Prepared by:Prepared by:John Ray CuevasJohn Ray Cuevas

Aljin PradoAljin PradoAizel CaguimbalAizel Caguimbal

Loridel AlmodovarLoridel AlmodovarJeana Maeve YandogJeana Maeve Yandog

Circulatory Circulatory SystemSystem

The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System

MAIN FUNCTIONMAIN FUNCTIONThis is the system of the body that This is the system of the body that carries food and oxygen to the cells carries food and oxygen to the cells (eg. as amino acids, electrolytes and (eg. as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph) . It also eliminates wastes lymph) . It also eliminates wastes from the body. These wastes are given from the body. These wastes are given off by the cells when they use food off by the cells when they use food and oxygen. Vertebrates have closed and oxygen. Vertebrates have closed circulatory system (blood never leaves circulatory system (blood never leaves out of arteries, capillaries and veins)out of arteries, capillaries and veins)

Simple Diagram of Circulatory Simple Diagram of Circulatory SystemSystem

What are the What are the parts of the parts of the Circulatory Circulatory System?System?

ORGANS FUNCTION WHAT ARE THEY MADE

OF

KINDS

Heart Pumps the blood into different parts of the body to supply nutrients

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, left and right atria, left and right ventricles and valves

Blood Vessels

Transports blood throughout the body and vice versa

epithelial tissue, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Capillaries, arteries, veins

Blood Carries the nutrients that will later be absorbed by the cells

Plasma, WBC and RBC, platelets

Blood Pump of the BodyBlood Pump of the Body

THE HEARTTHE HEART

HEART: The Blood PumpHEART: The Blood Pump Our heart is cone shaped and about the size of your Our heart is cone shaped and about the size of your

fist.fist. It is enclosed in a sac or chamber called It is enclosed in a sac or chamber called pericardium.pericardium.

The outer wall is composed of three layers: epicardium, The outer wall is composed of three layers: epicardium, myocardium (middle layer or contraction zone) and myocardium (middle layer or contraction zone) and endocardium (inner layer)endocardium (inner layer)

It is composed with 2 pairs of chambers: upper (It is composed with 2 pairs of chambers: upper (right right atriumatrium and and left atriumleft atrium) and lower () and lower (right ventricleright ventricle and and lower ventriclelower ventricle))

The heart has The heart has valves valves that acts like a flap. allows blood that acts like a flap. allows blood flow in only one direction through the heart. The four flow in only one direction through the heart. The four valves commonly represented in a mammalian heart valves commonly represented in a mammalian heart determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart. determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart.

There are 4 valves in the heart: The two There are 4 valves in the heart: The two atrioventricular (AV) valves, which are between atrioventricular (AV) valves, which are between the atria and the ventricles, are the mitral valve the atria and the ventricles, are the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The other 2 are The two and the tricuspid valve. The other 2 are The two semilunar (SL) valves, which are in the arteries semilunar (SL) valves, which are in the arteries leaving the heart, are the aortic valve and the leaving the heart, are the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.pulmonary valve.

The heart pumps about 130 milliliters of blood The heart pumps about 130 milliliters of blood which is equivalent to seven liters per minute. It which is equivalent to seven liters per minute. It beats at a rate of 60 to 80 times per minute. beats at a rate of 60 to 80 times per minute.

Functions of Heart Functions of Heart ChambersChambers

Right atrium: The upper part of the heart Right atrium: The upper part of the heart that receives oxygen-depleted blood that receives oxygen-depleted blood

Right ventricle: the lower part of the heart Right ventricle: the lower part of the heart that receives oxygen-depleted blood from that receives oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium the right atrium

Left atrium: the upper part of the heart Left atrium: the upper part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs lungs

Left ventricle: the lower part of the that Left ventricle: the lower part of the that heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atriumleft atrium

Cross Section of a Human Cross Section of a Human HeartHeart

Which chambers of the Which chambers of the mammalian heart are mammalian heart are involved in systemic involved in systemic

circulation? In pulmonary circulation? In pulmonary circulation?circulation?

