duct
ion
broc
hure
/gui
de b
y Ja
nuar
y 20
11.
Janu
ary
2012
E
nviro
nmen
t
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68
6.7 Compliance and Enforcement
Goal: To achieve compliance to the waste management by-laws of the CoJ through effective enforcement including prosecution in cases of non-compliance. Objectives:
• Conduct systematic monitoring of compliance with regulations and permit conditions • Create a culture of compliance with by-laws • Establishment of an anonymous non-compliance reporting system. • Successful prosecutions of waste offenders
Target: Achieve 80% of compliance by all waste management activities Table 27: Targets for Compliance and Enforcement
2005IWMP
2010 DRAFT NWMS PROVINCIAL
TARGETS Baseline from IDP 2010/11
PROPOSED
• All permitted waste activities have annual compliance monitoring reports
• 100% follow up of reports of non-compliance via hotline
• Training of personnel as Environmental Management Inspectors (EMIs)
• All incidents of non-compliance taken up by EMIs
• 50% success rate in prosecutions.
Align fines for illegal dumping with those of national government.
• Alignment of the By-laws with the Waste Act by December 2010.
• Improve the prosecution rate and their successes by - 10% by June 2012. - 20% by June 2013 - 30% by June 2014 - 40% by June 2015
Rev
iew
of t
he In
tegr
ated
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Pla
n fo
r the
City
of J
ohan
nesb
urg
C
oJ IW
M P
lan
– M
arch
201
1
69
Tabl
e 28
: Act
ion
Pla
n fo
r C
ompl
ianc
e an
d E
nfor
cem
ent
Targ
ets
Act
iviti
es
Tim
e Fr
ame
Res
pons
ibili
ty
Rev
iew
By-
law
s
Rev
iew
the
curre
nt B
ylaw
s to
ens
ure
alig
nmen
t with
: •
The
natio
nal a
nd p
rovi
ncia
l prio
ritie
s as
wel
l as
puni
tive
mea
sure
s as
pr
escr
ibed
by
the
Was
te A
ct. E
.g. f
ines
mus
t be
incr
ease
d to
det
er n
on-
com
plia
nce.
•
The
curr
ent c
halle
nges
with
in th
e C
oJ.
• Th
e re
view
ed IW
M P
olic
y an
d P
lan.
Dec
embe
r 20
11
Env
ironm
ent
Impr
ove
the
pros
ecut
ion
rate
and
the
ir su
cces
ses
by 1
0%
Est
ablis
h a
hot l
ine
for r
epor
ting
non-
com
plia
nce.
Thi
s ho
t lin
e sh
ould
ex
plor
e al
l pos
sibl
e re
porti
ng m
echa
nism
s in
clud
ing
voic
e ca
lls, s
ms,
em
ail
and
inte
rnet
onl
ine
repo
rting
.
Dec
embe
r 20
15
Env
ironm
ent,
JMP
D a
nd E
H
Est
ablis
h a
com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent s
ectio
n w
ithin
the
Env
ironm
enta
l m
anag
emen
t dep
artm
ent.
Dec
embe
r 20
15
Env
ironm
enta
l M
anag
emen
t O
ffer E
MI t
rain
ing
to e
nviro
nmen
tal c
ompl
ianc
e an
d en
forc
emen
t offi
cial
s to
en
able
effe
ctiv
e in
vest
igat
ions
and
hen
ce im
prov
e th
e pr
osec
utio
n ra
te a
nd
thei
r suc
cess
es.
June
201
2 E
nviro
nmen
t
Pro
duct
ion
of a
nnua
l com
plia
nce
repo
rts fo
r all
perm
itted
faci
litie
s ow
ned
by
the
CoJ
as
wel
l as
othe
rs re
gist
ered
on
the
CoJ
WIS
. A
nnua
lly
Pik
itup
and
priv
ate
sect
or
Est
ablis
h a
hot l
ine
for r
epor
ting
non-
com
plia
nce.
Thi
s ho
t lin
e sh
ould
ex
plor
e al
l pos
sibl
e re
porti
ng m
echa
nism
s in
clud
ing
voic
e ca
lls, s
ms,
em
ail
and
inte
rnet
onl
ine
repo
rting
.
Dec
embe
r 20
11
Env
ironm
ent,
JMP
D a
nd E
H
Follo
w u
p on
non
-com
plia
nce
issu
es re
porte
d.
With
in 2
mon
ths
of s
uch
inci
dent
s be
ing
repo
rted.
JM
PD
and
EH
Ong
oing
trai
ning
to n
ew o
ffici
als,
adh
eren
ce to
com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent p
roto
col a
nd c
lear
com
mun
icat
ion
lines
with
oth
er re
leva
nt
stak
ehol
ders
and
aut
horit
ies
such
as
JMP
D a
nd E
H.
June
201
3 EM
Is
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6.8 Pollution Control
Goal: Preventing pollution and ecological degradation through strategic interventions aimed at the promotion of judicious management of waste by all waste generators within the CoJ.. The interventions will address issues pertaining to littering, illegal dumping and hazardous waste management; Objectives: � Minimise illegal dumping and littering through sustainable programmes combining clean-up
programmes, awareness and education programmes as well as enforcement of by-laws. � Facilitate the management of hazardous waste to avoid and/or minimise potential pollution of
the environment. Target: Reduce by 50% incidences of pollution that come as a result of poor waste management. Table 29: Targets for Pollution Control
2005IWMP
2010DRAFT NWMS
PROVINCIALTARGETS
Baseline from IDP 2010/11 PROPOSED
Illegal dumping prevention Programmes undertaken.
• Develop and implement an illegal dumping management plan by 2011.
• Develop and implement a hazardous waste management response programme by June 2011.
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Table 30: Action Plan for Pollution Control
Targets Activities Time Frame Responsibility Reduce by 50% incidences of pollution that come as a result of poor waste management
Develop and implement an illegal dumping management plan.
December 2011 Environment, ISD and Pikitup
Review provisions under the waste management by-laws to strengthen disincentives to illegal dumping behaviour and to encourage responsible disposal of waste.
June 2011 Environment
Develop a Clean City Strategy. This will among other include the following: • Provision of bulk containers to places such
as taxi rank, bus terminals, construction sites etc
• Anti dumping and littering programmes.
December 2011 Environment, ISD and Pikitup
Commence implementation of the Clean City Strategy.
2012 All MOEs, Departments and private sector
Monitor and enforce Council by-laws on illegal dumping on an ongoing basis.
ongoing basis JMPD
Develop and implement a hazardous waste management response protocol
Develop and implement a hazardous waste management incident response protocol in conjunction with the province.
2012 Environment
6.9 Budget and Financial Management
Goal: Sound budgeting and financial management for waste services Objectives:
• Sound financial planning for waste services • Full cost accounting for waste services • Cost reflective and volumetric tariffs implemented • Waste services sustainably financed
Targets: • A medium term capital and operating plan for waste services to be developed by
December 2011 • Full cost accounting for waste services to be implemented by June 2012 • Cost reflective tariffs to be implemented by June 2012
6.10 Capacity and Human Resource
Goal: Adequate staffing and capacity for waste management
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Objectives: • Additional technical capacity developed to deal with norms and standards, industry
regulation and remediation • EMI capacity expanded to deal with Waste Act and by-law implementation • Private sector capacity mobilized to support waste service delivery and community based
collection models Targets:
• Vacant post to be filled within 6 months of the vacancy being created. • Annual monitoring of the development plans for the internal staff in line with the needs of
the CoJ. E.g. EMI training • Waste Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and/or community based waste collection
models to be implemented by June 2012.
6.11 Performance Monitoring and Reporting
Goal: Effective monitoring and reporting on performance with waste functions Objectives:
• Implement systematic monitoring of key performance indicators by all relevant sections/departments in the CoJ and Pikitup as per the requirements of this plan.
• Reporting on key performance indicators in line with provincial and national requirements.
Targets:
• Reliable data is available on 90% of the IWMP key performance indicators. • All sections/departments responsible for waste functions within the CoJ and Pikitup
submit annual performance reports • Annual performance assessment published.
6.12 Cooperative Governance
Goal: To ensure that the CoJ’s planning is aligned with and compliment the strategies and plans of other affected organs of state including other municipalities. Objectives:
� To enable information sharing � To influence strategic decisions made in the form of legislation, policies, plans and
strategies. � To maximise efficiency and utilisation of resources.
Targets:
� Designate a Waste Management Officer (WMO) by June 2011 who will coordinate all waste management activities within the CoJ.
� Join the provincial Waste Management Forum by December 2010.
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7 INSTRUMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE IWMP
7.1 Partnerships
The costs and needs of a sustainable waste management system are huge and hence require input and participation from its varied stakeholders. It is thus important for municipalities to form partnerships with different stakeholders to try and sustain and promote good waste management practices for all their community members. There are a wide range of partnerships that can be formed. A few examples are given below:
� Public-public Partnerships: This is a partnership between two public sector institutions or organisations where neither partner seeks profit from the partnership. A typical example of such a partnership could be in cases of operating regional waste facilities. All concerned municipalities would come together in the joint development of such a facility and share the costs.
� Public-private partnerships: This is normally a partnership between a public sector
institution/organisation and a private company or party. The private company or party takes the financial risks for the project including capital costs, designing and building the facility as well as the operational costs. The land typically belong to the public entity with the fixed asserts sponsored by the private entity but ultimately becoming state property.
� Public-community partnerships: This partnership includes members of the community
receiving the service forming part of the partnership with the public entity giving the service. A typical example in waste management is when community based contractors are involved in recycling programmes by among other collecting the recyclables which have been separated at source.
7.2 Legal and Policy Instruments
A critical component to the implementation of the IWMP is the supporting legal framework. This framework needs to support and guide the implementation of the objectives of the IWMP. The Integrated Waste Management Policy is currently also being reviewed. This provides an excellent chance to ensure that both the plan and policy are aligned and support the implementation of the desired objectives.
In addition to the policy, a municipality needs by-laws which will give the plan a binding legal standing. This will also allow for punitive measures in cases of non compliance. The CoJ by-laws are currently being revised. The revision of these bylaws should be aligned with both the Policy and Plan in order to ensure relevance and effectiveness. Provincial policies and regulations as discussed in Chapter 3 of this document also have relevance together with the national prescripts.
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7.3 Economic Instruments
Financing of waste management services is dependent on accurate costing of the required services. The full cost of waste service provision is seldom understood by both municipal officials as well as the general public. This results in waste management services often being under budgeted and/or communities’ reluctance to pay the rightful cost of the service. Tariffs have the potential to fully cover the costs of providing the services, but the charges are often set below actual costs. Currently the CoJ tariffs are set based on the stand size of households which provides opportunities for cross subsidisation between different areas but disregards the actual costs of providing that service. Below are some of the interventions that can be implemented.
• Undertake on a full cost accounting exercise for waste management services to include aspects of collection, transportation, landfill, street cleansing, fee collection, debt payment and depreciation.
• Implementing recycling programmes will reduce the disposal costs and generate revenue for the municipality. The cost accounting exercise referred to above could include the costs of these recycling programmes against their gains in terms of real monetary returns as well as cost savings relating to increased landfill life span through saved air space.
• Increasing the service charges to correlate with the actual costs maybe a challenge to low income groups, given the current backlog specifically to those areas. The concept of Pay-as-you-throw may then be a better approach, where the service charge is proportional to the waste produced per household. The CoJ is in the process of investigating this option.
The implementation of this IWMP can necessitate both capital and operational costs which can be funded through potential avenues listed in the table below. Table 31: Funding Options
Capital Funding Operational Funding Own funding Tariffs Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG) Rates Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme (CMIP) Equitable share Municipal Systems Improvement Programme (MSIP) Donor funding Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP) Carbon credits Donor funding Product revenue Financial institution (e.g. DBSA) Public-private partnerships Provincial and National government allocations Additional sources of funding which can also serve to achieve some of the objectives of this IWM Plan are the implementation of taxes. The use of taxes can encourage and/or discourage certain behaviours and attitudes towards waste management. For instance, certain taxes can encourage recycling and discourage production of certain products or the usage of certain materials in the production processes. The Table below details the implications and limitations of some of these tax types which can be explored.
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Table 32: Options of Waste-related Tax Types Tax Type Implications Limitations
Product taxes • Discourage the consumption/production of certain products;
• Could take the form of advanced disposal fees and raise revenue to finance reuse, recycling, recovery and product disposal.
• Can contribute to the proliferation of tax instruments and complicated funding mechanisms;
• Can be difficult to target the source of externality.
Deposit-refund systems
• Encourage certain products to be returned to relevant points
• Can only be applied to certain products. • Administrative and compliance costs can
be high; • Not intended to raise revenue.
Disposal taxes • Encourage a reduction in overall waste levels;
• Could discourage certain waste streams;
• Could be used to penalise certain forms of waste disposal over others; and
• Could be used to encourage upgrading of waste disposal facilities.
• May run counter to other waste management objectives.
• May lead to perverse incentives and Tax avoidance (especially in the context of hazardous waste).
• Could increase illegal disposal
Differential User Charges
• Encourage reduced generation of waste.
• Encourage greater separation of waste at source.
• Exclusively a local government competence and only loosely associated to wider environmental fiscal reform objectives;
• May be difficult to implement in low income households.
Source: Modified from the Sustainability Institute (2007) 8 ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND CONSULTATION
Several communication actions are needed to raise awareness about integrated waste management actions. These actions include communications between government departments, within government departments, between the government and industry/businesses, and between the government and the public. Communication should be such that every person understands the importance of responsible waste management and is empowered to take part in initiatives with confidence. Chapter 3 of the Constitution places an obligation on all spheres of government and organs of state to comply with the principles of co-operative governance. This implies that certain levels of communication and consultation is needed between different spheres of government to enhance the understanding of roles and responsibilities towards integrated waste management. Ultimately, such an understanding will lead to co-operation towards the implementation of all waste management strategies, as well as reaching waste management targets. Through consultative processes, members of the public have the right to take part in the decision-making (Sections 72 and 73 of NEMWA). Therefore, it is the responsibility of the municipal council
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to create an enabling environment for community participation in municipal decision-making processes.
