cities & sustainability: a midcourse correctionwelwyn example average work trip distance...
TRANSCRIPT
12 Nov. 2012
Wendell Cox
DemographiaLafayette College
Web-seminar
Cities & Sustainability:
A Midcourse Correction
Cairo to Madrid:
2100 Miles
Cairo to Mumbai:
2700 Miles
The Rivalry: #148
OUTLINECities in Perspective
The Evolving Urban Form
Cities & Transport
The Dimensions of Sustainability
Current Urban Planning Myths
Conclusion: Poverty not an Option
Athens
… compact development
should not automatically
be associated with the
preferred spatial growth
strategy.
CITIES IN PERSPECTIVE
Chongqing
GlobalScaling
Research
The city islike an
elephant:The bigger, the more
productive
City (Urban Organism)
Metropolitan Area or Labor Market
(Functional Expanse)
Urban Area or Agglomeration
(Physical Expanse)
PARIS
METROPOLITAN
AREA
PARIS URBAN
AREA
Exurban
Area (Rural)
Definition of Urban TermsPARIS METROPOLITAN AREA (AIRE URBAINE)
Allentown MSA & Urban Area2010
Pearl River Delta
Urban Areas
Guangzhou-Foshan
Dongguan
Shenzhen
Hong Kong
ZhongshanJiangmen
Zhuhai
Macau
Figure 10
Shanghai
Why Cities Grow: EconomicsPEOPLE MOVE THERE FOR BETTER LIVES
The raison d’être of large cities is the increasing return to scale inherent to large labor markets. The cities’ economic efficiency requires, therefore, avoiding any spatial fragmentation of labor markets.
Welwyn
ExampleAverage Work Trip Distance
(Exurban London)2x Town Diameter
Average Work Trip Length: 2001
Jobs-Housing Balance (UK)BALANCED ACHIEVED, BUT NOT IN COMMUTING
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3565
0BC
400B
C
200B
C
100A
D
500
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Po
pu
lati
on
(M
illio
ns)
Year: (Irregular Scale)
World’s Largest Cities (Urban Areas)650 BC TO PRESENT
Figure 13
From
Chandler
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
$45,000
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
GD
P/C
ap
ita
: R
ich
es
t N
ati
on
: 2
00
0$
Walking Mass
Transit
Highest National GDPs: 1500-2000650 BC TO PRESENT
AutoPRINCIPAL
MODE
Figure 14
From
Maddison
(OECD)
Mumbai: Airport East Slum
Economics: A History of PovertyCANNOT TAKE AFFLUENCE FOR GRANTED
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
AtlantaPortland
VancouverNew York
Los AngelesParis
JakartaSeoul
ManilaHong Kong
KarachiMumbai
Dhaka
Population per Square Kilometer
Less Developed World
More Developed World
Urban Area Average Population DensitiesDHAKA & SELECTED (METRIC MEASURE)
0
250,000
500,000
750,000
1,000,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
1,750,000
2,000,000
Kowloon Walled City
1990
Dhaka-Ward 28
Hong Kong: Tsueng Wan
Centre
New York: Highest 1910
Mumbai Marine Lines
Paris 11 Arr.