Our Blood’s PathwaysOur Blood’s Pathways

THE BLOOD VESSELSTHE BLOOD VESSELS

The Blood VesselsThe Blood VesselsThese are tubes that carry blood to These are tubes that carry blood to

and from the heartand from the heart

There are different kinds of blood vessels:There are different kinds of blood vessels: ArteryArtery CapillaryCapillary VeinVein VenuleVenule ArterioleArteriole

The Blood VesselsThe Blood Vessels

Parts of a Blood VesselParts of a Blood Vessel Connective tissue also known as the tunica Connective tissue also known as the tunica

externa (or adventitia), is the outermost layer externa (or adventitia), is the outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the smooth of a blood vessel, surrounding the smooth tissue.tissue.

Smooth tissue tunica media (middle coat) is Smooth tissue tunica media (middle coat) is the middle layer of an artery or vein.the middle layer of an artery or vein.

Endothelium or tunica intima (the thinnest Endothelium or tunica intima (the thinnest layer): a single layer of simple endothelial layer): a single layer of simple endothelial squamous cells squamous cells

The cross section of an artery and a vein The cross section of an artery and a vein show 3 kinds of tissues and these are:show 3 kinds of tissues and these are:

a single innermost layer of a single innermost layer of epithelial cellsepithelial cells a middle layer of a middle layer of smooth muscles smooth muscles

arranged in a circular manner around the arranged in a circular manner around the vessel. Big arteries also have vessel. Big arteries also have elastic elastic fibers fibers among smooth musclesamong smooth muscles

an outermost layer of tough an outermost layer of tough connective connective tissue tissue with some elastic fibers and nerve with some elastic fibers and nerve cells. cells.

Illustration of the Parts of the Illustration of the Parts of the Blood VesselBlood Vessel

ARTERIESARTERIES These carry blood that contains nutrients and These carry blood that contains nutrients and

oxygen (oxygenated blood) from the heart to the oxygen (oxygenated blood) from the heart to the different parts of the body.different parts of the body.

They have thick walls made up of 3 layers.They have thick walls made up of 3 layers. The walls of arteries are elastic. It does not break The walls of arteries are elastic. It does not break

easily.easily. They are buried deep inside the body, thus keeping They are buried deep inside the body, thus keeping

them safe from injury.them safe from injury. They are different in sizes. The ones near the heart They are different in sizes. The ones near the heart

are larger than the arteries of the body. Arteries are larger than the arteries of the body. Arteries branch off into smaller arteries that lead to branch off into smaller arteries that lead to capillariescapillaries

The largest artery in the body is the aorta, which is The largest artery in the body is the aorta, which is also the nearest to the heart.also the nearest to the heart.

The ArteryThe Artery

ARTERIOLESARTERIOLES

An arteriole is a An arteriole is a small diameter small diameter blood vessel in blood vessel in the the microcirculation microcirculation that extends that extends and branches and branches out from an out from an artery and leads artery and leads to capillaries to capillaries

CAPILLARIESCAPILLARIES The smallest arteries in the body branch off into The smallest arteries in the body branch off into

yet smaller blood vessels called capillaries.yet smaller blood vessels called capillaries. They are only visible under a microscope.They are only visible under a microscope. The walls of capillaries are very thin and have tiny The walls of capillaries are very thin and have tiny

openings in them.openings in them. They help control the amount of heat loss from the They help control the amount of heat loss from the

body.body. There are 2 types of capillaries: continuous and There are 2 types of capillaries: continuous and

fenestrated. fenestrated.

> Continuous: cells forming them provide a > Continuous: cells forming them provide a continuous lining with no interruptions. There are continuous lining with no interruptions. There are very tight junctions inside of these small blood very tight junctions inside of these small blood vessels vessels

> Fenestrated: from the Latin word “fenestra” > Fenestrated: from the Latin word “fenestra” meaning “window” it is a blood capillary found in meaning “window” it is a blood capillary found in renal glomeruli, intestinal villi, and some glands, in renal glomeruli, intestinal villi, and some glands, in which ultramicroscopic pores of variable size occur. which ultramicroscopic pores of variable size occur.

