cis technology contribution to me energy business...company profile cis technology solar...
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CIS technologyContribution to ME Energy Business
21st Joint GCC-Japan Environment SymposiumDoha
February 2013
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Outline
1
Company profile
CIS Technology
Solar Frontier's CIS
PV system design with Solar Frontier's CIS
Case study
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Company Profile
2
Showa Shell SekiyuDownstream oil refining &
marketing company
Basic Data FY 2011 (US$)*
Tokyo Stock Exchange Class 1
Turnover $35 Billion
Total Assets $15 Billion
*FOREX USD-JPY exchange rate - December 2011
Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.
Solar FrontierAmericas Inc.Solar FrontierAmericas Inc.
Showa Shell SekiyuDownstream oil refining &
marketing company
Solar FrontierEurope GmbHSolar FrontierEurope GmbH
SaudiAramco
RoyalDutchShell
OtherInvestors
100%100%
100% Subsidiary
15% 35% 50%
PV CIStemsGmbH Co. & KG
(JV with BelectricGroup)
PV CIStemsGmbH Co. & KG
(JV with BelectricGroup)
50%
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Solar Frontier Global Footprint
Santa Clara, USA Tokyo, Japan
Munich, Germany
Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
3
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R&D and Production
Atsugi Research CentreNext Gen production
technologyvia three key processes:
enlarged substrate size,higher throughput, higher
efficiency
LaboratoryKey technologydevelopment
achievedworld record of
19.8%
R&D
Miyazaki Plant 3bldg: 158,000 m2
Capex : USD 1 bnJPY 100 bn
2007 2009 2011
Production
Miyazaki Plant 2Bldg: 27,000 m2
Capex : USD 150 MJPY 15 bn
Miyazaki Plant 1Bldg = 6,300 m2
Capex = USD 50 MJPY 5 bn
20MW
60MW
900MWYearly production capacity: 900 MW
R&DR&D crystalline-Si amorphous-Si CIS
2005
Commitmentto CIS
production
1993
Start CISresearchfunded
by NEDO
2004
ShowaShellSolar
established
2006
ShellSolarJapan
established
2007
Commercialproduction in
Miyazaki Plant 1
2009
Production at2nd plant begins;
Atsugi R&DCentre opens
2011
World’s largestCIS plant
1GW Scale
1978
1981
Technicalpartnership
with Arco Solar
1983
Startedc-Si
production
1986
LaunchedShowa ArcoSolar JV with
Arco Solar
1990
Showa ArcoSolar renamedShowa Solar
Energy
Showa Shellstarts PV R&D
1987
Co-foundedJPEA
Shell Solaracquired
Siemens Solar
2010
NewGlobal NameSolar Frontier
1974
Oil crisis sparksjoint solar projectwith Japanesegovernment
2003 2012
World’s largestCIS project<150MW
4
CIS Technology
CIS is a thin-film compound-semiconductor PV consisting of threemajor elements:
Cu CopperIn Indium
Se SeleniumSometimes called “CIGS” sinceportions of In are replaced by Ga
Crystal structure of CISCrystal structure of CIS(Chalcopyrite structure)
Cu
In*
Se**
* Partially Ga** Partially S
What is CIS?
5
SiliconSilicon
CrystallineCrystalline Others
HITMulti-
Junction(tandem)
Others
HITMulti-
Junction(tandem)
Organic
Dye-sensitized
Organicthin-film
Organic
Dye-sensitized
Organicthin-film
Thinfilm
Compound Silicon
Thinfilm
Compound Silicon
Micro-crystalline
Micro-crystalline
AmorphousAmorphousSpheric
-SiSpheric
-SiPoly-SiPoly-SiMono-SiMono-Si
With CdWith CdWithout
CdWithout
Cd
CdTeCdTeCISCIS
Lowerefficiencythan CIS
Challengedby Cadmium
toxicity
Not commer-cialized
Lower performanceratio than CIS
Longermanufacturing
process than CIS
Solar Frontier’s CIS modules do not contain cadmium or lead
PV Module Technologies
6
Product Development Roadmap
80
1,000
1,500
3rd Plant900MW
150W 13.3% AA
Module eff. 12.2%
GEN3
Total Prod.Capacity(MW)
AA-Efficiency(%) AA=Aperture Area
14
13
12
11
17
・・・・
2nd Plant60MW
1st Plant20MW
92.5W 13.0% AA
Module eff. 11.6%
160W 14.2% AA
Module eff. 13.0%
2011 2012 2013 201420102009Now Future
170W 15.0% AA
Module eff. 13.9%Applied
16.3% AA
17% AA
Lab Technology
Applied
4th plant
On 30cm x 30cm module
Achieved
Product Development Roadmap
7
SF140-160-S Series
8
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PV System Design with Solar Frontier’s CIS
9
Outline
① Low light behavior
② Temperature stability
③ High shadow resistance
④ Long-term reliability
⑤ Risks arising from Si module
⑥ Snow resistance
⑦ Certificates
⑧ Black color module
High Output
High Reliability
Superior Appearance
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Competitor A
Competitor B
Competitor C
Competitor D
Competitor E
Competitor F
Average(n=588)
CIS Outperforms Other Panels
10
50.0
70.0
90.0
110.0
130.0
150.0
170.0
Ave
rag
ek
Wh
/k
Wp
/m
on
th
CISc-Si (CIS average 5.6% higher)CdTe (CIS average 3.7% higher)
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12.6%
11.6%
14.7%
11.4%
10.0%
10.5%
11.0%
11.5%
12.0%
12.5%
13.0%
13.5%
14.0%
14.5%
15.0%
STC efficiency Efficiency 70C
Module Efficiency Comparison
Solar Frontier
C-Si
In reality, modulesoperate at much
higher temperatures
Solar module efficiency is rated at 25ºC module temperature. However, this is misleading since these conditions rarely occur. Module temperature is typically 30-35ºC higher than ambient.
