REFERENCING AND CITING ACADEMIC SOURCES USING

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

APU Library

• A method used to demonstrate a thorough and appropriate literature search and reading.

• An acknowledgement of used ideas and written material belonging to other authors in own work.

• Two part of referencing : Citing (In-Text Referencing)and reference list (End-Text Referencing).

• What should I reference?• All the sources of information used when writing

or creating own work.

Referencing

Avoiding plagiarism

• The availability of text in digital form increases the possibility of accidentally using someone else's material without acknowledgement.

• Make sure you record all the details of the material you would be referencing later. (Author, title, date of publication, etc.)

• By all means use quotes and paraphrased material but cite it properly.

When to cite?

√ Direct quotes√ Statistics/Studies√ Theories√ Facts√ Interpretations√ Paraphrases

What is a citation?(In-Text Referencing)

• Give the brief (abbreviated) details of the work that you're quoting from, or to which you are referring in your text.

• Link to the full reference in your reference list.• The citation should include:

1. The author/editor of the cited work.2. The year of publication of cited work.

Two styles of In-Text referencing1. Parentheses Citation = According to ( Jones, 1998), ….2. Narrative Citation = According to Jones (1998), ….

Citation(In-Text Referencing)

How do I write citation using

APA?

• Short quotations

Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

Parentheses CitationAccording to ( Jones, 1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Or

The author’s surname appears in running text, and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the author’s name for a narrative citation.

Narrative CitationJones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

Example of citation(In-Text Referencing) cont.…

• Long quotations

Example of citation(In-Text Referencing) cont.…

1. Quotations must be 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. 2. Start a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, (new paragraph).3. Use double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. 4. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Long quotationsExample;

Single PhraseEntire

quotation indented ½ inch

• Quotations from sources without page numbers

1. Use other available identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. 2. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers.

Jones (1998) found a variety of causes for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation practices (paras. 4–5).

A meta-analysis of available literature (Jones, 1998) revealed inconsistency across large-scale studies of student learning (Table 3).

Example of citation(In-Text Referencing) cont….

• Summary or paraphrase

1. Make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers.2. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase to help the reader find the information from the original sources.

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

Or

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Example of citation(In-Text Referencing) cont….

Citing Non-Standard Author Categories

Three author and above:

Shuraida et al. (2013) stated that the information system analyst often serve ….

Works with a group author or organization with an abbreviation, the first citation will spell out the author, followed by the abbreviation in brackets.Example: First citation;According to the Asia Pacific University (APU, 2020),..

Or

Second citation: (APU, 2020)

Two authors Three or more authors

Organization as an Author

Two Authors : Boell and Cecez-Kecmanovic (2015) indicated that information systems …

Or

(Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic 2015)

‘Cite an electronicdocument the same as anyother document by usingthe author-date style.’Example:

Kenneth (2000) explained...

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003,p. 102).

Or

(Johnson, 1985, as citedin Smith, 2003, p. 102).

‘First word or two of thetitle in the parentheses anduse the abbreviation "n.d."(for "no date").’ Example:

Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

Citing Indirect Sources Electronic Sources Unknown Author and Unknown Date

Citing Non-Standard Author Categories cont.…

Authors with the Same Last Name

Use first initials with the last names..

(Johnson, 2002; Peter, 1983)

To distinguish between items in text, allocate lower case letters in alphabetical order after the publication date.

Deitel (2011a) outlines....Deitel (2011b) added that…

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

Citing Non-Standard Author Categories cont.…

Citing Multiple Sources in the Same ParenthesesInclude each set of authors and dates in your parentheses, in the same order they appear in your reference list (i.e. alphabetically), and separated by semicolons.

.....(Firhad & Angel, 2018; Gak, 2013; Sanchoz, Chopat, & Mertin, 2016).

Include a slide number and a paragraph number if you directly quotes from the slide presentation

(Jacob, 2018, slide 11, para. 2)

Direct Quote from a Slide Presentation

Citing Non-Standard Author Categories cont.…

Citing Sources – Missing Information

What information do you have?

Solution Example

I have both author and date

n/a Walker and Allen (2004)

Author is missing Use Title as the Main Entry

Advertising management (2011)

Date is missing Use ‘n.d.’ for ‘no date’ Bradley et al. (n.d.)

Author and date are missing

Combine solution for author and date being missing

Economic policies and structure (n.d.)

How do I write a Reference list

(end-text referencing) using APA Style?

Creating the APA Reference List

WHO: Author’s name WHEN: Date of publication

WHAT: Title of work WHERE: Source data

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Title of work. Source data.

Author last name, first and middle

initial (if available)

APA uses the ampersand (&) instead

of “and”

Date of publication may include year, Month

day

Formatting of title will vary depending on

the type of source

Publication information or retrievalinformation

Information needed:

• WESTERN NAMES – Record western names by last names/ surnames/family names, followed by first and/or middle names.