VENULESVENULESA A venulevenule is a small is a small

blood vessel in the blood vessel in the microcirculation microcirculation that allows that allows deoxygenated deoxygenated blood to return blood to return from the capillary from the capillary beds to the larger beds to the larger blood vessels blood vessels called veins. called veins.

VEINSVEINS Capillaries lead into another blood vessel known as Capillaries lead into another blood vessel known as

veinvein They carry blood back to the heartThey carry blood back to the heart The walls of veins are thin. They contain less The walls of veins are thin. They contain less

muscle tissue than arteries.muscle tissue than arteries. Like the arteries, veins are of different sizes. They Like the arteries, veins are of different sizes. They

become large in diameter as they approach the become large in diameter as they approach the heart. The largest veins are the venae cavae: heart. The largest veins are the venae cavae: inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava that inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava that are directly connected to the rifht atrium of the are directly connected to the rifht atrium of the heart.heart.

Classification of VeinsClassification of Veins

Superficial veins are those whose course is Superficial veins are those whose course is close to the surface of the body, and have no close to the surface of the body, and have no corresponding arteries. corresponding arteries.

Deep veins are deeper in the body and have Deep veins are deeper in the body and have corresponding arteries. corresponding arteries.

The pulmonary veins are a set of veins that The pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. heart.

Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart. and deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart.

The VeinThe Vein

In which kind of blood In which kind of blood vessel does oxygen vessel does oxygen move through the move through the blood vessels? blood vessels?

Why substances enter and Why substances enter and leave the bloodstream leave the bloodstream

through the walls of through the walls of capillaries and not arteries capillaries and not arteries

or veins?or veins?

The Red Army of the BodyThe Red Army of the Body

THE BLOODTHE BLOOD

THE BLOODTHE BLOODBlood is another part of the circulatory Blood is another part of the circulatory

system. It comes out from wound as liquid. But system. It comes out from wound as liquid. But the blood is really made up of two parts: liquid the blood is really made up of two parts: liquid part and solid part. The liquid part is called the part and solid part. The liquid part is called the plasma. The solid part is made up of blood cells plasma. The solid part is made up of blood cells and platelets.and platelets.

Blood transports the following materials:Blood transports the following materials: Oxygen from lungs to the tissuesOxygen from lungs to the tissues Food substances from digestive tract to tissuesFood substances from digestive tract to tissues Antibodies to the tissuesAntibodies to the tissues Carbon dioxide from tissues to lungsCarbon dioxide from tissues to lungs Wastes and excess water from tissues to kidneysWastes and excess water from tissues to kidneys

Composition of BloodComposition of Blood

Plasma …… 55 to 56%Plasma …… 55 to 56%White Blood Cells White Blood Cells

(Leukocytes) and Platelets (Leukocytes) and Platelets …… …… ≤≤1%1%

Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells ( Erythrocytes) …… 44 to ( Erythrocytes) …… 44 to 45%45%

Composition of BloodComposition of Blood

PLASMAPLASMA It is a clear yellow fluid which carries food and the solid It is a clear yellow fluid which carries food and the solid

part of the blood to your tissues. It carries antibodies part of the blood to your tissues. It carries antibodies used by the body to fight disease causing germs. It used by the body to fight disease causing germs. It also carries wastes from the cells to your lungs, liver also carries wastes from the cells to your lungs, liver and kidneys.and kidneys.

It is about 90% water. The rest is made up of proteins, It is about 90% water. The rest is made up of proteins, dissolved electrolytes, nutrients and waste products.dissolved electrolytes, nutrients and waste products.

