circling 2011 ipd
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CirclingTRANSCRIPT
1Pans-Ops PD Initial Course – Circling
VISUAL MANOEUVRING (CIRCLING) AREA
Doc 8168: VOL II Part I Section 4 Chapter 7
ICAO FPPBeijing, China
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GeneralFinal approach may be made:
a) to a runway for a straight-in landing; or
b) to an aerodrome for a circling approach.
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Visual manoeuvring (circling)
visual phase of flight after completing an instrument approach, brings an aircraft into position for landing on a runway which is not suitably located for straight-in approach, i.e. one where the criteria for alignment or descent gradientcannot be met.
Does not apply to Category H
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Visual manoeuvring (circling)
straight-in approach:the angle formed by the final approach track and the runway centre line shall not exceed:
30° for procedures restricted to Cat A and B aircraft ; and 15° for other aircraft categories.
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maximum descent gradient
a) for non-precision procedures with FAF6.5 per cent for Cat A and B aircraft; 6.1 per cent for Cat C, D and E aircraft; 10 per cent for Cat H aircraft.
for a non-precision approach with no FAF:
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PROTECTION AREA
The visual manoeuvring (circling) area is the area in which obstacle clearance shall be considered for aircraft manoeuvring visually (circling).
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PROTECTION AREA
The size of the circling area varies with the category of aicraft.
CAT A
CAT D
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PROTECTION AREA
Protection area is constructed as follows:draw an arc from the centre of the threshold of each usable runway with a radius appropriate to the aircraft category.from the extremities of the adjacent arcs draw lines tangent to the arcs; andconnect the tangent lines.
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Radius from threshold (R) = 2r + straight segment.
straight segment is a constant value depending on aircraft categoryA : 0.3 NM; B : 0.4NM ; C : 0.5 NM D : 0.6 NM; E: 0.7NM
PROTECTION AREA
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Parameters
Speed:
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Parameters
Wind:25 kt throughout the turn; andbank: 20° average achieved or the bank angle producing a turn rate of 3° per second, whichever is the lesser.altitude: aerodrome elevation + 300 m (1 000 ft); and temperature: ISA + 15°.
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Example: Aerodrome Elevation 1000ft
speed
TAS
r
straight
segment
R
CATEGORY A/100 B/135 C/180 D/205 E/240
TAS(2000) 106 143 190 217 254
TAS + 25 131 168 215 242 279
r (radius of turn) 0.69 1.13 1.85 2.34 3.12
S (Straight Segment) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Rc Radius 1.68 2.66 4.20 5.28 6.94
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PROTECTION AREA
CAT E
CAT A
Only for CAT A
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Exercise
Calculate Radius for construction of Visual Circling Area of CAT C for an aerodrome having elevation of 3000ft.
CAT C IAS Speed 180 Ktsk factor 4000 ft 1.0892Speed 180*1.0892 + 25 = 222.712 Ktr 1.96Straight Segment 0.5NM
R 2r + s = 4.42NM
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MOC & OCH
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To reduce OCH/A
If a sector is outside the final approach and missed approach areas may be ignored for OCA/H calculations.The sector is bounded by the dimensions of the Annex 14 instrument approach surfaces.the published procedure must prohibit the pilot from circling within the total sector where the obstacle exists.
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OBSTACLE CLEARANCE
Sectorforbidden
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example
Restrictionfor circling
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Prescribed Tracks
An location with clearly defined visual featuresoperationally desirablein addition to the circling areaspecific track for visual manoeuversmay be prescribed
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Questions