cimigo on vietnam residential energy use 2013
DESCRIPTION
A report on energy use and associated CO2 emissions in residential households in Vietnam. Based on a Cimigo nationwide online survey in March 2013 of 1,400 households. The report exploring residential dwellings and energy use by household and the impact of household composition, appliances and building materials. The report addresses the prevalence of conservation and attitudes to renewable energy.TRANSCRIPT
Vietnam Residential Energy Use Energy use and associated CO2 emissions in residential households in Vietnam
Sustainable Futures Asia Matt Parkes [email protected] www.sustainablefutures.asia
Cimigo Richard Burrage [email protected] www.cimigo.com
March 2013
About the authors 3
Why does residential energy use matter? 6
How did we understand energy use and CO2 emissions in Vietnamese homes? 11
How does residential energy use vary? 17
What impact do building materials have today? 30
Which energy conservation actions and attitudes prevail? 34
So what? 39
About Sustainable Futures Asia 44
About Cimigo 48
Contents
2
About the authors
3
Matt is the founder of Sustainable Futures Asia. He is a UK qualified Architect with an MSc in Climate Change and Sustainable Development.
Matt is involved with the UK Urban Development
Working Group, working with the UKTI and British Council in promoting business and educational links between the UK and Vietnam. In March 2010 he was responsible for producing the British Council / UKTI’s ‘Sustainable Design & Architecture Conference’ that was held in Ho Chi Minh City.
He is now leading a PhD research project with The Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development at De Montfort University, UK, looking at developing new models of low cost, energy self-sufficient, sustainable housing for south east Asian countries, focusing on Vietnam.
Matt moved to Vietnam in 2004, and prior to that has lived and worked in the UK and Hong Kong.
4
Matt Parkes, Sustainable Futures Asia
Richard Burrage has twenty one years of experience in market research and strategic consulting.
Richard has worked across Asia Pacific consulting across a range of industries and business issues.
Richard has spent the last sixteen years in Vietnam assisting in the development and building of numerous brands to achieve leadership positions.
Richard is a UK national and resides in HCMC with his Vietnamese wife and their children.
Richard founded Cimigo in 2003 and today has offices across eight countries in Asia.
5
Richard Burrage, Cimigo
Why does residential energy use matter?
6
Vietnam population and CO2 emission yearly growth
(Population data - ADB, 2009; mt/CO2/capita – UNdata, 2009)
Increased energy demand – 800 Twh in 2030
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Ba
se D
em
an
d T
Wh
Historic and Future Energy Demand - 1990 to 2030
(Historic data – Tuyen & Michaelowa, 2004;
Future projections – Cuong, 2011)
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Population (Million) Total mtCO2e (Million)
7
37% is residential. US$124 billon investment required.
Historic and Future % Fuel Contribution to Energy Generation - 1995 to 2030
(Historic data – Tuyen & Michaelowa, 2004; Future projections – Cuong, 2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1995 2000 2010 2020 2030
% C
on
trib
uti
on
Coal Gas Oil Hydro
Nuclear Diesel Renewables Imports
The estimated total investment
capital required up to 2030 =
US$123.8 Billion (MONRE, 2011)
37%
37%
20%
2% 4%
Industry Residential Other Buildings Urban Infrastructure Others
Energy use by type
(Energy Conservation Centre of HCMC: 2010)
8
Which levers can be used to adjust energy use?
• Consumer habits.
• Extent of use of passive architecture.
• Use of high efficiency energy generation and management systems.
9
Residential dwellings in Vietnam
Villas Row Houses Apartments
10
How did we understand energy use and CO2 emissions in Vietnamese homes?
11
This is a part of the Cimigo giving back programme which includes; Vietnamese Attitudes to Philanthropy, Vietnam’s NetCitizens and so much more, available at www.cimigo.com.
Cimigo conducted a nationwide online survey in March 2013.
12
Cimigo interviewed 1,394 households nationwide
19 23 17 169103110
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Extremely Boring 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Extremely Interesting
Survey evaluation (N=1,394)86% positive towards the survey (scored 6-10)
Interviewing predominantly urban (87%) and ABC economic (93%) households across 59 provinces.