Po
pu
latio
n p
er
KM
2
Neighborhood Densities: Examples(WITHIN CITIES)
Kowloon Walled City
(Hong Kong)
Nearly 5M/Square Mile
19Dhaka
Dhaka Shantytown
Up to
2M/Square Mile
THE EVOLVING URBAN FORM
Shenyang
GlobalScaling
Research
Double citysize, 15%
productivityimprovement(density not
an issue)
As CitiesBecomeLarger
They BecomeLess Dense
Coming to Terms with
Global Urban Expansion
Cairo Urban Area: Evolution1972-2010
Addis Abeba Urban Area: Evolution1972-2010
Mexico CitySpatial
Expansion:1910-2000
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Inner Core Outer Core Suburban
Pop
ulat
ion
Incr
ease
in M
illio
nsShanghai Population by Sector
CHANGE: 2000-2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1982 1990 2000 2010
Po
pu
lati
on
in M
illio
ns
Shenzhen Inner & Outer Area Population1982 - 2010
CORE DISTRICTS
OUTER DISTRICTS
Figure 28
Jakarta16%
Inner Suburbs
31%
Outer Suburbs &
Exurbs53%
Jakarta: Growth by Sector2000-2010
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,00019
01
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Population by District: 1901-2011MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION
OUTER MUMBAI
INNER MUMBAI
THANE
RAIGAHR
0
5
10
15
20
25
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Po
pu
lati
on
in M
illio
ns
Core & Suburban Population: 1950-2010MANILA URBAN AREA
MANILA (CORE)
SUBURBS
Inner Moscow
3%
Outer Moscow
70%
Suburban27%
Moscow Area Population Growth by Sector2002-2010
Substantial Urban Spatial
Expansion Planned
Moscow
97% 94% 93%
114%
92%
High Income World: 1960s-2000sNEARLY ALL URBAN GROWTH IN SUBURBS: 35+YEARS
Au
stra
lia
Can
ada
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Wes
tern
Eu
rop
e
Jap
an
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
1950 2010
New York Urban Area ExpansionPOPULATION & URBAN LAND AREA 1950 - 2010
Population
Urban Land Area
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1954 2008
Po
pu
lati
on
in M
illio
ns
Paris Urban Area Population Growth1950 - 2010
VILLE DE PARIS
SUBURBS
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Suburban Rings 4-6 (1980-2000)Suburban Rings 1-3 (1950-1970)City
Zürich Urban Area Population GrowthCITY & SUBURBAN RINGS: 1950-2010
Source: Statistik Stadt Zürich & FSO
Pearson picture
• Chicago?
Largest Employment Center in CanadaEDGE CITY: TORONTO PEARSON AIRPORT AREA
Mexico City: Santa Fe (#3)
Sao Paulo: Luis Berrini (#3)
Addis Abeba: Bole
Curitiba and
Metropolitan Region
YEAR POPULATION
2000 2.700.000
1985 1.700.000
1975 1.140.000
1965 550.000
1955 360.000
2010 3.224.286
2020 3.758.358
Evolution of Urban GrowthThe Organic Growth of Cities
CURRENT URBAN PLANNING MYTHS
Chicago
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Historical Core Cities Suburbs
Shar
e o
f P
op
ula
tio
n G
row
thNot “Returning to the Cities”
MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS: CORE & SUBURBAN
Net Core to Suburb
Domestic Migration
Continued 2010-2011
1990-
20002000-
2010
206,000
-272,000
1,105,000
3,473,000 2,989,000
8,566,000
-1,000,000
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
Po
pu
lati
on
Gro
wth
No Move from Suburbs to CoreUS MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS: 2000-2010
Data from
Census Bureau
-20.0%
-15.0%
-10.0%
-5.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
Historic Core Cities Suburbs
Ch
ange
in P
op
ula
tio
n: 2
00
0-2
01
0Younger Not Moving to Cities
MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS: CORE & SUBURBAN
35-44 Population in 2010
Compared to 25-34 in 2000
Source: US Census Data
-14.0%
-12.0%
-10.0%
-8.0%
-6.0%
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
Historic Core Cities Suburbs Other
Ch
ange
in P
op
ula
tio
n: 2
00
0-2
01
0Age 55-64 Not Moving to Cities
MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS: CORE & SUBURBAN
55-64 Population in 2010
Compared to 65-74 in 2000
Source: US Census Data
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Detached: Conventional Lot Detached: Small Lot Multi-Family
Shar
e o
f th
e M
arke
t
Supply
Modeled Demand: 2010: Nelson
Actual Demand 2000-2008: Cox
SCAG, ABAG,
SANDAG & SACOG
Planning Areas
Housing Preferences: Not ChangingCALIFORNIA (2000s)
66.9%
17.4%
5.4% 6.7%2.2% 1.4%
69.7%
12.6%
5.8% 6.8%2.6% 2.6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Drive Alone Car Pool Transit Walk Other Work at Home
Shar
e o
f th
e M
arke
t
From 2000 CTPP
& 2011 ACS
Driving Down:16-25: But Not to WorkUNITED STATES: 2000 & 2011
CITIES & TRANSPORT
Dubai
Democratization of ProsperityASSOCIATION BETWEEN MOBILITY & AFFLUENCE
Chicago
Reduced MinorityUnemployment
With CarsU. of California
PRUD’HOMMEMobility Improves
ProductivityU. Of Paris
HARTGEN-FIELDSMobility Improves
Productivity
“Time is
Money”
Toronto
Why are all these people in cars?