There are three types of protein in plasma: albumin, There are three types of protein in plasma: albumin, globulin and fibrinogenglobulin and fibrinogen

> Albumin: helps keep the blood pressure normal > Albumin: helps keep the blood pressure normal by regulating the amount of water in the plasmaby regulating the amount of water in the plasma

> Globulin: contains antibodies which fight > Globulin: contains antibodies which fight diseasesdiseases

> Fibrinogen: works with platelets in the clotting > Fibrinogen: works with platelets in the clotting processprocess

RED BLOOD CELLS RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)(ERYTHROCYTES)

They are produced in the red marrow of the bone They are produced in the red marrow of the bone and are shaped like saucers with sides curved and are shaped like saucers with sides curved inwardinward

There are about 250 million red blood cells present There are about 250 million red blood cells present in a drop of blood. in a drop of blood.

These cells' cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin, an These cells' cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin, an iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood's red color. and is responsible for the blood's red color.

Human erythrocytes are produced through a Human erythrocytes are produced through a process named erythropoiesis, developing from process named erythropoiesis, developing from committed stem cells to mature erythrocytes in committed stem cells to mature erythrocytes in about 7 days. When matured, these cells live in about 7 days. When matured, these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days. blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days.

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

WHITE BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)(LEUKOCYTES)

There is about one WBC There is about one WBC for every 500 red blood for every 500 red blood cellscells

WBCs are produces in WBCs are produces in the bone marrow, the bone marrow, lymph, nodes and lymph, nodes and spleen. They attack and spleen. They attack and destroy disease carrying destroy disease carrying organisms that get into organisms that get into the bloodstream. They the bloodstream. They also fight germs that also fight germs that enter the body through enter the body through breaks in the skin.breaks in the skin.

WBCs can move.WBCs can move.

Types of WBCsTypes of WBCs

Neutrophil: bacteria and fungiNeutrophil: bacteria and fungi Eosinophil: larger parasites, modulate allergic Eosinophil: larger parasites, modulate allergic

inflammatory responses inflammatory responses Basophil: inflammatory responsesBasophil: inflammatory responses Lymphocyte: infections and virusesLymphocyte: infections and viruses Monocyte: germs and virusesMonocyte: germs and viruses Macrophage: pathogensMacrophage: pathogens Dendritic cells: pathogens and bacteriaDendritic cells: pathogens and bacteria

PLATELETS PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)(THROMBOCYTES)

Platelets are odd Platelets are odd shaped colorless shaped colorless bodies in the blood. bodies in the blood.

They are much They are much smaller and smaller and numerous than the numerous than the RBCs.RBCs.

The average lifespan The average lifespan of a platelet is of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 normally just 5 to 9 days. days.

Men have 5 000 000 red Men have 5 000 000 red blood cells/cubic millimeter blood cells/cubic millimeter and 4 500 000 in women. Of and 4 500 000 in women. Of

what advantage is this to what advantage is this to men?men?

Blood TypesBlood Types

is based on the presence or absence is based on the presence or absence of certain antigens (agglutinogens) in of certain antigens (agglutinogens) in the red blood cells and the the red blood cells and the corresponding antibodes dissolved in corresponding antibodes dissolved in the serum.the serum.

Karl Landsteiner-discovered that Karl Landsteiner-discovered that there are four types of flood.there are four types of flood.

Blood type compatibilityBlood type compatibilityReceiver Blood Group Donor Blood Group

A B AB O

A O N N O

B N O O O

AB O O N O

O N N N O

Legend: O-compatibleN-not compatible

*AB type is the universal recipient because it receives any type of blood*O type is the universal donor because it can be given to any person

Why is the type O Why is the type O blood can beblood can be

donated to any person donated to any person with a different blood with a different blood

type? type?

Measuring blood pressureMeasuring blood pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessel. of the blood vessel.

Systolic pressure-the highest point in Systolic pressure-the highest point in the pressure range.the pressure range.

Diastolic pressure-lowest pointDiastolic pressure-lowest point Sphygmomanometer-is used to Sphygmomanometer-is used to

measure the human blood pressure.measure the human blood pressure.