8.1 Communicate by example
Foremost, the municipality should propagate minimisation, reuse, separation at source, recycling and recovery principles. Awareness of solid waste issues should be created amongst all levels of decision makers. Clear guidance should be provided on how to overcome the challenges related to solid waste management. Simultaneously, all programmes related to solid waste within departments should be co-ordinated and streamlined to be cost and time efficient. Each municipal official should understand the importance of, have the knowledge to implement, and publicly practice minimisation, re-use, separation at source, recycling and recovery. The behaviour of municipal officials should be such that it serves as a good example of how waste should be dealt with. As part of the process of obtaining political buy-in from all spheres of government, the above example should be rolled out to other government departments. This will strengthen the integrated waste management message, as well as ensure stability and uniformity in the way waste is managed across government departments. The successful implementing of waste management actions within government will send out a clear message to all waste generators residents that the CoJ is serious about reducing reliance on landfill disposal and managing waste in a manner that is protective of the environment and society. This will also foster a deeper understanding and appreciation of waste management issues for municipal officials, which will in turn reflect in their influence on the broader community. This will set an example to the community and contribute towards the successful implementation of the IWM Plan.
8.2 Benchmarking
Benchmarking encourages a sharing and learning between municipalities. The value of such exercises lies within the active learning and comparing that takes place, as well as the implementation of good practices related to waste management following on such benchmarking exercises. Benchmarking will only have value if municipalities with a fair amount of similarities (background, number of residents and income) compare their good practices.
8.3 Communicate for public awareness
Public buy-in is essential for the implementation of an integrated waste management plan. The level of public buy-in will be determined by the communication between the CoJ and the public, the knowledge the public has about waste management, how convenient it is for the public to take part in the waste management actions, the sense of pride the pubic takes in their environment, and the example set by the municipality.
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8.3.1 Public participation
Communication is a two-way process. Information needs to go from the CoJ to the public, but simultaneously the public must receive the opportunity to comment on all proposed CoJ decisions. Examples of participatory initiatives that create awareness include:
• Ward meetings: regular public meetings between municipal warden members and municipal residents
• Community projects: While there is merit in the traditional cleaning up campaigns, community projects should strive to create a sense of pride in their environment as well as the will to take responsibility for their immediate surroundings and the environment. This will only be achieved if the CoJ shows a serious drive towards e.g. combating illegal dumping and ensuring a clean environment for all municipal residents. Through community projects, unsightly areas prone to illegal dumping can be turned into gardens, play parks or recreation areas.
• Targeted door-to-door education campaigns could add value as a two-way communication method to create buy-in in areas where waste management can be improved
• Reporting of incidents: Providing a mechanism to report bad waste management practices, including e.g. poor service delivery and illegal dumping, will give the public a sense of responsibility, and pride, in their immediate environment.
8.3.2 Information transfer
Examples of information transfer include the dissemination of relevant information via the following communication channels:
• Bill boards • Local newspapers, e.g. regular informative articles • Local radio stations, e.g. talk shows and advertisements • Newsletters, including electronic newsletters • Flyers • Educational material in collaboration with the Department of Education • Presentations and hands-on shows at schools, e.g. a positive preventative message will
make learners aware of how the environment should be protected and conserved. • Discussions with businesses and industry to create win-win situations related to waste
management
8.3.3 The message
The message that is communicated to the public should encourage good waste management practices. The communications should also capacitate the public to actively participate in waste minimisation, reuse, recycling and recovery initiatives. The following types of information need to be communicated:
• Why is it necessary to reduce reliance on landfill disposal • Ideas on how to minimize waste • Ideas on how to re-use “waste”
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• How to separate at source • What can be recycled or recovered • How to recycle: kerbside collection and/ or drop-off centres • Frequency of collection • New developments at drop-off centres • Information on municipal targets and progress in reaching such targets • How the community/municipal residents can contribute in helping to reach such targets • Encouragement to report incidents by making use of the 18/7 toll free line (or similar
which is put in place) and the action taken after reporting of incidents • Information on opportunities to take part in municipal decision-making processes • Dates of the regular public meetings
Examples on how waste minimization, re-use, separation at source and recycling save the municipality money and thus lower waste removal bills
8.3.4 Providing an enabling environment
While participatory initiatives and the provision of information are needed, the provision of an enabling environment is also necessary to encourage the correct waste management behaviour. The public has the right to contribute to municipal decision-making processes. Therefore, the municipal council must establish appropriate mechanisms, processes and procedures to enable public participation in the municipal affairs. The convenience factor is important to ensure participation in waste minimization, reuse, recycling and recovery initiatives. Examples on how to provide an enabling environment are listed below:
• Provide clearly marked recycle bins for kerb side collection of separated at source waste • Clean and tidy drop-off centres • Ensure safety of the public at drop-off centres • Call centre operated 24/7 or 18/7 where incidents can be reported and from where the
relevant municipal officers can be alerted to ensure timely action is taken. 9 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
In order to ensure meaningful integration and successful implementation of the IWM Plan, there is a need to clearly differentiate the roles and responsibilities of all relevant stakeholders within the CoJ boundaries. These roles and responsibilities are directly based on the requirements of the Constitution and other relevant legislation such as the NEMWA as well as per the IWM Policy.
9.1 City of Johannesburg’s Responsibilities
9.1.1 Municipal Manager
The City Manager is ultimately responsible for ensuring that waste within his/her areas of jurisdiction is managed in accordance with legislative requirements of South Africa.
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9.1.2 Waste Management Officer
The Waste Management Officer (WMO) designated in terms of Section 10 (3) of NEMWA, is responsible for ensuring that the dedicated waste management staff and the services provided by these staff meet the requirements of the Policy and are compliant with the legislation of South Africa. The WMO is also responsible for the coordination of waste management activities to ensure integration. It is the responsibility of all staff to adhere to all relevant legislation, including the IWM Policy, and this Plan.
9.1.3 Environmental Management Department
Environmental management department is the department that houses the Waste Management directorate. Some issues although specific to waste management are best handled at a broader level of environmental concerns due to the overlaps in disciplines and the integration required in dealing with such. One pertinent issue relates to compliance and enforcement. In terms of chapter 7 of NEMA, Environmental Management Inspectors have the jurisdiction over all environmental matter and have powers to enforce NEMA and all its subsidiary legislation. It is therefore recommended that a section for compliance and monitoring of environmental legislation, which will include waste management be established within the environment department. This section will work together with JMPD and environmental health as the need arises, but will be the central point for all compliance monitoring and enforcement issues relating to NEMA and all its subsidiary legislation.
9.1.4 Waste Management Directorate
The Waste Management Directorate in the Department: Environmental Management is primarily responsible for strategic planning and policy formulation making it the core directorate to play the coordination and integration role within the CoJ. Their specific roles will thus include the following: • Ensuring that all waste records are maintained in accordance with the regulations and the
Waste Information System (WIS); • Undertaking audits to ensure that all departments, MOEs, Contractors and Agencies dealing
with waste are in compliance with this plan and the IWM Policy. • Investigate and make recommendations for improvements as required where accidents and
incidents are identified as non compliant with the plan and the IWM Policy. • Ensure that all regulatory requirements on the CoJ such as National Domestic Waste
Collection Standards and the GPG General Waste Collection Standards, including Waste Management Licences, Exemptions from Waste Management licences are adhered to.
9.1.5 Infrastructure and Serviced Department
The ISD is the department responsible for managing all MOEs/utilities/agencies responsible for delivering waste management services on behalf of the CoJ and ensuring that they perform according to their Service Delivery Agreement (SDA). Pikitup, which performs all operational duties with regards to waste collection and disposal, is one such utility which is managed by ISD. While the ISD oversees the operational issues of waste management the Waste Management directorate is concerned with strategic planning and policy issues. Communication between these two (2) is therefore imperative to ensure a smooth implementation of the broad policies and plan developed
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by the Waste management directorate. The plans derived by ISD in terms of the policy direction from the waste management directorate will be translated into action for Pikitup by way of the SDA. The relationship between the relevant MOEs and departments within the CoJ is shown in Figure 13.
9.1.6 Line Department Managers
Other line Departmental Managers within the CoJ where relevant will be responsible for: • Ensuring that staff under their control is aware of the IWM Policy and Plan and that the
mandatory training requirements of staff are fulfilled. • Ensuring that where appropriate operational plans in relation to the implementation of the IWM
Plan are developed and progress reporting in relation to same is undertaken. • Assisting the Waste Management Department to make improvements to departmental waste
management systems where accidents or incidents occur.
9.2 Responsibilities of Governance Structures of the CoJ
The Regions’ general responsibility is to monitor the outcomes of service delivery, and to report deficiencies to service departments for corrective action. They also have a responsibility to identify projects in terms of the IDP and community needs.
9.3 Stakeholder Responsibilities
Households and industry shall avoid negative impacts from waste on the environment and also play a role in terms of separation of waste at source, waste exchange and cleaner production. Changes in consumption patterns will reduce generation of waste and save our precious non-renewable natural resources. In terms of waste avoidance and minimization, the co-operation and additional effort of the manufacturers and producers in terms of “Cleaner Production and Sustainable Consumption” and “Extended Producer Responsibility” (EPR) initiatives, and participation by the consumers of goods as part of individual waste minimization effort is required. In this regard the responsibilities of residents, visitors or entities inside the City’s boundaries include the following: • All stakeholders must avoid generating waste as far as possible;
• All residents, property owners, government departments, non-governmental or community service organizations, and business entities handling waste must be registered with on the CoJ waste information system.
• All entities and individuals wishing to engage in commercial waste minimization and recycling activities inside the City boundaries that will divert waste from landfill must be accredited and licensed by the CoJ to operate in the City’s boundaries;
• All events organized and hosted in the CoJ must have a waste management plan that includes source separation and a provision for the cost of associated waste management services.
• Industrial and health care entities must have a contract with a legitimate private sector service provider able to provide a service according to the nature of the waste that must be collected, and/or treated, and/or recycled, and/or disposed;
• Health care risk waste generators, transporters and facility operators must have a valid permit and/or licence issued by the CoJ’s City Health Department or the Provincial Government;
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• Property owners, traders or businesses may only use the receptacles provided for their own use at the site and for the purpose it has been provided, or can apply for additional receptacles or enhanced services at additional cost;
• The occupant of a dwelling or property, manager of a facility, amenity or a business entity, or entrepreneur that generates waste, must ensure that recyclable waste is separated and stored in an approved container;
• The waste generator must transport recyclables or have these collected at own cost to a specially provided facility, where the recyclable materials must be placed in separate bulk containers or a separate area provided at the facility;
• Property owners of vacant land and occupants of occupied property are responsible for maintaining cleanliness and hygiene standards inside the boundaries of the property in terms of the City’s applicable by-laws. The City reserves the right to clean waste and overgrowth that accumulates on such land at the owner’s expense at the cost of cleaning and disposing of the waste.
• Property owners and/or developers of land and buildings must provide for waste management infrastructure according to the CoJ’s guidelines, and must submit a waste management plan as part of the City’s plans approval process.
• All relevant stakeholders in terms of the Action Plans set in this plan must develop operating plans and ensure regular reporting on progress of implementation of the plan to the Waste management directorate.
EXECUTIVE MAYOR
CITY MANAGER
ENVIRONMENT JMPDINFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES DEPARTMENT (ISD)
Waste Management SectorWaste Management & Regulation
Environmental Regulatory Services
By-Law Enforcement
PIKITUP
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Environmental Health
Waste Information Systems
Environmental Compliance and Enforcement
Figure 13: Roles and Responsibilities within the CoJ 10 MONITORING AND REVIEW
10.1 Monitoring of IWM Plan
An ongoing monitoring plan for the implementation of the IWMP detailed above should be developed. This monitoring constitutes an essential and integral part of the planning process.
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Performance and development indicators should be developed during the course of developing operating plans for the different sections responsible for waste management. The monitoring will focus on the short-term objectives of the IWMP to ensure that corrective action can be taken where necessary. Monitoring activities that should to be considered include:
General Issues Resource situation: budget allocations
Human resources: Vacancies, skills and training;
Payment for services: Tariff setting and collection thereof
Rates of generation of waste, verified by the waste information system
Registering of facilities on WIS and reporting.
Reporting to provincial and national environmental departments.
Illegal dumping and littering: amounts cleared and the costs involved.
Legislation, regulations and by-laws are in place.
Complaints regarding poor waste management.
Waste prevention and minimisation Annual reports of waste minimisation programmes and projects;
Annual environmental reports on emissions to air, water and land;
Achievement of targets for prioritised waste streams and pollutants;
Information exchange and the establishment of waste minimisation clubs.
Collection and transportation
� Annual reports on the implementation of collection and transportation services. � Payment received for waste collection and transportation services as against the actual
cost for provision of these services.
Reuse, Recycling and Recovery Annual reports on waste reuse, recycling and recovery programmes and projects;
Information exchange between stakeholders;
Stakeholder forums coordinating new reuse, recycling and recovery activities;
Social and environmental impacts of the implementation of new reuse, recycling and recovery initiatives.
Treatment Registration and licensing of waste treatment facilities;
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CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
83
Auditing of waste treatment facilities by provincial authorities;
Environmental performance and impact;
Provision of adequate hazardous waste treatment facilities.
Disposal Registration and licensing of waste disposal facilities;
Auditing of general waste disposal facilities by provincial departments;
Environmental performance and impact;
Provision of adequate hazardous waste disposal facilities;
Management and control of salvaging at landfill sites.
10.2 Evaluation and Review of IWM Plan
The IWMP is a living document which has to be reviewed on an on-going basis. An IWMP is intrinsically linked to the IDP hence its review cycle should be aligned with that of the IDP process. An IWMP is ideally reviewed every 5 years. An annual update is however encouraged to ensure that the IWMP remains relevant and effective. This will also facilitate the updating of the IWMP in view of the targets set in the plans/strategies/policies as per the Action Plan developed in this IWMP. A longer review period may result in the IWMP being less relevant and hence stakeholders losing faith in it and finally not using it.