ABC economic households account for the top 65% of household wealth distribution.
The mean average households sharing a dwelling is 2.3.
13
Understanding dwellings and households therein
54%
36%
10%
69%
29%
2%
78%
22%
52%
28%
20%
South
North
Central
Row house
Apartment
Villa house
Own
Rent
1 household
2 - 3 households
4+ households
Reg
ion
Dw
ellin
gO
wn
or
ren
t#
of
Hh
old
s/d
wel
ling
Household energy survey - sample distribution % (n=1394)
Mean 2.3 Hholds
Understanding the building materials of the dwelling.
Note the average row house dwelling is;
Width mode 4 metres
Depth mode 20 metres
Floors mode 2
Mean Sq metres 210
The mean average apartment dwelling is 60 sq metres on a single level.
14
Exploring single household size and structure
57%
30%
13%
30%
31%
39%
32%
37%
20%
12%
43%
42%
12%
3%
1%
67%
29%
2%
1%
83%
10%
5%
1%
100 or less
101 - 250
More than 250
1 floor
2 floors
3+ floors
1 - 3 rooms
4 - 5 rooms
6 - 7 rooms
8+ rooms
Corrugated iron
Cement
Tiles
Other
Wood
Brickwork
Cement
Steel
Wood
Ceramic tiles tile
Cement
Wood
Other
Sq m
/
Hh
old
# of
flo
ors
# of
roo
ms
Roo
f mat
eria
lsW
all m
ater
ials
Flo
or
ma
teri
als
Household size and materials % (n=1394)
Mean 136 sqm
Mean 2.3 floors
Mean 4.7 rooms
As dwellings are typically shared the mean average size of one household is:
Row house is 167 sqm.
Apartment 50 sqm.
The survey drilled down to one household, their appliances and energy use.
15
Per household space and key appliances
57%
30%
13%
35%
30%
34%
88%
11%
79%
52%
28%
20%
91%
72%
51%
45%
10%
8%
100 or less
101 - 250
More than 250
1 - 3 people
4 people
5+ people
< 20 items
20 - 40 items
Ventilation open to air
No aircon
1 aircon
2 or more aircon
PC, Laptop Tablet
Washing machine
Electric water heater
Ceiling fan
Solar water heater
Electric bicycle
Sq m
/ H
ho
ld#
of p
eopl
e /
Hh
old
# o
f e
lect
rica
l a
pp
lia
nce
sA
ir-c
onPe
net
rati
on o
f ap
plia
nces
Household size and appliances % (n=1394)
Mean 136 sqm
Mean 4.2 people
16
Household durable penetration
94 9491 91 89 87 86
7267
5148
45
37
23
10 8 74
2.39
1.16
2.05
2.51
1.64
.97 .95
.74 .78.66
.78 .74
.38.23 .11 .09 .08 .04
.00
.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Incidence %
Mean (inc. 0)
Household durable penetration (n=1394)
How does residential energy use vary?