Average

Diastolic Blood Pressur

e

Average Systolic Pressure

Less than 120

120-129

130-139

140-159

160-173

180-180

210 or over

Less than 80

Optimal

Normal

High normal

1 2 3 4

80-84 Normal normal

High normal

1 2 3 4

85-89 High normal

High norma

l

High normal

1 2 3 4

90-99 1 1 1 1 2 3 4

100-109 2 2 2 2 2 3 4

110-119 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

120 or over

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Normal Pressure Hypertension (stages 1-4)

CLOTTING OF BLOODCLOTTING OF BLOOD

Blood clotting (coagulation) is the Blood clotting (coagulation) is the process by which blood vessels process by which blood vessels repair ruptures after injury. Injury repair ruptures after injury. Injury repair actually begins even before repair actually begins even before clotting does, through vascular clotting does, through vascular spasm, or muscular contraction of spasm, or muscular contraction of the vessel walls, which reduces the vessel walls, which reduces blood loss. Clotting itself is a blood loss. Clotting itself is a complex cascade of reactions complex cascade of reactions involving platelets, involving platelets, enzymes , and , and structural structural proteins proteins ..

Have you experienced cutting your kin Have you experienced cutting your kin accidentally? Did the bleeding stop right accidentally? Did the bleeding stop right away?if it di, it was probably a mall and away?if it di, it was probably a mall and shallow wound. You have probably shallow wound. You have probably observed that after a while a red mass observed that after a while a red mass foms over the wound; this I what we call foms over the wound; this I what we call a a clot. clot. After a few hours, the clotted After a few hours, the clotted blood shrinks, squeezing out a thin fluid blood shrinks, squeezing out a thin fluid called called serum. serum. The clot hardens and seals The clot hardens and seals the wound. Beneath it, new skin cells are the wound. Beneath it, new skin cells are fomed which completely mend the wound fomed which completely mend the wound after a day or so, depending on how big after a day or so, depending on how big or deep the wound is. or deep the wound is.

Among the substances in the Among the substances in the blood, the following help in the blood, the following help in the

blood clotting:blood clotting: 1.blood proteins:1.blood proteins:

a. fibrinogena. fibrinogen

b. thromboplastinb. thromboplastin

c. prothrombinc. prothrombin 2.Inoganic salt:2.Inoganic salt:

a. calcium ionsa. calcium ions

FIBRONOGENFIBRONOGEN

The fibrin network is formed from a The fibrin network is formed from a precursor of fibrin called fibrinogen. precursor of fibrin called fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is a large protein that Fibrinogen is a large protein that circulates freely in the blood stream. The circulates freely in the blood stream. The key to understanding the mechanism of key to understanding the mechanism of blood clot formation is in understanding blood clot formation is in understanding how fibrinogen is converted to fibrin and how fibrinogen is converted to fibrin and why this only occurs at the site of why this only occurs at the site of damage to the lining of the blood vessel.damage to the lining of the blood vessel.

THROMBOPLASTINTHROMBOPLASTIN

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is a Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is a blood test that looks at how long it blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot. It can help tell takes for blood to clot. It can help tell if you have bleeding or clotting if you have bleeding or clotting problems.problems.

ProthrombinProthrombin Prothrombin is a blood-clotting Prothrombin is a blood-clotting

protein. Injury to a blood vessel protein. Injury to a blood vessel produces a signal which triggers the produces a signal which triggers the conversion of prothrombin to conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin is a protein thrombin. Thrombin is a protein which plays a central role in which plays a central role in provoking the assembly of other provoking the assembly of other proteins to form the blood clot.proteins to form the blood clot.

CALCIUM IONSCALCIUM IONS

The most important role of calcium in The most important role of calcium in blood is to circulate and be available to blood is to circulate and be available to tissues. Every cell of the body uses tissues. Every cell of the body uses calcium, but certain "excitable" cells such calcium, but certain "excitable" cells such as heart cells, muscle cells and neurons as heart cells, muscle cells and neurons are particularly dependent on calcium for are particularly dependent on calcium for their function. These excitable cells require their function. These excitable cells require calcium to contract or send impulses. calcium to contract or send impulses.