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11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CoJ, 2003, Waste Management Planning Status Quo Report, City of Joburg, Johannesburg CoJ, 2006, The City of Joburg Growth and Development Strategy, City of Joburg, Johannesburg CoJ, 2008, State of the Environment Report, City of Joburg, City of Joburg, Johannesburg CoJ, 2010, The City of Joburg Integrated Development Plan, City of Joburg, Johannesburg. DEAT, 2009a. Addressing Challenges with Waste Service Provision in South Africa: Inception Report and Consultation Plan. Pretoria: Government Printers. DEAT, 2009b. Municipal Indigent Policy Review Report. Pretoria: Government Printers. DEAT, 2009c. Free Basic Services Policies Review Report. Pretoria: Government Printers. DEAT, 2009d. Waste Sector Challenges and Vision Report. Pretoria: Government Printers. DEAT, 2009e. Domestic Waste Collection Standards: Comparative Assessment Report. Pretoria: Government Printers. DEAT, 2000, Starter Document for Integrated Waste Management Planning in South Africa, Guideline Document, Pretoria: Government Printers. DEAT, 1999, National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plans, Pretoria, Government Printers DEAT, 1999a. The National State of the Environment South Africa. http://www.ngo.grida/no/soesa/nsoer.htm. Accessed 20 April 2004. DEAT, 2004. Waste Management in South Africa. http://www.environment.gov.za/Enviro-Info/env/waste.htm#top. Accessed 23 March 2004. DEAT, 2004a, Working with Waste: Guideline on Recycling of Solid Waste. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. DEAT, 2004b, Cost Benefit Analysis. Integrated Environmental Management: Information Series 8. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. 88. DEAT, 2004c, Life Cycle Assessment. Integrated Environmental Management: Information Series 9. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. DEAT, 1989, Environment Conservation Act 73 of 1989. Juta Statutes, Volume 6.
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
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DEAT, 2009, International Best Practice on Domestic Waste Collection, GDACE, 2008, Status Quo Report and Waste Minimisation Options, Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment. ISD, 2010a, 2010/11 Business Plan, City of Johannesburg Infrastructure, Services Department, Johannesburg ISD, 2010b, Alternative Waste Treatment Technology Project: Feasibility Report – Volume 1, City of Johannesburg Infrastructure, Services Department, Johannesburg Pikitup, 2007a, Development of Strategic Road Map Phase 2 Volume 1 of 3, Pikitup PTY LTD Johannesburg Pikitup, 2007b, Panorama Compost Plan – Business Plan and Strategy, Pikitup PTY LTD Johannesburg. Pikitup, 2007c, Builders’ Rubble Crushers Plan – Feasibility Report, Pikitup PTY LTD, Johannesburg Pikitup, 2009, Landfill Airspace Estimation, Johannesburg, Pikitup PTY LTD. Pikitup, 2010a, Projects and Programmes, http://www.joburg.org.za/content/view/725/66/1/2/ (accessed, 05/05/2010). Pikitup, 2010b, Separation at Source Project - Way Forward Beyond Watervaal Pilot Project, Pikitup PTY LTD, Johannesburg Pikitup, 2010c, Infrastructural and Strategic Asset Management Plan, Pikitup PTY LTD, Johannesburg Pikitup, 2010d, Pikitup business Plan 2010/11, Pikitup PTY LTD, Johannesburg Polokwane Declaration. 2001, Polokwane, Northern Province, South Africa http://www.environment.gov.za/ProjProg/WasteMgmt/Polokwane_declare.htm. Accessed 4 April 2010. Rogers, D.E.C; Banoo, I. 2004. National Cleaner Production Strategy Draft for Comment. Compiled by the CSIR for Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. RSA, 1996 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996). Cape Town. Government Printers. RSA. 1998, Government Gazette No 19519 Volume 401, National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998). 27 November 1998 No 1540.
Review of the Integrated Waste Management Plan for the City of Johannesburg
CoJ IWM Plan – March 2011
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RSA. 1998, Government Gazette No 19614 Volume 402, Local Government: Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998). 18 December 1998 No 1650. RSA, 2000, Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (Act No. 32 of 2000). Cape Town. Government Printers. RSA. 2000, Government Gazette No 20978, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa. 17 March 2000, No 227. RSA. 2000, Government Gazette No 20813 Volume 415, Local Government: Municipal Structures Amendment Act (Act 58 of 1999). 14 January 2000. RSA. 2000, Government Gazette No 21776, Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000). 20 November 2000. RSA. 2002, Government Gazette No 24252; Volume 451, Disaster Management Act (Act 57 of 2002). 15 January 2003; Number 98. RSA. 2003, Government Gazette No 26019. Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act (Act 56 of 2003). 13 February 2004. RSA. 2003, Government Gazette No 24251 Volume 451, National Environmental Management Amendment Act (Act 56 of 2002). 15 January 2003, No 97. RSA, 2003, The Division of Revenue Act: Cape Town. Government Printers. RSA, 2003, Municipal Finance Management act (Act No. 56 of 2003). Cape Town. Government Printers. RSA. 2004, Government Gazette No 26570 Volume 469, National Environmental Management Amendment Act (Act 8 of 2004). 14 July 2004, No 842. RSA. 2004, Government Gazette No 26595 Volume 469, National Health Act (Act 61 of 2003). 23 July 2004 No 869. RSA. 2004, Government Gazette No 25960, Local Government: Municipal Systems Amendment Act (Act 44 of 2003). 30 January 2004. RSA. 2005, Government Gazette No 27318 Volume 476, National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act 39 of 2004). 24 January 2005; Number 163. RSA. 2006, Government Notice 28753, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: Regulations in terms of Chapter 5 of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998. R385; R386 & R387. 21 April 2006.
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RSA. 2007, General Notice 1832, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: Publication of National Environmental Management: Waste Management Bill for General Comment. 12 January 2007. 90. RSA, 2008, National Environmental Management Act: Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008). Cape Town. Government Printers. Stats SA, 2001, Census data, Statistics South Africa, http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01. Accessed on the 03, 12 and 26 May 2010 Stats SA, 2007, Community Survey, Statistics South Africa. Stats SA, 2009, Mid-year Population Estimates, Statistics South Africa. Sustainability Institute, 2007, Integrated Analysis Solid waste Baseline Report. Stellenbosch, South Africa. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg accessed on the 26/05/2010
89
CoJ IWM Policy and Plan Review Project Steering Committee Meeting
10 May 2010 Meeting Details: Next Meeting: Date: 10 May 2010 Date: (date not confirmed yet)Time: 10:00 – 15:15
Chairperson: Khosi Baker (KB) Title: CoJ IWM Plan and Policy
Attendance: Attendance register Apologies: Absent: No. Objective
(if not achieved, reasons why not and actions taken) Achieved (Y/N)
1.0 Presentation on the Status Quo Report Y Minutes:
Item
Issue ResponsiblePerson & Target Date
1 Welcome and introduction 2 Background
� CoJ currently reviewing their IWMP, policy and by-laws � First stakeholder workshop was held on the 29 April 2010 � Only a representative from the legal section of Pikitup – would
have liked to see more representatives � Objective of today’s meeting – review the Status Quo Report
prepared by the CSIR – this will inform what will go into the IWMP and policy
3 Presentation on draft Status Quo Report (CSIR: Mamosa Afrika) � Presentation on the Status Quo Report (submitted to CoJ on the
7 May 2010) was made � Confirmed by Khosi Baker that that Council does only perform
regulatory, planning and strategic functions, while Pikitup performs all operational waste issues.
� (Note: provide reference for Table 1: Economic Instruments to the research undertaken by Anton Nahman, since these are waste specific)
� Slide on Waste disposal – rather note as “airspace (with intervention)”
� Currently only list Pikitup projects, but CoJ ISD (infrastructure services) also have waste projects – requested that this info be sent through
� KB to provide structure of Pikitup-Council interaction (Pg 2 of SQ Report)
4 Discussion and input session � Pikitup service points need updating (ISD) � Illegal dumping spots (ISD) � List of waste projects (ISD)� The observation of population increase, but waste to landfill
decreasing – can’t make conclusive statement of increased recovery and recycling, or reduction in waste generation
� Cecile (ISD) to
provide this information
90
o Issues like accuracy of data collection, management of weighbridges at landfills
o Historical data may be estimates, whereas recent figures more accurate
o Sense that CoJ is not currently recovering more waste or generating waste
o Don’t have current measuring devices for accurately determining how much waste is being recovered and recycled – especially where it is recovered by the private sector
o Can we get information from the private sector on how much waste is being recovered and recycled to see if this is the cause for the decline in waste to landfill
� Revised waste targets -o Make sure that targets are translated through to CoJ
MOEs (municipal owned entities) to make sure that they are part of process of achieving targets. Perhaps bind MOEs through service level agreements or through their business plans – tie them into the targets for waste reduction and recycling (e.g. City Parks, Pikitup, and The Trading Company).
o Also private companies, industry involved in waste reduction, recycling and disposal
o Mechanisms for CoJ to measure progress towards achieving targets
� Can the waste recycling projects of the regions (e.g. Region E bin bank project could not go ahead due to financial constraints) be incorporated into the CoJ plans, so that projects can still be implemented
o 7 regions in CoJ. These regions often come up with their own projects, independent of Pikitup or CoJ involvement and coordination
o Pikitup confirmed that if waste minimisation related, they can assist
� Status Quo Report should include something on institutional arrangements
o Plan must address interaction between CoJ institutions, alignment of processes, to ensure that projects or initiatives don’t go ahead without CoJ awareness
o Understanding of institutional arrangements are important for implementation of the Plan and Policy
o Biggest current issue to the plan not being implemented is institutional arrangements
� Economic Development Department has undertaken a study on economic regulatory environment (policies, by-laws) which have the potential to impact upon the regulatory environment of the City.
o Waste management by-laws was one of the bylaws they reviewed
o SMME Directorate – provide input on the plan which was undertaken by Lebo Molefe’s group.
� Comments from the ED
� All waste streams should be looked into. � Current infrastructure (building rubble, HCRW) � Mechanisms to deal with each waste stream to be
� CSIR to include in Status Quo report
� Request to receive a copy of this report from Manthateng or Lebo
91
investigated. � Alignment with the Polokwane Targets. � Trans-boundary waste movement.
� Compliance and enforcement should also be included. � List of all current and envisaged projects and programmes
relating to waste management has to be made available.
� Outstanding information � Roles and responsibilities – The policy to emphasise the
role of the department as a leader in environmental matters. The IDP will detail the roles and responsibilities of the different sections and departments (mandates and functions)
� Free Basic Waster Service
� The target for the CoJ was to submit the documents for Council approval in June. This Mayoral meeting has however been postponed to July. This could be an advantage to allow the CSIR to finalise the documents by end of June. Should Council approval be required before public consultation then the process could be prolonged even further. Clarity is required in order to realign the project schedule accordingly.
An e-mail should be send requesting all EDs to give a list of their current and planned projects and programmes. KB to forward the IDP with the roles and responsibilities to the CSIR team. KB to confirm the process to be followed i.e. whether there has to be Council approval before going for public comment or not.
5 Way forward and closure The next meeting will be when the draft Policy and Plan have been finalised. This may be delayed due to the delays relating to data collection. Some information relating to the Status Quo Report is still outstanding. Everyone still urged to fill in the spread sheet and the CSIR team will organise through the SDI to visit the Pikitup offices to gather the outstanding information.
The next meeting will be called toward the end of May beginning of June when the draft documents have been finalised. All to submit data as per the spread sheet by Friday (14/05/2010)
92
INTE
RN
AL
STA
KE
HO
LDE
R W
OR
KS
HO
PS
– 3
0/06
/201
0 A
ND
TH
E 0
5/07
/201
0
JOH
AN
NE
SB
UR
G
ISS
UE
CO
MM
EN
T R
AIS
ED
BY
R
ES
PO
NS
E
GE
NE
RA
L C
OM
ME
NTS
P
rior
ities
and
ob
ject
ives
To
incl
ude
the
follo
win
g as
prio
ritie
s:
- Fl
eet a
nd in
frast
ruct
ure
- C
orpo
rate
gov
erna
nce
- P
ollu
tion
cont
rol a
nd m
anag
emen
t (Ill
egal
du
mpi
ng)
- C
lean
city
Nev
ille, P
ales
a, K
hosi
Fl
eet a
nd in
frast
ruct
ure
to b
e in
clud
ed u
nder
the
spec
ific
prio
ritie
s e.
g. w
aste
dis
posa
l and
trea
tmen
t, w
aste
m
inim
isat
ion
etc.
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e id
entif
ied
need
. C
lean
City
to b
e in
clud
ed a
s a
broa
d ob
ject
ive
sinc
e al
l ac
tions
with
in th
e P
lan
cont
ribut
e to
war
ds a
chie
ving
a
clea
n ci
ty. T
his
has
also
furth
er b
een
incl
uded
in th
e P
ollu
tion
cont
rol s
ectio
n.
Cor
pora
te g
over
nanc
e an
d P
ollu
tion
cont
rol h
ave
been
in
clud
ed in
the
Pla
n as
prio
ritie
s.
P
OLI
CY
G
ener
al C
omm
ents
U
sage
of w
ords
�
Doe
s th
e po
licy
addr
ess
solid
was
te/
Mun
icip
al w
aste
or g
ener
al w
aste
? Th
e P
olic
y us
es th
ese
inte
rcha
ngea
bly.
It s
houl
d co
ver t
he b
road
was
te s
pect
rum
with
in th
e C
oJ.
� U
sage
of t
he w
ord
Cou
ncil
and
CoJ
. C
onsi
sten
cy a
nd c
orre
ct u
sage
of t
hese
is
requ
ired.
Cou
ncil
is th
e C
oJ.
Pal
esa
Pal
esa
� A
ddre
ssed
: rev
ised
as
Gen
eral
was
te w
here
ap
plic
able
thro
ugh-
out t
he d
ocum
ent (
see
part
7).
This
is a
lso
in a
lignm
ent w
ith th
e W
aste
Act
. �
Rev
ised
as
CoJ
in th
e do
cum
ent
E
xclu
sion
of o
ther
sta
keho
lder
s in
the
role
s an
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s.