17
18
Electricity bill is 11% of household expenditure
4,57
7,51
2
4,1
29
,04
3
4,7
28
,29
8
4,4
47
,33
6
3,4
43
,58
9
4,8
75
,11
8
11%
10%
11%
11%
10%
11%565,758
461,777
606,142
529,284
379,511
624,562
9%
10%
10%
11%
11%
12%
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
Total Apartment Row house North Central South
Mean monthly VND electricity bill / household Mean other household VND expenditure / month
Electricity % of household expenditure
Monthly electricity and household expenditure VND (n=1394)
19
2.15 t-CO2 / household / annum
2.15
2.33
2.03
1.55
0.56 0.61 0.52
0.41
-
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Total South North Central
t-CO2 / household / annum
t-CO2 / person in Hhold / annum
Variance in CO2 emmissions by household % (n=1,394)
20
3,722 KWH / household / annum
3,722
4,042
3,530
2,689
971 1,063 905
717
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Total South North Central
kWh/ household / annum
kWh / person in Hhold / annum
Variance in electricity use by household % (n=1,394)
21
Factors to interrogate
Total Total Roof materials Corrugated iron
Dwelling Apartment Roof materials Cement
Dwelling Row house Roof materials Tiles
Dwelling Villa house Wall materials Cement
Region North Wall materials Brickwork
Region Central Floor finish Ceramic tiles
Region South Floor finish Cement
Strata City Exposed ventilation Yes
Strata Rural Exposed ventilation No
SEC AB # of electronic appliances <20
SEC C # of electronic appliances 20-40
Ownership Rent Electric heated water Washing clothes
Ownership Own Electric heated water Washing in kitchen
Household per dwelling Only 1 Electric heated water Washing in bathroom
Household per dwelling 2 to 3 Cooking with electric Cooking with Electric
Household per dwelling 4 or more Ceiling fans Ceiling fans
People in household 3 or less Aircon No Aircon
People in household 4 Aircon 1 Aircon
People in household 5 or more Aircon 2 or more Aircon
Sq meter of each household 100 or less Electric usage Electric water heater
Sq meter of each household 101-250 Electric usage Solar water heater
Sq meter of each household More than 250 Electric usage PC, laptop or tablet
Floors 1 Floor Electric usage Electric heated water machine
Floors 2 Floors Electric usage Electric bicycle
Floors 3+ Floors Water source Tap
Number of rooms 1-3 rooms Water source Tap & Well
Number of rooms 4-5 rooms Water source Well only
Number of rooms 6-7 rooms
Number of rooms 8 or more
Less living space per person provides more energy efficiency. Electricity efficiency is greatest in dwellings that have:
Multiple households (and hence shared recourses)
Large household sizes (4 plus)
Yet demographic trends to less households/dwelling and less people per household.
Rural households and households relying on well water are more efficient.
Yet demographic trends are to urbanisation.
Natural climate sees reduced use in Central followed by the North. Usage is highest in the South.
Smaller structures are more efficient. Apartments followed by row houses with fewer rooms (and floors) use less.
Renters are more efficient than home owners.
22
Most efficient have shared dwellings and large households
Small households with three or less members are particularly inefficient users.
Air conditioning has a massive impact on energy use.
Inefficient households have larger homes (250 sqm +), 3 or more floors, many rooms and multiple air conditioners.
Cooking with electricity and electric water heaters also increase use significantly.
Solar water heaters have low penetration at 10%. However 3 in 10 households with a solar water heater also have an electric heater.
23
Least efficient have small households and air con
24
Rural dwellings, in central Vietnam with no air con fair best
-31%-25%
-28%-23%
22%
-7%
-17%
-27%
-15%
-5%
-19%
-35%-29%
-26% -19% -19% -15%
-15%
-15%
-9%
-9%
-8%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Ru
ral
We
ll o
nly
Ce
ntr
al
No
Air
con
5 o
r m
ore
4 o
r m
ore
Ce
me
nt
Re
nt
Ap
artm
en
t
4 1-3
ro
om
s
Strata Water source Region Aircon
People in household
Household per dwelling Floor finish Ownership Dwelling
People in household
Number of rooms
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors which lower electricity use by 8% or more of average (All dwellings n=1,394)
25
Many rooms, many air cons and small households fair worst
11%
25%
9%
5%
26%23%
12%
52%
-18%
53% 52%
8%9% 9%
11% 14% 14%
18%
25% 26%
35% 35%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Ele
ctri
c w
ate
r h
eat
er
Mo
re th
an 2
50
Sou
th
1 A
irco
n
Sola
r w
ate
r h
eat
er
3+
Flo
ors
Co
oki
ng
wit
h E
lect
ric
20
-40
3 o
r le
ss
2 o
r m
ore
Air
con
8 o
r m
ore
Electric usage
Sq meter of each
household Region Aircon Electric usage Floors
Cooking with electric
# of electronic appliances
People in household Aircon