CIS efficiency at 70ºC: 12.6% + LS 0.8% - Temperature 1.8% = 11.6% C-Si efficiency at 70ºC: 14.7% - LID 0.12% - Temperature 3.18% = 11.4%
② CIS Outperforms Other PanelsWhy? High Temperature Performance
Ratedefficiencyis basedon 25ºC
11
Standard Testing Efficiency Efficiency at 70ºC
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Temperature-Coefficient FS-CIS
Temperature Coefficient
ISC 0.00 (A/℃) 0.01 (%/℃)
VOC -0.34 (V/℃) -0.31(%/℃)
Pmax -0.45 (W/℃) -0.30 (%/℃)
Temperature -Coefficient c-Si (example)
Temperature Coefficient
ISC 0.034 (%/℃)
VOC -0.34(%/℃)
Pmax -0.48 (%/℃)
This means:
Less power reduction in case ofhigh module temperatures
Example: 65 oC module temp.:SF-CIS module: -12%c-Si-module: -19.2%
> Delta: 7,2%
② Temperature stability
12
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Under partially shaded conditions, the unique patterning of CIS moduleskeeps the drop of output to a minimum
CIS
c-Si
Shadow
The module’s output drops significantlyunder partial shadow
There is a partial loss ofoutput but the overall
effect is minimum
c-SiCIS
Shadow
③ Shading Tolerance
13
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Reliability for Long term Performance
Decrease in Pmax:0.5 %/Year (10% in 20 years)
Pmax increased about 10% from “the light soaking effect” after installationsthus, no decrease against nominal capacity
Decrease in Pmax:0.5 %/Year (10% in 20 years)
Pmax increased about 10% from “the light soaking effect” after installationsthus, no decrease against nominal capacity
Ref. - c-Si : 0.5-2.7 % / Year (10-54% in 20 years)
- poly-Si : 0.3-1.3 % / Year (6-26% in 20 years)
Manuel V. and Ignacio R. Progress in Photovoltaics, 16, 419 (2008)
④ Reliability for Long Term Performance
14
- 280 prototype modules- Direction: 340°(south east) Tilt:20°- Inverter Eff. 92.5%
PV system at ARC
11.1kW system
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⑤ Risks arising from Si modules
Micro crack
- More critical for p-Si thanm-Si
- Caused by weight onmodules
Snail tracks
-Material defects canbe caused or boostedby microcrack.
PID(Potential induced degradation)
- Power degradation dueto the exposure to anexternal potential in afield
Not relevant for Solar Frontier CIS modules, due to different technology!
15
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⑦ Certificates
16
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⑧ Aesthetics of CISReflexions – a problem for some Customers
> Solar Frontiermodules transformphotons into Energy,rather than reflectingthem
Reflexioncomparison:
SF-Module (left)
A-Si-Modul (right)
EnR Paris, April 2012
17
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Conclusion
PV technology could contribute to saving fossil fuelconsumption and conservation of national assets:Oil & Gas, and thus contribute to protectenvironment and establishing low carbon society.
CIS is expected to give the largest amount ofenergy output per installed nominal unit(kWh/kWp) among PV technologies.
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Annual PV Energy Potential in Qatar
19© Solar Frontier K.K.
Masaieed Industrial City Ras Laffan Industrial City Dukhan City
Irradiation[kWh/m2]
Power Output[MWh/MWp]
Irradiation Source: NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy Power Output: based on PR Assumption = 0.75, not for a guarantee but just a reference purpose Oil Equivalent value is based on assumed oil generator’s efficiency =40% & 1 ton of Crude Oil Equivalent is 41.868 GJ
Fuel Saving[BBL/MWp]
Project Profile: Saudi Aramco North Park-10 MW CIS Solar Park
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Thank you for your attentionSolar Frontier K.K. Technical & Scientific Office
Eastern Cement Tower, #306King Abdul-Aziz Street Al KhoperKingdom of Saudi Arabia
Tel: +966 3 882 0260www.solar-frontier.com
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