Intro
duct
ion
Incl
usio
n of
priv
ate
and
Com
mer
cial
Sec
tors
in
intro
duct
ion
Pale
sa
Don
e, s
ee p
art 2
Pol
icy
Sta
tem
ent
Incl
usio
n of
Com
mer
cial
Sec
tor a
nd M
onito
ring
and
com
plia
nce
Pal
esa
Don
e. S
ee p
art 3
Cra
dle
to
Are
we
still
focu
sing
on
crad
le to
gra
ve o
r P
ales
a/N
eigh
bour
R
evis
ed a
s C
radl
e to
cra
dle
(see
def
initi
ons
)
93
ISS
UE
CO
MM
EN
T R
AIS
ED
BY
R
ES
PO
NS
E
grav
e/C
radl
e C
radl
e to
Cra
dle?
W
aste
trea
tmen
t an
d sa
fe d
ispo
sal
Incl
usio
n of
reco
verin
g re
cycl
able
s be
fore
was
te
to e
nerg
y pr
oces
s is
don
e P
ales
a R
evis
ed a
nd in
clud
ed in
sec
tion
8.4
Sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e In
frast
ruct
ure
rela
ting
to s
epar
atio
n at
sou
rce
shou
ld b
e in
pla
ce.
Pal
esa
Incl
uded
und
er s
ectio
n 8.
6
PO
LIC
Y
R
oles
and
R
espo
nsib
ilitie
s
Doc
umen
t to
clea
rly e
labo
rate
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
of:
• In
terg
over
nmen
tal,
• S
take
hold
ers,
•
Gov
erna
nce
stru
ctur
e an
d th
e co
unci
l st
ruct
ures
, and
•
Cou
ncil
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
Pal
esa,
Mak
oma,
Kek
ana
and
Nei
ghbo
ur, M
atsh
epo
Kek
ana
Rev
ised
and
incl
uded
in s
ectio
n 13
– In
terg
over
nmen
tal
role
s an
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s
Res
ourc
e pr
ovis
ion
mon
itorin
g an
d bu
dget
ary
impl
icat
ions
Doc
umen
t el
abor
ate
on :
• th
e re
sour
ce p
rovi
sion
, •
perfo
rman
ce m
anag
emen
t and
mon
itorin
g st
anda
rds
and
•
fund
ing
sour
ces
and
fram
ewor
k •
Als
o th
e im
plic
atio
ns b
udge
tary
ch
alle
nges
/con
stra
ins
Mat
shep
o K
ekan
a
0822
1845
52
Incl
uded
und
er re
leva
nt s
ectio
ns
Gov
erna
nce
stru
ctur
es ,
was
te
cate
gorie
s an
d se
rvic
e le
vel
agre
emen
ts
The
draf
t to
clas
sify
: •
Gov
erna
nce
stru
ctur
es
• D
iffer
ent w
aste
ser
vice
s m
echa
nism
s,
• W
aste
ser
vice
Cat
egor
ies
•
Def
initi
on o
f ser
vice
leve
ls
Mat
shep
o K
ekan
a
0822
1845
52
Rev
ised
and
incl
uded
in s
ectio
ns 1
3.3,
13.
4, a
nd 1
3.5
Edu
catio
n an
d
The
draf
t to
elab
orat
e on
•
was
te in
form
atio
n,
• co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d da
ta g
athe
ring,
Mat
shep
o K
ekan
a
Incl
uded
und
er P
riorit
y A
reas
– P
art 8
94
ISS
UE
CO
MM
EN
T R
AIS
ED
BY
R
ES
PO
NS
E
Aw
aren
ess
issu
es
• e
duca
tion
and
awar
enes
s
C
orpo
rate
re
spon
sibi
litie
s P
olic
y to
incl
ude:
•
Cor
pora
tive
Gov
erna
nce
Kho
si B
aker
In
clud
ed u
nder
Prio
rity
Are
as P
art 8
and
CoJ
Rol
es a
nd
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
Par
t 13
PLA
N
Bas
ic fo
rmat
of t
he
Pla
nTh
e P
lan
Targ
ets
shou
ld b
e al
igne
d w
ith th
e id
entif
ied
gaps
and
prio
ritie
s.
Pal
esa
The
gaps
iden
tifie
d ar
e ad
dres
sed
thro
ugh
the
targ
ets
set
and
the
atte
ndan
t Act
ion
Plan
. The
se a
re g
roup
ed in
te
rms
on th
e pr
iorit
y ar
eas
iden
tifie
d in
the
IWM
Pol
icy.
W
aste
C
hara
cter
isat
ion
Are
we
doin
g th
is to
com
ply
or a
re w
e do
ing
som
ethi
ng th
at w
ill be
use
ful t
o th
e C
oJ?
Was
te c
hara
cter
isat
ion
is im
porta
nt a
nd s
houl
d be
don
e; o
ther
wis
e th
is p
lan
will
not s
erve
its
purp
ose.
R
esea
rch
is n
eede
d to
est
ablis
h w
hat i
s ha
ppen
ing
to s
uppo
rt w
hat i
s pr
opos
ed. F
or th
e sh
ort t
erm
this
pla
n is
fine
, but
ther
e is
a n
eed
to
do m
ore
deta
iled
rese
arch
. W
e ne
ed to
do
an a
udit
of th
e st
udie
s un
derta
ken
and
dete
rmin
e w
hat s
till n
eeds
to b
e do
ne.
Nev
ille S
mith
N
eigh
bour
K
hosi
This
is o
utsi
de th
e sc
ope
of th
is s
tudy
. Th
e C
oJ w
ill h
ave
to c
omm
issi
on a
noth
er s
tudy
to
unde
rtake
the
was
te c
hara
cter
isat
ion.
Thi
s ha
s be
en
incl
uded
in th
e IW
M P
lan
as o
ne o
f the
targ
ets
for t
he C
oJ
to a
chie
ve.
Gap
s an
d ne
eds
Str
uctu
re:
Gap
s an
d ne
eds
shou
ld n
ot b
e ba
sed
on a
reas
of
con
cern
but
rath
er o
n dr
iver
s of
the
Pla
n.
Mor
e an
alys
is is
requ
ired
in th
is s
ectio
n to
in
clud
e th
e in
terv
entio
ns p
ropo
sed.
Nei
ghbo
ur
The
gaps
and
nee
ds h
ave
been
revi
sed
and
grou
ped
in
term
s of
the
key
prio
rity
area
s as
iden
tifie
d in
the
polic
y.
Mor
e de
tail
has
been
incl
uded
in th
is s
ectio
n de
tailin
g th
e im
pact
s of
the
iden
tifie
d ga
ps a
s w
ell a
s th
e po
ssib
le
95
ISS
UE
CO
MM
EN
T R
AIS
ED
BY
R
ES
PO
NS
E
Add
ition
al g
aps
iden
tifie
d:
� La
ck o
f pol
icie
s, s
trate
gies
suc
h as
Was
te
min
imis
atio
n st
rate
gies
, Per
mitt
ing
etc.
�
Rol
es a
nd re
spon
sibi
litie
s re
latin
g to
co
mpl
ianc
e an
d en
forc
emen
t not
ver
y w
ell
unde
rsto
od a
nd c
oord
inat
ed.
Kho
si
inte
rven
tions
requ
ired.
A
dded
in th
e P
lan
Bas
ic s
ervi
ces
All
area
s w
ithin
the
CoJ
hav
e a
basi
c le
vel o
f se
rvic
es
Nei
ghbo
ur
This
has
bee
n co
rrec
ted
to re
flect
that
all
area
s ha
ve a
ba
sic
leve
l of s
ervi
ce b
ut n
ot a
ll in
form
al a
reas
are
giv
en a
da
ily c
lean
ing
serv
ice.
Onl
y 11
9 ou
t of 1
82 a
re g
iven
this
se
rvic
e.
Targ
et s
ettin
g �
Targ
et s
ettin
g sh
ould
be
coup
led
with
be
nchm
arki
ng i.
e. w
hat i
s ha
ppen
ing
else
whe
re.
� Ta
rget
s ar
e m
ostly
sho
rt te
rm. T
hese
sho
uld
be e
xten
ded
to c
over
med
ium
to lo
ng te
rms.
�
The
targ
ets
in th
e ID
P s
houl
d be
use
d as
be
nchm
arks
in ta
rget
set
ting.
Nei
ghbo
ur
� Th
is is
out
of t
he s
cope
of t
his
proj
ect.
How
ever
A
nnex
ure
2 of
the
Pla
n do
es g
ive
a su
mm
ary
of
som
e of
the
inte
rnat
iona
l cas
e st
udie
s. A
mor
e de
taile
d an
alys
is o
f the
se w
ould
requ
ire m
ore
time
and
fund
s.
� Ta
rget
s ex
tend
ed o
ver t
he m
ediu
m a
nd s
hort
term
. It
is a
lso
impo
rtant
to n
ote
that
mos
t tar
gets
refe
r to
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd/o
r im
plem
enta
tion
of
stra
tegi
es/p
lans
/pro
gram
mes
etc
. The
impl
icat
ion
is
that
the
set t
arge
t dat
e is
the
com
men
cem
ent o
f the
im
plem
enta
tion
only
. The
sub
sequ
ent y
ears
will
incl
ude
the
cont
inue
d im
plem
enta
tion
of s
uch
initi
ativ
es.
� Th
e Ta
rget
s in
the
IDP
hav
e be
en in
corp
orat
ed in
th
e Ta
rget
set
ting
as b
ench
mar
ks w
here
suc
h in
form
atio
n w
as a
vaila
ble.
W
aste
Min
imis
atio
n:
96
ISS
UE
CO
MM
EN
T R
AIS
ED
BY
R
ES
PO
NS
E
� Fo
rmat
ion
of p
artn
ersh
ips
shou
ld b
e in
clud
ed.
� R
ewor
d th
e fo
llow
ing
to m
ove
away
from
the
use
of th
e w
ord
prom
ote:
�
Pro
mot
e cl
eane
r pro
duct
ion.
�
Pro
mot
e se
para
tion
at s
ourc
e.
� Th
e fo
llow
ing
grou
ps w
ere
reco
mm
ende
d as
re
spon
sibl
e fo
r the
follo
win
g ac
tiviti
es
� W
MD
, IS
D, P
ikitu
p an
d P
rivat
e se
ctor
to
esta
blis
h/Id
entif
y 3
addi
tiona
l com
post
ing
faci
litie
s by
201
5.
� A
ll M
OE
s, d
epar
tmen
ts a
nd th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
to id
entif
y an
d es
tabl
ish
alte
rnat
ive
dive
rsio
n m
echa
nism
s fo
r gre
en w
aste
. �
All
MO
Es
and
depa
rtmen
ts to
initi
ate
com
mun
ity b
ased
pro
gram
mes
that
will
prov
ide
at le
ast 0
.1%
of t
he p
opul
atio
n of
th
e C
oJ (A
bout
400
0 pe
ople
) with
jobs
an
d/or
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r SM
ME
s by
201
5
� G
reen
pro
cure
men
t to
be a
dded
in th
e ac
tion
Pla
n.
� La
ndfil
l Pic
kers
Man
agem
ent S
yste
m to
be
mad
e br
oade
r to
incl
ude
all o
ther
pic
kers
in
clud
ing
trolle
y pu
sher
s.
Kho
si
Nev
ille
Cec
il, K
hosi
, Mak
oma
Pal
esa
Mak
oma
� It
is in
clud
ed.
� Th
e se
nten
ces
reph
rase
d as
follo
ws:
�
D
evel
op p
rogr
amm
es to
enc
oura
ge c
lean
er
prod
uctio
n.
�
Dev
elop
pro
gram
mes
to e
ncou
rage
sep
arat
ion
at
sour
ce
Add
ed a
s fo
llow
s:
“Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t an
inte
rnal
CoJ
was
te
min
imis
atio
n an
d re
cycl
ing
prog
ram
incl
udin
g a
gree
n pr
ocur
emen
t gui
de to
influ
ence
the
proc
urem
ent p
olic
y by
Ja
nuar
y 20
11.”
This
has
bee
n br
oade
ned
to re
flect
all
info
rmal
was
te
recl
aim
ers
and
ther
efor
e ca
lled
‘ Rec
laim
ers’
Man
agem
ent
Sys
tem
’ Tr
eatm
ent a
nd d
ispo
sal:
Kho
si
This
Tar
get w
as n
ot m
oved
to th
e w
aste
min
imis
atio
n
97
ISS
UE
CO
MM
EN
T R
AIS
ED
BY
R
ES
PO
NS
E
� M
ove
the
follo
win
g ta
rget
and
the
asso
ciat
ed
activ
ities
to W
aste
min
imis
atio
n:
� T
he p
erce
ntag
e in
crea
se in
the
volu
me
of
was
te d
ispo
sed
to la
ndfil
l sho
uld
not
exce
ed it
s pr
opor
tiona
l pop
ulat
ion
incr
ease
.
sect
ion
entir
ely
sinc
e it
is a
targ
et s
et b
y th
e N
WM
S a
nd
ther
e ar
e al
so p
rovi
ncia
l tar
gets
bas
ed o
n th
is. H
owev
er,
activ
ities
rela
ting
to w
aste
min
imis
atio
n ha
ve b
een
rem
oved
and
refe
renc
e is
mad
e to
that
sec
tion.
Inte
grat
ed W
aste
Man
agem
ent P
lann
ing:
�
Incl
ude
the
form
atio
n of
an
exte
rnal
st
akeh
olde
r for
um
Kho
si
Incl
uded
.