Downtown16%
Elsewhere84%
Transit: Strong Downtown: Weak Elsewhere6 CSA’S WITH STRONGEST DOWNTOWNS: 2000
Downtown57%
Elsewhere43%
EMPLOYMENT # OF TRANSIT COMMUTERS
All Major CSA’s
Downtown
Employment
10%
90.3%
8.1%0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Public Transport within Walking Distance
45 Minute Job Access
Public Transport: 7 US Largest MarketsACCESS TO TRANSIT STOPS/ACCESS TO JOBS
NY, CHI, LA, WDC,
SF, BOS, PHI
Average work trip travel time:
Car alone: 24.0 minutes
Public transport: 47.4 minutes
TRANSIT AUTO
Transit & Auto Access: 30 MinutesFROM CENTRAL VANCOUVER
16%
84%
59%
41%
JobsAccessible
NotAccessible
JobsAccessible
NotAccessible
AutoTransit
Paris
Paris Suburbs: Cars Provide Quicker TravelFROM MAJOR SUBURBAN RAIL STATIONS: 1 HR TO JOBS
3027
44
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
All Car Transit
On
e W
ay W
ork
Tri
p M
inu
tes
Travel by Transit Takes Longer6 MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS: CANADA
Autos in Western Europe & North AmericaMAJORITY OF MOTORIZED TRAVEL IS AUTO IN ALL CITIES
ExamplePORTLAND
Transit +Cycle+WalkMarket Share Down
9% 1980-2011
Transit’s “Last Kilometer” ProblemELSEWHERE TRANSIT IS SLOWER FOR MORE TRIPS
Annual Cost:
More than gross
annual income of
metropolitan area
An auto competitive
system for Portland?
½ Mile Metro
Grid Required
R² = 0.885
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Vehicle Hours/KM2.
Population/ KM2
Hong Kong
Higher Density Means More Traffic CongestionDENSITY & TRAFFIC VOLUMES: INTERNATIONAL
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Average Urban Density Traffic Congestion (Excess Travel Time)
Inde
x Density & Traffic CongestionUNITED STATES, CANADA & EUROPE
USA
Canada
Europe
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Walk Cycle Auto: Australia Auto: Canada Auto: United States
Acc
ess
in S
quar
e M
iles
30-Minute Access by ModeCAR, CYCLING AND WALKING
1. POVERTY ALLEVIATION
Does the strategy contribute to poverty alleviation?
2. COST EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABILITY
Can the strategy reduce GHG emissions at a cost within
the $50 ceiling per ton?
3. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
Is the strategy without serious potential for reducing
economic growth or increasing poverty?
4. POLITICAL SUSTAINABILITY (ACCEPTABILITY)
Is the strategy without serious potential for public
rejection or evasion?
5. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Does the strategy have the potential to achieve the GHG
emission reduction objective?
THE DIMENSIONS OFSUSTAINABILITY
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
Rio +20 Declaration
Eradicating poverty is the greatest
global challenge facing the world
today and an indispensable
requirement for sustainable development.
COST EFFECTIVESUSTAINABILITY
Not an Issue of Fair Share
The most cost effective means
Must be used regardless of sector
Shenyang,
China
Cost Effectiveness is CrucialUN IPCC MAXIMUM RANGE PER METRIC TON
Market
Less than
$15
McKinsey
Average
$17
Above $50 is wasteful
Detracts from efforts to reduce GHGs
& unnecessarily reduces
employment & economic growth
Co-sponsors included:
NRDC, EDF, Shell
McKinsey & Conference BoardNO RADICAL LIFESTYLE CHANGES NEEDED
…no change in thermostat
settings or appliance use,
no downsizing of vehicles,
home or commercial
space and traveling the same mileage
…no shift to denser housing
ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Bill
ion
s
World Population: 1950-2100BY INCOME: ACTUAL AND PROJECTED
More Developed World
Goal:
All should live as
well as in the West
POLITICAL SUSTAINABILITY(ACCEPTABILITY)
Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chair, IPCC
Can you imagine 400 million people who do
not have a light bulb in their homes?" … You
cannot, in a democracy, ignore some of these
realities and as it happens with the resources
of coal that India has, we really don't have
any choice but to use coal.
First world
Europe: Protests Against AusterityATHENS: 18 OCTOBER 2012
Protests Against Raising Retirement AgeFRANCE: 18 OCTOBER 2012
# 5: ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY
Cannot be achieved without 1-41. POVERTY ALLEVIATION
Does the strategy contribute to poverty alleviation?
