Citing Authors and Works

What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism is the use of another person’s ideas or words without giving them the proper credit.

Plagiarism can occur when you use someone else’s exact words without giving them credit, takingcredit for someone else’s ideas, or even presenting your own past work as a new idea.

What is APA?

The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most

commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences. It regulates: STYLISTICS, IN-TEXT CITATIONS,

and REFERENCES

How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE

• Center the title (Bibliography or References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it.

• Double-space reference entries*.

• Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines.

• Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames.

How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE

• Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials: “Smith, J.Q.”).

• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE

• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

• Italicize or underline titles of longer works such as books and journals.

• Do NOT italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

Sample Entries

Book with a single author

Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Strunk, W., Jr. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

Book with two authors

Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E.B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

Book with multiple authors

Calarco, M., San, K., & Atterton, P.(2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings in continental thought. New York: Continuum.

Edited book

Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Book with corporate authors

World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and North Africa: Women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author.

Section from a book

Jeffrey, I. (2002). Introduction. In B. Savelev, Secret city: Photographs from Peru (pp. 8-12). New York: Thames and Hudson.

CD-ROM

King, M.L., Jr.(1963). I have been to the mountaintop. Infamous American speeches [CD-ROM]. Retrieved from Oryx Press database [1996, November 8].

Web site

Adams, R. G. (1937). Librarians as enemies of books. In D. Seaman (Ed.). The electronic text  center. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia. Retrieved January 7, 2002, from   http://www.etext.lib.virginia.edu/modengA.html

Web page

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu") and You. Retrieved February 6, 2010, from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm

Blog post

McAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of First Person in APA Style [Web log message]. Retrieved May 7, 2010, from http://blog.apastyle.org/.

Journal

Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T., Snigaroff, R., ... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potential risk from subsistence foods from the Aleutians. Science of The Total Environment, 384, 93-105. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004

Online journal

Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of school violence as "moral panic" [Electronic Version]. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202. Retrieved October 30, 2001, from

http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is3/killingbeck.html

Newspaper article

Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Philippine Star, pp. A37-38.

Magazine article

Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135(4), 28-31.

Thesis

Johnson, S. (2004). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence from bank mergers.   Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database.(AAT 3025476)

Johnson, S. (2004). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence from bank mergers [Unpublished thesis].   Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database.(AAT 3025476)

Song recording

Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time out [CD] New York: Columbia. (1987)

Film

Jarre, K., Carr, P. (Producers), & Sommers, S. (Director). (2004). The mummy [Motion Picture].   MCA Universal Home Video.

Stage play

Atlantis Productions (Producer). Garcia, B. (Director). (2011). Next to normal [Stage Play].   Makati: Carlos P. Romulo Auditorium.

In-text citation

APA Style gives prominence to the date of a publication. In-text citations use the author's last name and the date, separated by a comma, as a brief reference in the text of the article to refer the reader to complete information in the reference list.

Example: “APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners” (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Single author

If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, then only the date need be given:

Example:

Jones (1998) described APA as a difficult citation format for first-time learners (p. 199).

Single author

Always use both names every time they are referred to in the text. Use the ampersand (&) to connect the names in the parentheses, but spell out "and" in the running text.

Examples: (Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998)

Parker and Mokhesi-Parker (1998) in examining institutional design and function …

Two authors

Cite all the authors in text the first time a reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Examples: (Parker, Mokhesi-Parker, AuthorC, AuthorD & AuthorE, 1998)

(Parker et al., 1998)

Three to five authors

Cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

Examples:

(Parker et al., 1998)

Six or more authors

Examples:

(Anonymous, 1998)

Anonymous author

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Short quotation

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

Block quotes are used for quotes of more than 40 words.

Block quote (long quotation)

• Indent the block quote five spaces or half an inch.

• Do not use quotation marks.• Double space the quote unless your school

has a rule about single spacing block quotes.• Do not include any additional lines or spaces

before or after the block quote.• Notice that in block quotes, the period goes

before the parentheses, not after.

Block quote (long quotation)

Block quote (long quotation)

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated: Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p.342)

Special case

Boyle (1998a, 1998b, 1998c) found in three separate studies that the rats had higher stress hormone levels after exposure.

The three studies were done in 1998 and each was published separately that year. To avoid confusion, each study will be designated by a different letter – a, b, c, etc. Items are listed in the reference section alphabetically by title.

Special case

Strunk (1922) mentioned in his article to “[u]se quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book…[u]se a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short…” (p.342).