Eff
ectiv
e S
ervi
ce D
eliv
ery:
�
Stre
et c
lean
ing
stan
dard
s ha
ve a
lread
y be
en
set b
y P
rovi
nce
henc
e th
ere
is n
o ne
ed to
se
t tho
se a
gain
but
rath
er a
dher
e to
them
. �
The
follo
win
g gr
oups
wer
e re
com
men
ded
as
resp
onsi
ble
for t
he fo
llow
ing
activ
ities
�
A
ll M
OE
s de
partm
ents
and
the
priv
ate
sect
or c
olle
ct a
ccur
ate
data
rega
rdin
g ge
nera
l and
com
mer
cial
was
te
gene
ratio
n an
d co
llect
ion
Janu
ary
2011
. �
W
MD
, IS
D a
nd P
ikitu
p to
adh
ere
to th
e st
anda
rds
for s
treet
cle
anin
g th
e in
ner
city
and
resi
dent
ial a
reas
as
set b
y th
e pr
ovin
cial
gov
ernm
ent b
y Ju
ne 2
011.
�
All
awar
enes
s ra
isin
g as
pect
s sh
ould
be
incl
uded
und
er th
e pr
iorit
y A
war
enes
s R
aisi
ng a
nd c
apac
ity b
uild
ing.
Cec
il C
ecil
Kho
si
Not
ed a
nd e
ffect
ed a
s pr
opos
ed.
Was
te In
form
atio
n S
yste
ms
� R
efer
to w
aste
man
agem
ent a
ctiv
ities
w
ithou
t bei
ng s
peci
fic.
� In
clud
e th
e fo
llow
ing
activ
ity:
Kho
si
Not
ed a
nd e
ffect
ed a
s pr
opos
ed.
98
ISS
UE
CO
MM
EN
T R
AIS
ED
BY
R
ES
PO
NS
E
�
All
was
te m
anag
emen
t act
iviti
es s
houl
d re
gist
er in
term
s of
the
CoJ
was
te
info
rmat
ion
syst
em.
� A
ll M
OE
s, d
epar
tmen
t and
the
priv
ate
sect
or
shou
ld b
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r the
act
iviti
es fo
r re
gist
ratio
n an
d re
porti
ng o
n th
e ap
prop
riate
w
aste
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems.
Aw
aren
ess
and
capa
city
bui
ldin
g
� D
o no
t be
spec
ific
abou
t pro
gram
me
nam
es
as th
ese
may
cha
nge.
�
All
MO
Es,
dep
artm
ents
and
the
priv
ate
sect
or s
houl
d be
resp
onsi
ble
for D
evel
opin
g ed
ucat
ion
and
awar
enes
s pr
ogra
mm
es,
guid
es a
nd in
form
atio
n pa
cks
by M
arch
20
11.
Kho
si
Kho
si
Bon
tle k
e bo
tho
rem
oved
as
a pr
ogra
mm
e na
me.
Com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent
This
act
ivity
was
add
ed: E
stab
lish
a C
ompl
ianc
e an
d en
forc
emen
t sec
tion
with
in th
e E
nviro
nmen
tal m
anag
emen
t dep
artm
ent b
y Ju
ne 2
011.
99
CO
MM
EN
TS O
N T
HE
IWM
PLA
N
EX
TER
NA
L S
TAK
EH
OLD
ER
WO
RK
SH
OP
– J
OH
AN
NE
SB
UR
G
27/0
7/20
10N
B: I
t was
agr
eed
at th
is w
orks
hop
that
sta
keho
lder
s ca
n su
bmit
furth
er c
omm
ents
by
the
06/0
8/20
10 to
MA
frika
@cs
ir.co
.za
SE
CTI
ON
CO
MM
EN
TA
CTI
ON
IWM
PLA
N
A
was
te
char
acte
risat
ion
stud
y is
re
quire
d to
in
form
th
e se
tting
of
w
aste
m
inim
isat
ion
and
recy
clin
g ta
rget
s
Thes
e sh
ould
be
linke
d to
Tar
gets
set
in in
dust
ry w
aste
man
agem
ent
plan
s.
This
sta
tem
ent h
as b
een
adde
d
Ther
e is
lim
ited
invo
lvem
ent o
f the
priv
ate
sect
or
in
was
te
min
imis
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
es
to
ensu
re
max
imum
div
ersi
on o
f w
aste
fro
m l
andf
ill a
nd
crea
te s
usta
inab
le jo
b op
portu
nitie
s.
It is
impo
rtant
to h
ighl
ight
that
her
e w
e ex
clud
e th
ose
alre
ady
with
in th
e w
aste
man
agem
ent
sect
or s
ince
the
y ar
e ac
tive
but
incl
udes
oth
er
com
pani
es w
hich
are
cur
rent
ly n
ot in
volv
ed.
Not
ed a
nd R
ewor
ded.
Ther
e is
a n
eed
to fo
rmal
ise
the
exis
ting
info
rmal
re
cycl
ing
sect
or
and
disc
oura
ge
the
cont
inua
l un
fold
ing
of in
form
al re
cycl
ers
It is
ver
y di
fficu
lt to
for
mal
ise
the
pick
ers.
The
y do
not
sta
y in
for
mal
em
ploy
men
t. R
athe
r en
gage
with
the
m a
nd i
ncor
pora
te t
hem
in
the
sect
or.
They
hav
e a
form
al a
ssoc
iatio
n w
hich
can
be
used
to
enga
ge
them
.
Not
ed a
nd re
wor
ded.
The
CoJ
as
the
auth
ority
sho
uld
take
a le
ad a
nd
oper
ate
in a
man
ner
that
sho
ws
thei
r de
dica
tion
to f
acili
tatin
g w
aste
min
imis
atio
n an
d re
cycl
ing
prin
cipl
es
by
intro
duci
ng
was
te
sepa
ratio
n at
so
urce
in
itiat
ives
in
al
l C
oJ
offic
es
and
oper
atio
nal s
ites.
PAC
SA in
dica
ted
that
the
y w
ould
be
will
ing
to a
ssis
t th
e C
oJ in
doi
ng
this
e.g
. de
term
inin
g w
hich
pro
duct
s ca
n be
man
date
d to
be
proc
ured
th
roug
h gr
een
proc
urem
ent p
rinci
ples
.
The
CoJ
not
ed th
e of
fer a
nd w
ill c
onta
ct
PA
CS
A to
faci
litat
e th
is.
Ther
e is
ne
ed
to
deve
lop
and
impl
emen
t a
cent
ralis
ed w
aste
info
rmat
ion
syst
em fo
r th
e C
oJ
whi
ch w
ill s
tand
ardi
se w
aste
dat
a ca
ptur
e. T
his
will
th
en
impr
ove
the
accu
racy
of
da
ta
and
stan
dard
ise
the
sour
ce o
f da
ta u
sed
in r
epor
ts
and
plan
s.
This
W
aste
In
form
atio
n S
yste
m
shou
ld
be
hous
ed
unde
r th
e W
aste
M
anag
emen
t D
irect
orat
e.
This
sho
uld
be a
dded
: W
eigh
brid
ges
mus
t be
fully
ope
ratio
nal a
nd d
ata
capt
ured
. N
oted
and
add
ed.
100
Edu
catio
n, a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
and
cap
acity
bu
ildin
g pr
ogra
mm
es a
re i
nade
quat
e to
add
ress
th
e cu
rren
t was
te re
late
d ch
alle
nges
in th
e C
oJ.
Get
Dep
t of
edu
catio
n in
volv
ed.
Sch
ools
to
star
t se
para
te w
aste
ge
nera
ted
at s
choo
l. Ap
ply
“sm
okin
g ru
les”
to
recy
clin
g. T
ownh
ouse
co
mpl
exes
, sh
oppi
ng m
alls
and
sch
ools
. D
rop-
offs
at
scho
ols
can
be
prob
lem
atic
.
Not
ed a
nd a
dded
.
Rol
l out
sep
arat
ion
at s
ourc
e to
: 30
% o
f the
hou
seho
lds
by 2
015.
60
% o
f hou
seho
lds
by 2
020.
10
0% o
f hou
seho
lds
by 2
025
100%
of h
ouse
hold
s m
ay n
ot b
e ne
cess
ary
sinc
e se
para
tion
at s
ourc
e m
ay n
ot b
e su
itabl
e an
d be
nefic
ial i
n al
l cas
es.
Not
ed a
nd r
evis
ed t
o re
flect
tha
t th
is
shou
ld b
e 10
0% o
f id
entif
ied
suita
ble
hous
ehol
ds.
Was
te M
inim
isat
ion,
Rec
yclin
g an
d R
e-us
e
Targ
et:
A
20%
re
duct
ion
of
dom
estic
an
d co
mm
erci
al w
aste
stre
ams
disp
osed
to la
ndfil
l by
2015
.
This
Tar
get i
s to
o op
timis
tic a
nd p
roba
bly
unac
hiev
able
. It i
s di
fficu
lt to
be
ach
ieve
d ev
en b
y co
untri
es th
at a
re d
oing
ver
y w
ell i
n th
eir r
ecyc
ling
sect
or.
Nee
d to
be
revi
sed.
Pro
pose
d to
be
revi
sed
as fo
llow
s:
A
10%
re
duct
ion
of
dom
estic
an
d co
mm
erci
al w
aste
stre
ams
disp
osed
to
land
fill b
y 20
15.
Inve
stig
ate
and
impl
emen
t a
t le
ast
one
suita
ble
was
te t
o en
ergy
pro
ject
by
2015
Im
plem
ent
at l
east
one
was
te t
o en
ergy
pro
ject
by
June
20
14.
Nee
d to
revi
ew th
is ti
me
fram
e to
mak
e it
soon
er.
Col
lect
acc
urat
e da
ta r
egar
ding
gen
eral
and
com
mer
cial
w
aste
gen
erat
ion
and
colle
ctio
n Ja
nuar
y 20
11.
This
is to
o so
on. T
he S
AW
IS w
ill n
ot fu
lly o
pera
tiona
l with
in 5
yea
rs.
Rev
ised
to in
dica
te th
at th
is w
ill b
e th
e in
itiat
ion
date
. Pr
ovid
e ap
prop
riate
rec
epta
cles
tha
t pr
omot
e se
para
tion
at
sour
ce to
all
hous
ehol
ds, i
nclu
ding
info
rmal
set
tlem
ents
and
lo
w-in
com
e ne
ighb
ourh
oods
.
Incl
ude
rece
ptac
les
in p
ublic
are
as a
s w
ell.
N
oted
and
incl
uded
.
Put
in p
lace
FB
RR
ser
vice
s ad
min
istra
tive
supp
ort s
truct
ures
en
surin
g ef
fect
ive
and
effic
ient
m
echa
nism
s of
im
plem
enta
tion
No
targ
et d
ate
Pro
pose
d Ju
ne 2
012.
25%
of
scho
ols
with
in t
he C
oJ h
ave
esta
blis
hed
was
te
min
imis
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
es
and/
or
othe
r w
aste
re
late
d pr
ojec
ts b
y Ju
ne 2
012.
Exc
lude
sch
ool c
ompe
titio
ns. T
hey
do n
ot w
ork.
Stu
dent
s on
ly b
ecom
e ex
cite
d at
the
begi
nnin
g bu
t lat
er lo
ose
the
mom
entu
m to
geth
er w
ith th
e le
sson
s.
Not
ed a
nd re
mov
ed.
Inve
stig
ate
esta
blis
hmen
t of
a
"Res
ourc
e Li
brar
y"
by
Dec
embe
r 201
1.
Are
thes
e el
ectro
nic?
Y
es.
The
stat
emen
t w
as
revi
sed
to
indi
cate
this
. Es
tabl
ish
a ho
t lin
e fo
r re
porti
ng n
on-c
ompl
ianc
e by
Jun
e 20
11.
Incl
ude
othe
r rep
ortin
g op
tions
suc
h as
sm
s, e
-mai
l and
inte
rnet
bas
ed.
Not
ed a
nd in
clud
ed.
Indu
stry
is o
verw
helm
ed b
y bu
reau
crac
y. T
oo m
any
licen
ces
cost
a lo
t of m
oney
– d
isco
urag
ing
entre
pren
eurs
to b
ecom
e in
volv
ed.
Tran
spor
ters
ha
ve
to
have
lic
ence
s in
ea
ch
mun
icip
ality
whe
re t
hey
oper
ate,
cos
ting
mon
ey i
n ev
ery
K
hosi
w
ill
take
th
is
issu
e up
w
ith
Pro
vinc
ial.
101
mun
icip
ality
. E
nfor
cem
ent
of c
ompl
ianc
e is
not
tak
ing
plac
e re
sulti
ng in
a lo
t of i
llega
l act
ivity
. P
rovi
ncia
l con
trol m
ay b
e a
solu
tion
as o
ppos
ed to
mun
icip
al c
ontro
l of g
ener
al w
aste
tra
nspo
rters
. Tro
lley
brig
ade
is a
lso
trans
porte
rs a
nd re
quire
lic
ence
s.
102
Wri
tten
com
men
ts r
ecei
ved
from
sta
keho
lder
s by
the
06/0
8/20
10
SE
CTI
ON
CO
MM
EN
T R
ES
PO
NS
E
A
s an
ove
rall
com
men
t th
e do
cum
ent
is e
xten
sive
an
d de
taile
d. T
here
are
som
e 11
4 ta
rget
s se
t in
the
docu
men
t an
d m
any
have
ve
ry
tight
de
adlin
es.
Whi
lst
we
wel
com
e th
e se
tting
of
stre
tch
targ
ets
we
belie
ve th
at th
ey n
eed
to b
e re
alis
tic a
nd a
chie
vabl
e or
the
Pla
n co
uld
lose
cre
dibi
lity.
It is
rec
omm
ende
d a
revi
ew o
f the
targ
ets
and
dead
lines
is u
nder
take
n.
Hav
ing
said
tha
t, w
e th
ink
the
targ
et o
f a
suita
ble
was
te t
o en
ergy
pro
ject
by
2015
(p6
3) s
houl
d be
br
ough
t for
war
d as
this
is a
cle
ar p
riorit
y.