Number of rooms
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors which increase electricity use by 8% or more of average (All dwellings n=1,394)
26
Row houses: Renters, with large households and no air con fair well
-32%-30%
-22%
-30%
17%
-23%
-5%-9% -7% -5%
-34%
-28%
-25%
-21% -21%
-19%
-17%
-9% -9% -8%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
Ru
ral
Ce
ntr
al
We
ll o
nly
Re
nt
5 o
r m
ore
No
Air
con
4 o
r m
ore
4-5
ro
om
s
4 No
rth
Strata Region Water source Ownership
People in household Aircon
Household per dwelling
Number of rooms
People in household Region
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors which lower electricity use by 8% or more of average (Row houses n=961)
27
Row houses: small households and air con fair badly
8%
16%20%
13%
46% 44% 46%
-13%
9%
10%
13%
21%23%
32% 33% 35%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Sou
th
3+
Flo
ors
Sola
r w
ate
r h
eat
er
Co
oki
ng
wit
h E
lect
ric
20
-40
8 o
r m
ore
2 o
r m
ore
Air
con
3 o
r le
ss
Region Floors Electric usage Cooking with electric
# of electronic appliances Number of rooms Aircon People in household
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors which increase electricity use by 8% or more of average (Row houses n=961)
28
Apartments: large households, no air con fair well
32%
-18%
-4%
-17%
-16%
-11%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
5 o
r m
ore
No
Air
con
4 o
r m
ore
People in household Aircon Household per dwelling
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors which lower electricity use by 8% or more of average (Apartments n=410)
29
Apartments: with air con, electric cooking and small households fair badly
7% 8% 5%
32%
19%
-22%
21%
9%18% 18%
8% 9% 10% 10%13%
14%
14%
16% 18%
27%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Sou
th
Tap
Co
rru
gate
d ir
on
6-7
ro
om
s
Ele
ctri
c w
ate
r h
eat
er
3 o
r le
ss
Was
hin
g cl
oth
es
2 to
3
Co
oki
ng
wit
h E
lect
ric
1 A
irco
n
Region Water source Roof materials
Number of rooms Electric usage
People in household
Electric heated water
Household per dwelling
Cooking with electric Aircon
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors which increase electricity use by 8% or more of average (Apartments n=410)
What impact do building materials have today?
30
For row houses the optimal material (amongst existing use) is cement for roof, walls and flooring.
For apartments the optimal materials (amongst existing use) are cement for roof, and brick for walls.
Building materials today have limited influence
31
32
Row houses: limited influence – cement most efficient
0%
1%
-1%
2%
-2%
1%
-1%
-8%
0%
4%
-6%
5%
-2%
1%-1%
-6%
-10%
-8%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
Ro
w h
ou
se
Co
rru
gate
d ir
on
Ce
me
nt
Tile
s
Ce
me
nt
Bri
ckw
ork
Ce
ram
ic ti
les
Ce
me
nt
Dwelling Roof materials Roof materials Roof materials Wall materials Wall materials Floor finish Floor finish
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Building material impact (Row houses n=961)
33
Apartments: cement roof and brick walls fair well
0%
5%
-5%
1% 0%
4%
0%
10%
-3%
2%
-2%
5%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Ap
artm
en
t
Co
rru
gate
d ir
on
Ce
me
nt
Ce
me
nt
Bri
ckw
ork
Ce
ram
ic ti
les
Dwelling Roof materials Roof materials Wall materials Wall materials Floor finish
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Building material impact (Apartments n=410)
Which energy conservation actions and attitudes prevail?
34
35
Growing vegetables and compost actions
47
42
48
48
66
42
42
76
33
51
41
45
68
40
35
42
45
57
34
34
76
31
43
35
39
64
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total
Apartment
Row house
North
Central
South
City
Rural
Rent
Own
Tap
Tap & Well
Well only
Grow vegetables or herbs at home
Use food and vegetable waste for composting or animal feed
Renewable actions % (n=1394) Households that are rural, in the central region and use well water are more likely to exhibit renewable behaviours in the home.
Even 1 in 3 inhabiting apartments are active.
36
Recycling waste and rain water harvesting actions
Recycling is common for 4 in 10 households.
Households that are rural and use well water are more likely to harvest rain water.
Even 1 in 5 inhabiting apartments harvest rain water.
45
47
44
49
42
43
45
46
50
44
45
45
41
22
23
21
25
27
18
18
43
20
22
18
20
32
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total
Apartment
Row house
North
Central
South
City
Rural
Rent
Own
Tap
Tap & Well
Well only
Separate recyclable waste from non-recyclable waste
Capture rain water and use it for
cooking, washing, flushing or garden watering
Recycling actions % (n=1394)
37
Strong comprehension of renewable energy benefits
Nearly all are aware of renewable energy sources.