2. COST EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABILITY
Can the strategy reduce GHG emissions at a cost within
the $50 ceiling per ton?
3. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
Is the strategy without serious potential for reducing
economic growth or increasing poverty?
4. POLITICAL SUSTAINABILITY (ACCEPTABILITY)
Is the strategy without serious potential for public
rejection or evasion?
5. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Does the strategy have the potential to achieve the GHG
emission reduction objective?
Planning
Realities
Seoul
Reducing VMT: Diminishing ReturnsSLOWER SPEEDS, CONTESTION RAISE GHGS/VMT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
9+ Floors 4-8 Floors <4 Floors Townhouse Detached
Multi-Unit
Single Family
Source: Energy Australia Study
Annual GHG Tons/Capita
Density: GHG’s May Not be LowerINCLUDING COMMON ENERGY EMISSIONS
No US dataHUGE RESEARCH GAP
Sydney
Suburban Toronto (Newmarket)
Statistics Canada:
High Density 6+ Miles
From DowntownRelies on Cars
Higher Suburban Density: Travel the SameTRAVEL PATTERNS NO DIFFERENT THAN LOW DENSITY
100%95%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Population Density Travel per Household
Ch
ange
Densification and TravelUS RESEARCH
Per Ewing & Cervero (2010)
How Compact City
Policy Destroys
Housing Affordability
Anthony Downs
(Brookings Institution
Economist)
Principle of
a
Competitive
Land Supply
St. Louis
LAND PRICES….
….that in the absence
of ample and
accessible land for
expansion on the urban
periphery, artificial
shortages of residential
land will quickly
extinguish any hope
that housing will
remain
affordable, especially
for the urban poor..."
Land Rationing is the IssueDESTROYS HOUSING AFFORDABILITY
Donald Brash, Governor,
Reserve Bank of New Zealand
1988-2002
Introduction to
4th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey
... the affordability of housing
is overwhelmingly a function
of just one thing, the extent
to which governments place
artificial restrictions on the
supply of residential land.
Historic Median Multiple: 3.0 or Less
Median House Price/Median Household Income
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Me
dia
n M
ult
iple
Less Restrictive Markets
More Restrictive Markets: Outside California
More Restrictive Markets: California
1950 – 1970: From Census Bureau
1980-2009: From Harvard University
2010: From Demographia
Annual Data Begins at 1980
Housing Affordability 1950-2011MAJOR US METROPOLITAN AREAS: MEDIAN MULTIPLE
Median Multiple: Median House Price divided by Median Household Income
London
Reduced employment
in Amsterdam/Rotterdam-Vermuelen & Ommeren
Netherlands Bureau of Econ. Rsch.
Strong Land Regulation: Less GrowthEUROPEAN & US RESEARCH
Higher unemployment
in the UK-Mayo & Angel
World Bank
20% less job growth
than expected in
metropolitan areas
with strongest
land use regulation-Raven Saks
US Federal Reserve Board
AGRICULTURE
even with urban
expansion, there are
"adequate reserves
of cultivatable land
sufficient to feed the
planet in perpetuity”
http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/data/nBackIssue20080617_01.html
Zero Emission House: Japan2,100 SQUARE FEET: DETACHED
CONCLUSION
Kolkata
Manila
POVERTY IS NOT
AN OPTION
Shanghai
Why Cities Grow: EconomicsPEOPLE MOVE THERE FOR BETTER LIVES
The raison d’être of large cities is the increasing return
to scale inherent to large labor markets. The cities’
Economic efficiency requires, therefore, avoiding
any spatial fragmentation of labor markets.
A well governed city
delivers:
Economic growth
(mobility facilitates)
Higher discretionary
incomes (housing
affordability)
Shenzhen
Toronto Dallas-Ft. Worth
Toronto/ DFW
Population (Population
Centre/Urban Area) 5,132,794 5,121,892 0.2%
Land Area (KM2) 1,751 4,606 -62.0%
Density 2,931 1,112 163.6%
One Way Work Trip (Min.) 33 26 26.9%
Reach Work in 30
Minutes 48% 59% -18.6%
Median Multiple (House
Price/Household Income) 5.5 2.9 89.7%
Transit Work Trip Share 21% 2% 935.0%
Comparing Toronto & Dallas-Fort WorthURBAN AREAS COMPARED (2010 & 2011)
The PlanPeople
Rail Station: Suburban Paris
Planning: Facilitating the
How People Want to Live