A to
tal o
f 34
targ
ets
have
bee
n se
t as
follo
ws:
5
– W
aste
min
imis
atio
n, re
cycl
ing
and
re-u
se
4 –
Was
te T
reat
men
t and
Dis
posa
l 3
– In
tegr
ated
pla
nnin
g 3
– E
ffect
ive
Ser
vice
Del
iver
y 1
– W
aste
Info
rmat
ion
Sys
tem
s 3
– C
apac
ity B
uild
ing
and
Aw
aren
ess
Rai
sing
2
– C
ompl
ianc
e an
d E
nfor
cem
ent
2 –
Pol
lutio
n C
ontro
l 3
- Bud
get a
nd F
inan
cial
Man
agem
ent
3 –
Cap
acity
and
Hum
an R
esou
rces
3
– P
erfo
rman
ce M
anag
emen
t 2
– C
oope
rativ
e go
vern
ance
The
actio
n pl
an
targ
ets
seem
to
be
to
o tig
ht,
how
ever
it
shou
ld b
e no
ted
that
mos
t of
the
se a
re
prog
ram
mes
that
the
CoJ
has
alre
ady
initi
ated
or a
re
in t
he p
roce
ss o
f in
itiat
ing.
Tho
se t
hat
are
new
and
re
quire
hug
e fin
anci
al in
ject
ions
hav
e be
en s
et w
ith a
la
ter
targ
et, w
hich
the
resp
onsi
ble
auth
ority
, fel
t was
re
ason
able
. E.g
. Was
te to
Ene
rgy
proj
ect.
3.4.
1 G
aute
ng
Pro
vinc
ial
Inte
grat
ed
Was
te
Man
agem
ent P
olic
y—w
aste
reco
very
and
recy
clin
g.
We
appr
ecia
te th
is re
fers
to th
e P
rovi
ncia
l IW
MP
but
ne
ed
to
com
men
t on
th
e st
atem
ent
‘GP
G
is
supp
ortiv
e of
exi
stin
g an
d ne
w l
aws
desi
gned
to
enco
urag
e th
e m
anuf
actu
re
and
purc
hase
of
pr
oduc
ts
mad
e fro
m
reco
vere
d an
d re
cycl
ed
mat
eria
ls’.
We
requ
est t
he C
ity o
f Joh
anne
sbur
g us
e th
eir
influ
ence
to
en
sure
ad
equa
te
and
prio
r co
nsul
tatio
n w
ith I
ndus
try b
efor
e an
y su
ch la
ws
are
intro
duce
d as
the
uni
nten
ded
cons
eque
nces
cou
ld
be n
egat
ive
and
prof
ound
.
The
CoJ
to n
ote
this
requ
est.
103
SE
CTI
ON
CO
MM
EN
T R
ES
PO
NS
E
W
e ar
e no
t sur
e of
the
plac
e w
here
ref
eren
ce to
the
prop
osed
Rec
yclin
g In
dust
ry B
ody,
bei
ng f
orm
ed b
y th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
de a
nd I
ndus
try b
ut b
elie
ve it
sh
ould
be
men
tione
d in
the
Pla
n as
a re
fere
nce
poin
t fo
r man
y in
itiat
ives
.
The
CoJ
has
not
ed t
his
initi
ativ
e an
d w
ill m
ake
the
nece
ssar
y fo
llow
ups
to e
nsur
e th
at th
ey a
re a
ligne
d an
d in
volv
ed a
s th
ey m
ay s
ee a
ppro
pria
te.
P
age
32 s
lide
on i
ncom
e le
vels
–th
is r
efle
cts
very
po
orly
on
the
City
and
the
writ
er s
ugge
sts
that
as
it ca
nnot
pos
sibl
y be
acc
urat
e , i
t is
eith
er c
orre
cted
or
excl
uded
The
stat
istic
s ha
ve b
een
conf
irmed
and
are
a t
rue
refle
ctio
n of
wha
t w
as r
epor
ted
in t
erm
s of
bot
h C
ensu
s 20
01 a
nd C
omm
unity
Sur
vey
2007
.
W
aste
ge
nera
ted.
Ac
cord
ing
to
an
exte
rnal
or
gani
zatio
n,
BM
I R
esea
rch,
w
ho
have
be
en
mon
itorin
g an
d es
timat
ing
the
size
of
the
pack
agin
g In
dust
ry in
SA
for
the
past
thirt
y ye
ars
, the
am
ount
of
pac
kagi
ng c
onsu
med
in th
e C
ity in
200
8 w
as 4
40
500
tons
. In
the
sam
e ye
ar th
e na
tiona
l rec
yclin
g ra
te
was
43,
9 %
so
assu
min
g th
e C
ity a
chie
ved
the
Nat
iona
l av
erag
e re
cycl
ing
, th
e ne
t a
mou
nt o
f pa
ckag
ing
goin
g to
lan
dfill
in 2
008
was
som
e 25
0 00
0 to
ns. T
he c
alcu
latio
n of
Nat
iona
l con
sum
ptio
n of
pa
ckag
ing
is b
ased
on
loca
l pro
duct
ion
less
exp
orts
pl
us i
mpo
rts.
BM
I us
e a
com
bina
tion
of p
opul
atio
n an
d in
com
e pe
r ar
ea
to
estim
ate
Reg
iona
l or
m
unic
ipal
con
sum
ptio
n. W
e be
lieve
thi
s is
the
mos
t ac
cura
te
estim
ate
avai
labl
e fo
r th
e C
ity.
This
in
form
atio
n ha
s pr
evio
usly
bee
n sh
ared
with
City
of
ficia
ls.
Not
ed.
W
e ur
ge t
he C
ity t
o en
sure
tha
t th
e pr
oble
m o
f pr
oper
ly o
pera
ted
wei
ghbr
idge
s is
add
ress
ed a
s a
mat
ter
of u
rgen
cy.
Furth
erm
ore
the
calc
ulat
ion
of
was
te in
Mun
icip
aliti
es w
ithin
Gau
teng
is v
ery
diffi
cult
if no
t im
poss
ible
on
acco
unt
of t
he e
xten
sive
cro
ss
bord
er m
ovem
ent o
f was
te w
ithin
the
prov
ince
.
Not
ed a
nd a
ddre
ssed
in th
e do
cum
ent.
104
SE
CTI
ON
CO
MM
EN
T R
ES
PO
NS
E
Ta
ble
8 pr
ojec
tions
for
was
te g
ener
ated
. We
belie
ve
in th
e cu
rren
t eco
nom
y a
grow
th r
ate
of 4
, 1%
goi
ng
forw
ard
as a
n av
erag
e fo
r th
e ne
xt 1
3 ye
ars
is
extre
mel
y op
timis
tic
and
thus
cr
eate
s an
ov
erly
pe
ssim
istic
vie
w o
f the
pro
blem
goi
ng fo
rwar
d. A
s an
ex
ampl
e th
e gr
owth
rat
e fo
r th
e pa
st d
ecad
e in
the
pa
ckag
ing
indu
stry
ave
rage
d le
ss th
an 2
, 5%
.
Not
ed.
Fi
gure
7 p
age
36 –
it se
ems
that
bui
lder
’s r
ubbl
e is
ex
tens
ivel
y un
ders
tate
d an
d w
e su
gges
t th
at t
he
othe
r m
ajor
ci
ties
in
SA
co
uld
be
used
as
co
mpa
rison
s.
The
draf
t N
atio
nal
Was
te
Stra
tegy
co
uld
also
be
refe
rred
for v
olum
es fr
om th
is s
ourc
e.
Not
ed.
W
e st
rong
ly u
rge
that
ref
eren
ce t
o th
e P
olok
wan
e de
clar
atio
n be
re
mov
ed
unle
ss
ther
e is
an
ex
plan
atio
n of
wha
t th
e D
ecla
ratio
n m
eans
bot
h in
te
rms
of t
he d
efin
ition
of
zero
was
te a
nd t
he b
ase
from
whi
ch th
e re
duct
ions
are
requ
ired.
The
Pol
okw
ane
Dec
lara
tion
has
been
use
d as
a
stan
dard
an
d is
re
flect
ed
in
man
y of
th
e C
oJ
plan
ning
do
cum
ents
. It
is
ther
efor
e im
porta
nt
to
men
tion
it w
hile
we
also
hig
hlig
ht it
s sh
ortc
omin
g to
en
sure
that
all
key
peop
le in
clud
ing
Cou
ncillo
rs w
ho
may
not
be
in th
e w
aste
fiel
d to
und
erst
and
the
shift
fro
m th
is d
ecla
ratio
n.
T
able
13
Gap
Ana
lysi
s –
sepa
ratio
n at
sou
rce.
We
sugg
est
the
roll
out
of
sepa
ratio
n at
so
urce
be
m
anda
ted
by r
egul
atio
ns a
nd t
he p
hasi
ng s
houl
d co
mm
ence
with
the
wea
lthie
r ar
eas
as th
is is
whe
re
mor
e w
aste
is
ge
nera
ted.
W
e re
com
men
d re
gula
tions
as
th
e be
st
way
to
‘e
ncou
rage
’ se
para
tion
at s
ourc
e.
Not
ed.
Ta
ble
13 G
ap a
naly
sis
–we
do n
ot a
gree
tha
t P
51
‘The
re is
lim
ited
invo
lvem
ent o
f the
Priv
ate
sect
or in
w
aste
min
imiz
atio
n an
d re
cycl
ing
prog
ram
mes
‘ an
d re
ques
t tha
t thi
s be
rew
orde
d to
say
that
‘ T
here
is
an o
ppor
tuni
ty t
o im
prov
e re
cycl
ing
rate
s by
mor
e pr
ivat
e/pu
blic
pa
rtner
ship
s
build
ing
on
exis
ting
colle
ctio
n an
d re
cycl
ing
initi
ativ
es”
Not
ed.
105
SE
CTI
ON
CO
MM
EN
T R
ES
PO
NS
E
W
e re
ques
t th
e ta
rget
s be
alig
ned
with
the
Nat
iona
l W
aste
Man
agem
ent
Stra
tegy
whe
n it
is f
inal
ized
as
som
e of
the
targ
ets
may
be
amen
ded.
Not
ed.
Ta
rget
s p
58 –
400
0 jo
b op
portu
nitie
s.
The
wor
ding
is
inc
orre
ct i
n te
rms
of t
he W
aste
Act
–to
cre
ate
anot
her
prod
uct f
rom
rec
ycla
bles
is r
ecyc
ling
not r
e-us
e. R
e-us
e re
fers
to
usin
g a
prod
uct
agai
n w
ithou
t ch
angi
ng i
t at
all.
Mor
e im
porta
ntly
we
belie
ve t
hat
the
City
nee
ds to
be
clea
r on
the
targ
et jo
bs c
reat
ed
– w
e as
sum
e th
at t
he 4
000
refe
rred
to
is n
ot a
net
in
crea
se b
ut f
or e
xam
ple
wou
ld i
nclu
de t
he w
aste
pi
cker
s w
hose
job
s on
the
lan
dfill
site
s w
ould
be
repl
aced
as
colle
ctor
s or
sep
arat
ors
in o
ther
are
as.
Not
cle
ar w
hat t
he c
omm
ent i
s he
re. T
he
targ
et re
ads
as fo
llow
s:
• In
itiat
e co
mm
unity
bas
ed p
rogr
amm
es th
at w
ill pr
ovid
e at
leas
t 0.1
% o
f the
pop
ulat
ion
of th
e C
oJ
(Abo
ut 4
000
peop
le) w
ith jo
bs a
nd/o
r op
portu
nitie
s fo
r SM
ME
s by
201
5.
Y
es th
e 40
00 w
ould
incl
ude
the
was
te p
icke
rs.
P
age
68 t
arge
ts –
may
be w
e m
isse
d it,
but
the
City
ne
eds
to p
rovi
de w
aste
rece
ptac
les
that
are
regu
larly
cl
eane
d, in
all
publ
ic a
reas
suc
h as
taxi
rank
s et
c.
Not
ed.
Ta
ble
19 –
awar
enes
s ra
isin
g an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing.
W
e su
ppor
t the
initi
ativ
es b
ut b
elie
ve th
e P
lan
shou
ld
be
mor
e ag
gres
sive
in
en
forc
ing
actio
n ag
ains
t lit
tere
rs
and
requ
iring
sc
hool
s to
se
para
te
thei
r w
aste
. An
y co
mm
unic
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
e, in
our
vie
w
need
s to
be
focu
sed
–as
an e
xam
ple
the
com
mun
ity
need
s on
ly
to
be
targ
eted
to
se
para
te
thei
r ho
useh
old
was
te w
hen
the
City
is r
eady
to d
eal w
ith
sepa
rate
d w
aste
fro
m t
hat
com
mun
ity.
It w
ould
be
coun
terp
rodu
ctiv
e to
pro
mot
e se
para
tion
at s
ourc
e if
syst
ems
wer
e no
t in
plac
e to
dea
l with
the
sepa
rate
d w
aste
. Thi
s co
mm
ent a
lso
refe
rs to
8, 3
, 3.
Not
ed.
7,
3 E
cono
mic
ins
trum
ents
– t
he b
ulle
t be
ginn
ing
“impl
emen
ting
recy
clin
g pr
ogra
mm
es…
” .
Ple
ase
ensu
re th
at a
ll co
st s
avin
gs n
eed
to b
e of
fset
aga
inst
th
e ga
ins,
not
just
land
fill s
avin
gs.
Not
ed.
106
SE
CTI
ON
CO
MM
EN
T R
ES
PO
NS
E
P
age
80 p
arag
raph
afte
r ta
ble
22.”C
erta
in ta
xes
can
enco
urag
e re
cycl
ing
and
disc
oura
ge p
rodu
ctio
n” T
his
has
been
cov
ered
ear
lier
by u
s -s
ee p
oint
2 -
but w
e m
ust
re-it
erat
e th
at s
uch
actio
ns s
houl
d on
ly t
ake
plac
e on
ce t
he A
utho
ritie
s ha
ve f
ully
con
sulte
d w
ith
affe
cted
pa
rties
to
un
ders
tand
if
ther
e ar
e an
y un
inte
nded
con
sequ
ence
s. T
he e
xam
ples
quo
ted,
fo
r exa
mpl
e, in
the
Dra
ft N
atio
nal W
aste
Stra
tegy
are
al
l fla
wed
and
for
a v
arie
ty o
f re
ason
s th
e pr
oduc
ts
refe
rred
to
cann
ot b
e m
ade
from
rec
ycle
d m
ater
ials
as
su
gges
ted.