Comprehension of environmental impact and potential energy bill savings is high.
90
79
54
47
21
17
1
0 50 100
Better for the environment
They will reduce my energy bills
They are safer
They are better for my family's health
They are more reliable
They will save me time
I don't know
97% are aware of renewable energiesPerceived benefits of renewable energies % (n=1394)
38
Barriers are design build, cost and knowledge
44
30
30
27
23
16
16
16
8
6
3
2
2
2
2
0 20 40 60
My home was not designed for these types of …
They are expensive to buy
I don't know how
These energy sources are not popular in homes
I don’t have the time to organise this
These energy sources are not convenient
I rent my home and can not take action
I live in an apartment and con not take action
The weather is not right for this type of energy
I am not convinced they will save me money
I do not trust these energy sources
I don't know
They are not reliable sources of energy
I am not convinced they will help the environment
They are not safe sources of energy
97% are aware of renewable energiesReasons for not using % (n=1394)
So what?
39
1. The most energy efficient households have shared dwellings and large households. The least efficient have small households and air conditioning.
2. The most energy efficient households which exist today are declining. They are a factor of a low living space per person.
3. The desire to live in urban Vietnam, in single household dwellings, with less generations and hence a shrinking household size, is not a new phenomena.
4. Increasing economic progress will only increase demands for energy sapping durables and devices, straining available energy resources.
5. The building materials used to date have limited influence on household energy efficiency.
6. Consumers have a strong comprehension of renewable energy benefits. However the barriers are design, build, cost and knowledge.
Household energy efficiency will decline without action
40
1. More energy efficient design to reduce energy resources for cooling particularly.
2. More efficient building design and materials which enable dwellings to absorb, retain, and release, at the appropriate times, radiate heat.
3. Residential access to and business incentives to provide renewable resources in new built homes.
4. Residential access to and incentives to convert to more efficient cooling/heating. Access encompasses availability and affordability (possibly financing).
5. Raising consumer knowledge and demonstrating household costs savings are both critical.
Design, build, access, incentive and education
41
1. A nationwide standard method of survey measurement and benchmarking needs to be established.
2. Promote greater transparency and sharing of data, making it more readily available to research institutions, corporate bodies and individuals who are looking to carry out research that support the development aims for Vietnam.
3. Build an educational campaign to promote comprehension of and accessibility to the 1. efficient use of existing energy, 2. conversion to more efficient energy sources and 3. new design and build models.
4. Establish a new public/private sector project, aimed at developing energy efficient housing models, against which future developments can be measured.
What next…
42
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43
About Sustainable Futures Asia
44
45
Professional ‘sustainability’ services
Sustainable Futures Asia (SFA) was established in 2011 to provide professional sustainability services throughout the South East Asia region.
SFA provide services in three key areas:
• Project Consulting – assisting governments and private enterprise in reviewing existing, and developing new economically sustainable business strategies.
• Architecture & Urbanism – providing sustainable design solutions, either leading or as part of the client design team, including VGBC Lotus accreditation services.
• Knowledge Creation – carrying out research in to sustainability issues, and organising sustainability conferences and other knowledge sharing events.
www.sustainablefutures.asia
46
Dr Vu Thi Hong Hanh
Hanh is a Vietnamese registered architect who has lived and worked in Vietnam, Australia and the United Kingdom, completing her MSc in Melbourne, Australia and her PhD in Oxford, UK.
Hanh teaches at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Architecture.
Matt Parkes RIBA
Matt is a UK registered architect who has worked in Vietnam since 2004, having previously lived and worked in the UK and Hong Kong.
With an MSc in Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Matt is now undertaking PhD research into new models of sustainable housing here in Vietnam.
Founding members
47
Khai Duong Joint
Stock Company
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48
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Thank You
Sustainable Futures Asia Matt Parkes [email protected] www.sustainablefutures.asia
Cimigo Richard Burrage [email protected] www.cimigo.com
March 2013