Guidelines for Author(s) Name

E.g.:• D. H. Lawrence

Lawrence, D. H.

• John CavanaughCavanaugh, J.

• CHINESE / JAPANESE / KOREAN NAMES – Entry under the family name.

E.g.:• Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang, K.• Ibrahim Ma Tien-Ying

Ma, I. T.• Naruto Uzumaki

Uzumaki, N.• Park Seo Joon

Park, S. J.

• Narrayani a/p Jeganathan. Narrayani Jeganathan

• Jawarhar a/l Balakrishnan Jawarhar Balakrishnan

• Karam Singh Walia Karam Singh Walia

• Jaafi Kaur Karam SinghJaafi Kaur Karam Singh

• OTHER NAMES – Entry under first names

E.g. • Shahnon Ahmad

Shahnon Ahmad • Luat anak Jabu

Luat anak Jabu• Adi Waskito

Adi Waskito• Syed Hussein Al-Attas

Syed Hussein Al-Attas

Guidelines for Author(s) Name cont…

Identifying Information on Resources (Example: 1)

Example 1: Book Cover Page

Author

Place of Publication

Book title

Publisher

Step 1: Identify book(s) to be referenced and the information given at the Cover page

Author

Place of Publication

Book title

Publisher

Step 2: Go to the Title page (Title page is the page at or near the front ). You may see the title of the book, author’s name and the publisher.

Example 1: Book Title Page

Identifying Information on Resources (Example: 1) cont…

Copyright Date /

Publication Year

Step 3: Flip the book and you will see the Verso page (verso page is generally on the opposite side of the title page). From there, you may find the year of publication.

Example 1: Book Verso Page

Identifying Information on Resources (Example: 1) cont…

Example 1: Book End Text Referencing

Step 4: Gather all the information from the main page of the article and arrange the information according to the guidelines and example.

Mehra, A. (2009). Advertising management: media approach for market research. Global India Publications.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of book. Publisher.

Format:

Example:

Identifying Information on Resources (Example: 1) cont…

Example 2: Online Journal

URL / DOI

Authors

YearArticle Title

Volume and Issue Number

Page Number

Journal title

Identifying Information on Resources (Example: 2)

Gather all the information from the main page of the article and arrange the information according to the guidelines and example.

Format:

Example:

Denton, D. K. (2012) To manage change, manage the big picture. Human Resources Management International Digest. 20(6), pp. 35-42. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09670731211260898

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), page-page. doi:xx.xxxxxxxx

Example 2: Online Journal End Text Referencing

Identifying Information on Resources (Example: 2) cont…

Guidelines for Referencing the Sources

Example 1: Book 1. Entire book (print version)=Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of book (edition). Publisher. Example: Mehra, A. (2009). Advertising management: media approach for market research. Global India

Publications.

2. Entire book (online version)=Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of book. http://xxxxx3.Example:Nishiguchi, T. (1996). Managing product development. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com

/lib/uctiebooks/detail.action?docID=241639.

Guidelines for Referencing the Sources cont.…

Example 2: Journal Article 1. Journal article (print version) Author, A. A. (year). Title of article from journal. Title of Journal, volume(issue), page-page. Example:Jarjoura, G.R., Triplet, R.A. & Brinker, G.P. (2002). Growing up poor examining the link between

persistent childhood poverty and delinquency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 18 (2/3), pp. 2-5.

2. Journal article (retrieved online – with DOI) Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), page-page.

doi:xx.xxxxxxxxExample:Denton, D. K. (2012). To manage change, manage the big picture. Human Resources Management

International Digest. 20(6), 35-42. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09670731211260 898

Guidelines for Referencing the Sources cont.…

Example 3: WebsiteAuthor, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of article. Website names. volume(issue), page-page.

https://xxxxxxExample:Sullivan, J. (2010). Social networking tips for teachers. EducationWorld, 2.

https://www.educationworld.com/atech/tech/tech256. shtml

Example 4: Conference PaperAuthor, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of paper. Name of conference. page-page.

https://xxxxxxExample:Burago, I., & Lowd, D. (2015). Automated attacks on compression-based classifiers. Proceedings of

the 8th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security, 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808769.2808778

APA References List Formats

1. Begin the reference list on a new page after the text.2. Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page, centered.3. Double-space the reference list, both within and between references. Do not add extra

lines between references. 4. Order references alphabetically, usually by the first letter of the first author’s last name. 5. Include the authors’ first and middle initials (if they have them). Do not write out first or

middle names. 6. Write author names in inverted format so that the last name comes first, followed by a

comma and the initials. Place a period and a space after each initial. 7. Apply a hanging indent for all references using the paragraph-formatting function of your

word processing program: The first line is flush left, and all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in.

Example of APA References

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