S
uch
actio
ns
shou
ld
also
no
t be
co
ntem
plat
ed i
f th
e se
ctor
pro
duci
ng t
he p
rodu
ct is
ac
hiev
ing
the
recy
clin
g ta
rget
s as
ag
reed
w
ith
Nat
iona
l Gov
ernm
ent.
Not
ed.
S
ectio
n of
com
men
ts a
nd is
sues
ref
ers
to c
radl
e to
cr
adle
but
the
mai
n te
xt s
till r
efer
s to
cra
dle
to g
rave
.N
oted
.
A
nnex
ure
2.
With
re
spec
t, th
e se
ctio
n on
in
tern
atio
nal
prac
tices
is
sket
chy.
The
Pac
kagi
ng
Cou
ncil
of S
A/ R
AG
has
em
ploy
ed a
n in
tern
atio
nal
expe
rt, P
erch
ards
, to
assi
st w
ith th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
Pac
kagi
ng
and
pape
r In
dust
ry
Was
te
Man
agem
ent
Pla
n. W
e su
gges
t th
is r
esou
rce
coul
d be
app
roac
hed
for h
elp
if re
quire
d.
The
scop
e of
th
is
proj
ect
did
not
allo
w
for
an
exte
nsiv
e re
view
of i
nter
natio
nal b
est p
ract
ices
. Thi
s w
as th
e be
st th
at c
an b
e do
ne u
nder
the
proj
ect t
ime
and
cost
con
stra
ints
.
Ref
eren
cing
S
ome
refe
renc
es (
3) u
sed
in th
e te
xt d
id n
ot a
ppea
r in
the
Bib
liogr
aphy
. S
ome
docu
men
ts a
ppea
r in
the
Bib
liogr
aphy
but
not
in
the
text
.
Not
ed a
nd c
orre
cted
. P
leas
e no
te t
hat
this
is
a B
iblio
grap
hy l
ist
not
a R
efer
ence
list
. Som
e do
cum
ents
whi
ch w
ere
read
or
are
thou
ght
to
be
good
so
urce
s of
in
form
atio
n re
latin
g to
the
doc
umen
ts a
lthou
gh n
ot c
ited
in t
he
text
hav
e th
eref
ore
been
incl
uded
.
108
International GOOD practices
Waste management practices elsewhere have been compared in an attempt to determine those practices that could be used as good practices and hence as bench marks for the CoJ. Case studies reviewed include a combination of both developed and developing countries (DEA, 2009). These are shown in the table below. Developed countries Developing countries United Kingdom
� Eden District Council� Hart District Council� Mersea Island Trial� Wealden’s Crown scheme� Sutton� Daventry� Bournemouth � Gwynedd � Powys
Australia� Gold Coast City Council� City of Darwin
New Zealand� Christchurch city council
Asia � Japan � Singapore
Africa � Maputo in Mosambique � Lusaka in Zambia � Windhoek in Namibia
South America � City of Uberlândia in Brazil
Asia � India � Jakarta in Indonesia � Meteng in Indonesia
(Source: DEA, 2009) It is important to note that this study does not give details of the practices but rather an indication of what is happening elsewhere. The CoJ can then undertake much more detailed studies of those that may be of interest to them based on this summary.
109
Tabl
e 1:
Sum
mar
y of
Goo
d In
tern
atio
nal W
aste
Man
agem
ent P
ract
ises
Was
te M
anag
emen
t V
aria
bles
Dev
elop
ed C
ount
ries
D
evel
opin
g C
ount
ries
Freq
uenc
y of
col
lect
ion
The
type
of w
aste
requ
iring
col
lect
ion
norm
ally
de
term
ines
the
frequ
ency
of w
aste
col
lect
ion.
• R
ecyc
labl
es
sepa
rate
d fro
m
sour
ce
are
gene
rally
co
llect
ed
once
in
a
fortn
ight
(E
den
Dis
trict
, H
art
Dis
trict
, S
utto
n an
d ot
hers
) or
in
som
e fe
w c
ases
, a
wee
kly
basi
s (e
.g. D
aven
try).
• G
ener
al w
aste
col
lect
ion
is n
orm
ally
on
a w
eekl
y ba
sis.
• In
ca
ses
whe
re
orga
nic
was
te
is
sepa
rate
d ou
t, ge
nera
l ho
useh
old
was
te
is
colle
cted
on
ce
in
a fo
rtnig
ht (N
ew Z
eala
nd, C
hris
tchu
rch)
.
• O
rgan
ic w
aste
is
colle
cted
on
a w
eekl
y ba
sis
(New
Ze
alan
d C
hris
tchu
rch)
• In
the
UK
org
anic
was
te i
s co
llect
ed e
very
sec
ond
wee
k in
the
sum
mer
mon
ths
and
on a
wee
kly
basi
s in
th
e w
inte
r mon
ths
(Sut
ton
and
Ede
n D
istri
ct)
• In
the
Gol
d C
oast
City
in A
ustra
lia, g
ener
al h
ouse
hold
co
llect
ion
from
apa
rtmen
t bu
ildin
gs i
s tw
ice
a w
eek
durin
g th
e ho
liday
sea
son.
In
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
ther
e is
no
sign
ifica
nt d
iffer
ence
in
the
colle
ctio
n fre
quen
cies
of
gene
ral
hous
ehol
d w
aste
be
twee
n ur
ban
and
rura
l are
as.
In
deve
lopi
ng
coun
tries
, co
llect
ion
frequ
ency
di
ffers
be
twee
n fo
rmal
and
inf
orm
al a
reas
whe
re a
cces
s is
di
fficu
lt.
• In
for
mal
are
as h
ouse
hold
was
te c
olle
ctio
n is
on
a w
eekl
y ba
sis.
• In
info
rmal
are
as c
olle
ctio
n is
don
e in
two
step
s:
o P
rimar
y co
llect
ion:
Col
lect
ion
from
hou
seho
lds
by
the
com
mun
ity
or
priv
ate
cont
ract
ors
to
cent
ral c
olle
ctio
n po
ints
. o
Sec
onda
ry c
olle
ctio
n: C
olle
ctio
n of
was
te f
rom
th
e ce
ntra
l col
lect
ion
poin
ts b
y th
e m
unic
ipal
ity.
• In
cas
es w
here
con
tract
ors
colle
ct t
he w
aste
fro
m
hous
ehol
ds to
cen
tral c
olle
ctio
n po
ints
, the
col
lect
ion
happ
ens
daily
(e.g
. Win
dhoe
k).
• In
the
City
of U
berlâ
ndia
, wet
was
te is
col
lect
ed o
n a
daily
bas
is a
nd d
ry w
aste
less
freq
uent
ly.
Rec
epta
cles
use
d Th
ere
is a
wid
e ra
nge
of r
ecep
tacl
es u
sed
in d
evel
oped
co
untri
es.
• 17
diff
eren
t typ
es a
nd s
izes
of r
ecep
tacl
es fo
r ge
nera
l
A w
ide
rang
e of
typ
es a
nd s
izes
of
rece
ptac
les
are
used
.
110
Was
te M
anag
emen
t V
aria
bles
Dev
elop
ed C
ount
ries
D
evel
opin
g C
ount
ries
was
te a
nd 7
diff
eren
t si
zes
of b
ins
for
recy
clab
les
wer
e re
porte
d in
the
Gol
d C
oast
in A
ustra
lia.
• S
mal
ler
bin
are
prov
ided
for
mix
ed w
aste
whi
le b
igge
r si
zed
bins
are
pro
vide
d fo
r rec
ycla
bles
.
• S
ome
mun
icip
aliti
es a
lso
give
res
iden
ts a
cho
ice
of
size
i.e
. tw
o 80
ℓ b
ins
inst
ead
of o
ne 2
40 ℓ
bin
for
do
mes
tic w
aste
.
• In
Sin
gapo
re b
ulk
cont
aine
rs a
re u
sed
at h
igh
rise
apar
tmen
t bu
ildin
gs
and
was
te
chut
es
from
ea
ch
apar
tmen
t are
con
stru
cted
in n
ewer
bui
ldin
gs.
• H
ome
com
post
ing
bins
are
pro
vide
d fre
e of
cha
rge
in
seve
ral o
f the
UK
mun
icip
aliti
es s
ampl
ed.
• R
ecep
tacl
es p
rovi
ded
by th
e m
unic
ipal
ity,
• P
last
ic b
ags
(new
or u
sed)
,
• U
sed
plas
tic a
nd m
etal
con
tain
ers,
• D
edic
ated
por
tabl
e ru
bbis
h bi
ns
• P
erm
anen
t con
cret
e bu
nker
s ar
e us
ed.
• R
ecep
tacl
es p
rovi
ded
to in
form
al a
reas
incl
ude
50 ℓ
sack
s th
at a
re u
sed
in M
aput
o an
d 15
m3 r
oll-o
n co
ntai
ners
and
ski
ps in
Lus
aka.
• Tw
o bl
ack
bags
pe
r ho
useh
old
per
wee
k ar
e pr
ovid
ed b
y pr
ivat
e co
ntra
ctor
s in
inf
orm
al a
reas
, w
hile
240
ℓ w
heel
ie b
ins
or r
efus
e co
ntai
ners
are
pr
ovid
ed
by
the
priv
ate
sect
or
in
Win
dhoe
k.
Com
mun
al b
ins
vary
ing
in s
ize
is t
he p
redo
min
ant
syst
em u
sed
in In
dia
and
Indo
nesi
a.
Col
lect
ion
fees
W
aste
co
llect
ion
fees
ar
e de
term
ined
di
ffere
ntly
in
di
ffere
nt c
ount
ries.
• S
inga
pore
cha
rges
a f
ixed
was
te c
olle
ctio
n ra
te p
er
hous
ehol
d pe
r mon
th.
• In
the
UK
ref
use
was
te c
olle
ctio
n is
cha
rged
thr
ough
th
e C
ounc
il ta
x sy
stem
.
• A
ustra
lia c
harg
es p
er b
in.
• N
ew Z
eala
nd c
harg
es a
uni
form
ann
ual r
ate
for w
aste
co
llect
ion
and
was
te m
inim
isat
ion.
N
B: N
o de
tail
was
giv
en o
n ho
w th
ese
syst
ems
func
tion.
A
few
di
ffere
nt
appr
oach
es
wer
e re
porte
d fo
r de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s:
• In
Map
uto
the
fee
is c
olle
cted
as
part
of th
e en
ergy
bi
ll lim
iting
the
paym
ent
for
was
te s
ervi
ces
to th
ose
who
are
con
nect
ed to
the
ener
gy g
rid o
nly.
• In
Lus
aka
the
refu
se r
emov
al c
harg
e is
kep
t be
low
1.
5% o
f the
dis
posa
ble
inco
me
of fa
mili
es:
o A
max
imum
of
ZAR
10 i
s ch
arge
d in
per
i-urb
an
area
s of
Lus
aka,
o
Mor
e af
fluen
t ar
eas
may
pay
up
to t
en t
imes
hi
gher
to a
llow
for c
ross
sub
sidi
satio
n.
• W
indh
oek
and
Indo
nesi
a ch
arge
s a
fixed
rat
e pe
r
111
Was
te M
anag
emen
t V
aria
bles
Dev
elop
ed C
ount
ries
D
evel
opin
g C
ount
ries
hous
ehol
d pe
r mon
th fo
r was
te c
olle
ctio
n.
Sto
rage
and
tran
sfer
sta
tions
•
Com
mun
ity c
olle
ctio
n po
ints
are
pro
vide
d in
all
area
s in
Chr
istc
hurc
h w
here
sta
ndar
d ke
rbsi
de c
olle
ctio
n is
no
t pro
vide
d.
• E
coD
epot
s or
brin
g si
tes
are
cons
truct
ed a
t va
rious
po
ints
in c
ities
to
acce
pt a
ll re
cycl
able
was
tes
free
of
char
ge.
•
Tran
sfer
sta
tions
are
use
d to
opt
imis
e th
e us
age
of
com
pact
or tr
ucks
for w
aste
col
lect
ion.
• W
aste
is
ofte
n te
mpo
raril
y st
ored
(in
con
tain
ers
or
not)
next
to m
ain
road
s in
info
rmal
are
as.
• Fo
rmal
tra
nsfe
r st
atio
ns a
nd c
ompo
stin
g fa
cilit
ies
wer
e re
porte
d in
Jak
arta
.
• G
arde
n w
aste
site
s w
ere
repo
rted
in W
indh
oek.
• U
berlâ
ndia
rep
orte
d ha
ving
sor
ting
faci
litie
s fo
r dr
y w
aste
.
Trea
tmen
t of w
aste
•
Mix
ed
dom
estic
w
aste
is
co
mpa
cted
du
ring
trans
porta
tion
as w
ell a
s at
the
land
fill.
• S
inga
pore
and
Jap
an in
cine
rate
mun
icip
al s
olid
was
te
at la
rge
scal
e.
• C
ompo
stin
g is
pra
ctis
ed b
oth
at h
ouse
hold
lev
el a
s w
ell
as
at
com
post
ing
site
s an
d ot
her
sour
ce
sepa
rate
d re
cycl
able
s ar
e re
cycl
ed a
t rec
yclin
g pl
ants
.
• S
mal
l sc
ale
recy
clin
g op
erat
ions
ha
ve
not
been
re
porte
d in
the
sam
pled
dev
elop
ed m
unic
ipal
ities
.
• R
ecyc
ling
was
ide
ntifi
ed f
or t
he f
ollo
win
g ite
ms;
foi
l, te
xtile
s, e
ngin
e oi
l, pa
per,
plas
tics,
gla
ss, b
atte
ries
and
scra
p m
etal
.
• B
ulky
was
te is
cru
shed
bef
ore
recy
clin
g in
Jap
an.
• C
ompa
ctio
n of
was
te d
urin
g tra
nspo
rtatio
n is
onl
y lim
ited
to c
ases
whe
re c
ompa
ctor
truc
ks a
re u
sed.
• Ja
karta
, U
berlâ
ndia
and
Ind
ia a
re r
epor
ted
to h
ave
com
post
ing
(aer
obic
and
ver
min
com
post
ing)
. N
B:
anae
robi
c di
gest
ion
of o
rgan
ic w
aste
is r
epor
ted
in
Ube
rlând
ia a
nd In
dia.
• S
mal
l-sca
le in
cine
ratio
n is
repo
rted
in J
akar
ta.
• A
num
ber
of w
aste
-to-e
nerg
y pi
lot
plan
ts i
nclu
ding
in
cine
ratio
n, p
elle
tisat
ion
and
anae
robi
c di
gest
ion
are
repo
rted
in In
dia.
Rec
yclin
g B
est p
ract
ices
with
resp
ect t
o re
cycl
ing
are
as fo
llow
s:
• A
stu
rdy
plas
tic g
reen
box
is
prov
ided
to
16 0
00
• In
form
al r
ecyc
ling
is r
epor
ted
in m
ost i
nfor
mal
are
as
in
mos
t co
untri
es
sam
pled
.
The
mar
kets
fo
r
112
Was
te M
anag
emen
t V
aria
bles
Dev
elop
ed C
ount
ries
D
evel
opin
g C
ount
ries
hous
ehol
ds
in
Ede
n D
istri
ct
mun
icip
ality
. Th
e re
cycl
able
s ar
e co
llect
ed
and
sorte
d in
to
com
partm
ents
of a
cus
tom
bui
lt ve
hicl
e ev
ery
seco
nd
wee
k.
• U
sed
batte
ries
are
mai
led
back
to
supp
liers
usi
ng
spec
ially
des
igne
d en
velo
ps.
• R
ecyc
ling
in r
ural
are
as m
ainl
y dr
iven
as
a so
urce
of
inco
me
for
scho
ols,
com
mun
ity g
roup
s an
d pa
rish
coun
cils
. Th
e co
unci
l pay
per
tonn
e of
recy
cled
was
te
• G
arde
n re
fuse
bi
ns
are
prov
ided
to
18
000
ho
useh
olds
to fa
cilit
ate
recy
clin
g of
gar
den
was
te
• A
dditi
onal
ch
arge
s ar
e ad
ded
to
addi
tiona
l bu
lky
hous
ehol
d w
aste
. •
“Sid
e w
aste
” (a
ny w
aste
tha
t do
es n
ot f
it in
to th
e bi
n i.e
. Chr
istm
as tr
ees
that
are
pla
ced
next
to th
e bi
n) is
ta
ken
shor
tly a
fter t
he fe
stiv
e se
ason
. •
Rec
ycla
bles
not
mee
ting
the
expe
cted
sta
ndar
ds a
re
not c
olle
cted
but
inst
ead
a no
te is
left
expl
aini
ng w
hy
they
wer
e no
t re
mov
ed a
nd h
ow t
o im
prov
e on
the
si
tuat
ion.
E.g
. con
tam
inat
ed re
cycl
ebal
es.
• G
reen
was
te i
s de
liver
ed t
o co
mpo
stin
g fa
rms
for
proc
essi
ng
• B
ring
site
s fo
r col
lect
ing
glas
s •
Was
te r
ecyc
ling
cent
res
are
open
7 d
ays
a w
eek
for
resi
dent
s to
use
fre
e of
cha
rge
whi
le n
on-r
esid
ents
an
d co
mm
erci
al u
sers
are
cha
rged
. I
n or
der
to u
se
the
faci
lity
free
of c
harg
e re
side
nts
mus
t sh
ow t
heir
Cou
ncil
Tax
docu
men
ts.
Alth
ough
not
repo
rted,
it c
an
be a
ssum
ed th
at th
e ch
arge
s le
vied
goe
s to
war
ds th
e C
ounc
il Ta
x ac
coun
t. •
In t
ruck
sor
ting
of m
ixed
rec
ycla
bles
on
colle
ctio
n of
recy
clin
g in
Map
uto
are
how
ever
lim
ited
and
the
recy
clab
les
are
expo
rted
to n
eigh
bour
ing
coun
tries
. W
indh
oek
also
exp
ort g
lass
col
lect
ed fo
r rec
yclin
g to
S
outh
Afri
ca.
• Fo
rmal
litte
r pic
kers
are
trai
ned
and
empl
oyed
by
the
land
fill o
pera
tor a
t the
land
fill i
n W
indh
oek
to p
ick
out
recy
clab
les
at th
e la
ndfil
ls.
• S
peci
alis
ed c
ontra
ctor
s re
mov
e re
cycl
able
s fro
m th
e ce
ntra
l bus
ines
s di
stric
t of U
berlâ
ndia
. •
Sou
rce
sepa
ratio
n of
w
et
and
dry
was
te
(bio
degr
adab
le a
nd n
on-b
iode
grad
able
). •
Com
post
ing
is ta
rget
ed in
Indi
a du
e to
hug
e vo
lum
es
of o
rgan
ic w
aste
gen
erat
ed.
113
Was
te M
anag
emen
t V
aria
bles
Dev
elop
ed C
ount
ries
D
evel
opin
g C
ount
ries
was
te.
• P
artn
ersh
ips
with
ne
ighb
ourin
g ar
eas
to
nego
tiate
be
tter p
rices
for l
arge
r qua
ntiti
es o
f was
te
• B
ulky
hou
seho
ld re
cycl
ing
cent
re
• “R
ecyc
lom
obile
” –
a m
obile
br
ing
site
to
co
llect
re
cycl
able
s in
rem
ote
area
s •
Em
ploy
men
t op
portu
nitie
s fo
r pe
ople
with
lea
rnin
g di
sabi
litie
s •
Usi
ng a
pha
sed
appr
oach
to
crea
te a
war
enes
s an
d en
sure
bes
t pra
ctic
e fo
r rec
yclin
g •
Bot
tles
are
retu
rned
to re
taile
rs a
nd s
hops
from
whe
re
it is
ret
urne
d to
who
lesa
lers
and
bot
tle c
ompa
nies
in
Japa
n •
Pac
kagi
ng m
ater
ial i
s so
urce
sep
arat
ed a
nd c
olle
cted
by
mun
icip
ality
in J
apan
.
Tran
spor
t A
var
iety
of
vehi
cles
are
use
d fo
r w
aste
tra
nspo
rt fro
m
cust
om b
uilt
com
partm
enta
lised
veh
icle
s to
low
ent
ry
vehi
cles
for
rec
yclin
g.
Chr
istc
hurc
h re
porte
d th
e us
e of
co
mbi
natio
n tru
cks
for
colle
ctin
g bo
th r
ecyc
labl
es a
nd
dom
estic
was
te.
Lane
truc
ks (c
ompa
ctor
truc
k w
ith tr
aile
r fo
r re
cycl
ing)
as
wel
l as
larg
e an
d lo
ng r
ecyc
ling
truck
s w
ere
also
repo
rted
as b
eing
use
d in
Chr
istc
hurc
h. J
apan
us
es c
ompa
ctor
truc
ks a
nd h
aula
ge v
ehic
les
to tr
ansp
ort
was
te to
inci
nera
tors
.
Prim
ary
colle
ctio
n us
es a
var
iety
of
trans
port
syst
ems,
ra
ngin
g fro
m
hand
carts
, w
heel
ba
rrow
s,
push
carts
, bu
llock
car
ts,
tricy
cles
to
tract
or-tr
aile
r co
mbi
natio
ns,
light
mot
or v
ehic
les
and
smal
l tru
cks.
S
econ
dary
col
lect
ion
uses
spe
cial
ised
tru
cks
incl
udin
g ho
oklif
t tru
cks,
sk
iplif
ts
truck
s an
d tra
ctor
tra
iler
com
bina
tions
.
Whe
re
the
mun
icip
ality
pr
ovid
e se
rvic
es
in
form
al
area
s, c
ompa
ctor
truc
ks a
re u
sed.
114
Was
te M
anag
emen
t V
aria
bles
Dev
elop
ed C
ount
ries
D
evel
opin
g C
ount
ries
Oth
er
• A
ll w
aste
not
col
lect
ed o
r par
tially
on
the
colle
ctio
n da
y ca
n be
rep
orte
d an
d w
ill b
e co
llect
ed o
n th
e fo
llow
ing
day.
•
Var
iatio
ns t
o th
e no
rmal
ker
bsid
e co
llect
ion
can
be
appl
ied
for
in E
den
as w
ell
as b
ulk
was
te c
olle
ctio
n se
rvic
es a
re a
vaila
ble
at a
fee.
•
Col
lect
ion
of d
omes
tic c
linic
al w
aste
upo
n re
ques
t fro
m a
doc
tor o
r sta
te re
gist
ered
nur
se.
• O
nlin
e re
porti
ng a
nd c
ompl
aint
s lo
ggin
g sy
stem
s.
• A
pr
e-bo
oked
se
rvic
e fo
r co
llect
ing
furn
iture
an
d el
ectri
cal a
pplia
nces
– c
an b
e bo
oked
onl
ine.
•
Rec
yclin
g an
d en
viro
nmen
t of
ficer
s gi
ve
talk
s on
w
aste
and
recy
clin
g.
• Ti
ps o
n w
aste
redu
ctio
n.
• A
ssis
ted
colle
ctio
n on
req
uest
inc
ludi
ng a
bac
k do
or
colle
ctio
n fo
r dis
able
d/fra
il pe
ople
. •
Lim
ited
num
ber o
f bin
s al
low
ed p
er h
ouse
hold
. •
Sm
alle
r w
aste
con
tain
ers
issu
ed t
o fra
gile
peo
ple
on
requ
est.
• In
tens
ive
and
targ
eted
pub
licity
cam
paig
n.
• D
edic
ated
recy
clin
g of
ficer
. •
Rec
yclin
g in
crea
sed
with
inc
reas
ed w
aste
rem
oval
se
rvic
e fo
r rec
ycla
bles
. •
Rea
l nap
py c
ampa
ign
to e
ncou
rage
the
use
of m
oder
n w
asha
ble
napp
ies.
Lau
ndry
ser
vice
s pr
ovid
ed f
ree
of
char
ge to
pos
t nat
al m
othe
rs in
one
Brig
htin
g U
nit.
• H
ome
com
post
ing
is e
ncou
rage
d.
• A
dopt
-a-b
ank
(rec
yclin
g ba
nk) s
chem
e.
• D
etai
led
ongo
ing
serv
ice
requ
est
and
com
plai
nts
• In
Map
uto,
mic
ro-e
nter
pris
e em
ploy
s 3
supe
rvis
ors
and
2 st
reet
sw
eepe
rs t
o pr
ovid
e a
colle
ctio
n an
d cl
eans
ing
serv
ice
alon
g fix
ed r
oute
s in
ded
icat
ed
area
s.
Th
e co
mm
unity
br
ing
thei
r w
aste
to
a
hand
cart.
•
The
Lusa
ka m
unic
ipal
ity o
ffer
a tra
inin
g co
urse
to
com
mun
ity
cont
ract
ors
on
was
te
man
agem
ent,
heal
th ri
sk o
f was
te h
andl
ing,
fina
ncia
l man
agem
ent,
deve
lopm
ent
of
a bu
sine
ss
plan
an
d pu
blic
aw
aren
ess
crea
tion
and
educ
atio
n.
• Th
e W
indh
oek
mun
icip
ality
allo
ws
resi
dent
s to
put
ou
t one
bla
ck in
add
ition
to th
e w
heel
ie b
in a
nd w
ill
be c
olle
cted
at n
o ex
tra c
harg
e if
the
whe
elie
bin
is
too
smal
l. •
Com
mun
ity
cont
ract
ors
in
info
rmal
ar
eas
of
Win
dhoe
k pr
ovid
e w
aste
man
agem
ent
serv
ices
to
only
20
0 ho
useh
olds
an
d th
e su
rrou
ndin
g op
en
area
s pe
r con
tract
or in
the
spiri
t of j
ob c
reat
ion.
•
Bul
ky w
aste
can
be
colle
cted
from
the
hous
ehol
d on
sp
ecia
l arr
ange
men
t with
the
Win
dhoe
k m
unic
ipal
ity.
• W
aste
ch
arac
teris
atio
n is
do
ne
prio
r to
im
plem
enta
tion
of s
ourc
e se
para
tion
in U
berlâ
ndia
. •
In J
akar
ta, t
he c
olle
ctio
n tru
ck a
nnou
nces
the
was
te
colle
ctio
n tim
e by
pl
ayin
g a
tune
or
bl
owin
g a
whi
stle
. H
ouse
hold
s re
spon
d by
brin
ging
the
was
te
to th
e tru
ck.
• Th
e co
llect
ion
serv
ice
prov
ided
in J
akar
ta is
out
lined
in
a M
aste
r pla
n fo
r sol
id w
aste
man
agem
ent.
• In
Met
eng,
nei
ghbo
urho
od a
ssoc
iatio
ns p
rovi
de a
w
aste
col
lect
ion
serv
ice.
Th
e as
soci
atio
n pr
ovid
ing
the
serv
ice
deve
lop
thei
r ow
n pr
imar
y co
llect
ion
115
Was
te M
anag
emen
t V
aria
bles
D
evel
oped
Cou
ntri
es
Dev
elop
ing
Cou
ntri
es
man
agem
ent.
All
mis
sed
serv
ice
calls
nee
d to
be
lock
ed e
ven
if la
ter
reso
lved
as
“res
iden
t for
got t
o pu
t ou
t or
put
out
too
lat
e” o
r tru
ck s
till
com
ing.
(E
.g.
runn
ing
late
on
roun
d).
• C
olle
ctio
n of
was
te b
y co
mm
unity
gro
ups.
•
Lega
l m
easu
res
supp
orte
d by
na
tiona
l fu
ndin
g m
anag
ed
to
stab
ilise
th
e so
lid
was
te
syst
ems
in
Japa
n.
syst
em ta
ilore
d fo
r the
nee
ds o
f the
com
mun
ity.
• M
ost
of t
he b
est
prac
tices
not
ed m
entio
ned
that
su
bsta
ntia
l m
arke
ting
of
serv
ice
is
esse
ntia
l to
su
cces
sful
impl
emen
tatio
n.
(DE
AT,
200
9)