cif-ifc algonquin section 2019 national conference & …

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CIF-IFC ALGONQUIN SECTION

2019 NATIONAL CONFERENCE & AGM PEMBROKE, ON

Kenneth Koo, P. Eng.Oct 11, 2019

Copie et redistribution interdites. Copying and redistribution prohibited.

HISTORICAL MASS TIMBER, APPLICATIONS & PETAWAWA RESEARCH FOREST CENTENNIAL BRIDGE

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© 2014 FPInnovations. All rights reserved. Copying and redistribution prohibited. ® FPInnovations, its marks and logos are trademarks of FPInnovations.

CONCERNS WITH WOOD CONSTRUCTION

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Fire:

Wood Beam supporting twisted Steel Beams

Durability:

Horyuji Temple & five-storey Pagoda

Ikaruga, Japan 607 AD

Courtesy: Forest Products Laboratory

Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons

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© 2014 FPInnovations. All rights reserved. Copying and redistribution prohibited. ® FPInnovations, its marks and logos are trademarks of FPInnovations. 3

➢ Adaptive re-use of the industrial old brick & timber buildings from 1850's

➢ Up to 8 storeys (≈100 ft or 31 m high)

➢ Up to 326,759 ft2 (≈32,500 m2)

➢ Built from 1859 to 1940s

➢ Old factories, warehouses and manufacturing plants ➔ Professional and High Tech

➢ All across Canada

➢ Toronto downtown – 129 buildings▪ 43 @ 5+ storeys▪ 19 @ 7 to 8 storeys

BRICK & BEAM BUILDINGS

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204 King East - 127,388 ft2

Monster & AutoDesk

468 King West - 65,027 ft2,

Indigo head office

30 Duncan St - 64,000 ft2

Professional offices -

Architects, Management

Consultants

185 Spadina Ave - 55,814 ft2

IBM Algorithmics software

TORONTO B & B BUILDINGS

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B & B OFFICES

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B & B RETAIL & RESTAURANTS

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TYPICAL INTERIOR POST & BEAMS

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➢ Distillery District is a historic site with 60 buildings in Toronto

➢ 5 storey Stone Distillery Building - in 1859

➢ It is now a pedestrians village for arts, culture and entertainment.

o Gooderham and Worts Distillery became the largest distillery in the world in 1877

o George Gooderham founded the Bank of Toronto which became TD Bank.

o It is the 2nd largest film location outside Hollywood with over 1700 films

Courtesy:

www.distilleryheritage.com

OLDEST B & B BUILDING

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➢ Toronto Carpet Factory was built between 1899 and 1920s in “Liberty Village”

➢ 312,000 ft2 complex of eight buildings on a four-acre block site

➢ Main building = 190,000 ft2

➢ Ceiling height = 12’ to 22’

➢ 6 storey building

LARGEST B & B BUILDING

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➢ The Landing, Gastown, Vancouver

➢ Storeys: 7 / 9 (two below Water Street level)

➢ Height: 30m (≈10 storeys)

➢ Total building area = 174,713 ft2

➢ Renovated & restored in 1987 & conforms to seismic requirements

➢ 3 buildings - 2 new concrete cores with reinforced concrete floor tied to the cores

TALLEST B & B BUILDING

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➢ Leckie Building, Gastown, Vancouver

➢ Seven-storey warehouse / factory building built between 1908 and 1913

➢ Renovated in 1991

▪ City of Vancouver Heritage Award

▪ Diagonal steel rods are part of the seismic upgrading system and tied to anchors 90 feet below ground

INNOVATIVE B & B BUILDING

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Using engineering, advanced processing and manufacturing to derive maximum strength capacity from wood fiber and lumber

➢ Glulam

➢ Panels

➢ Wood trusses

➢ Wood I-Joists

➢ Structural Composite Lumber - SCL

➢ Laminated Veneer Lumber - LVL

➢ Laminated Strand Lumber – LSL

➢ Oriented Strand Lumber - OSL

➢ Parallel Strand Lumber – PSL

➢ Cross Laminated Timber - CLT

A WEALTH OF ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

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➢ Glued Laminated Timber first used in Europe in 1800s. Modern glulam standard is published in 1963.

➢ Large structural member as Post & Beam Construction – principal load bearing member

➢ Multiple layers of end jointed lumber glued together with structural adhesives

➢ Glulam can be manufactured in various shapes and sizes such as deeper depths and curved member

➢ Glulam are used as beams (bending) or columns (compression)

➢ CSA O86 Engineering Design in Wood

GLULAM

Credit: CWC

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CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT)

➢ Developed in Europe in 1990s

➢ Prefabricated Panels

➢ Wood strips stacked crosswise on top of each other (glued or nailed)

➢ Thicknesses varies from 50 to 600 mm

➢ Cross lamination minimizes swelling and shrinkage in the board plane

➢ Increases loadbearing capacity substantially

➢ Excellent seismic & fire resistance

➢ Mass timber construction

➢ CSA O86 Engineering Design in Wood -introduced in 2014, fully design in 2019

Credit: Dietrich Buck

Luleå University of Technology

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Using engineering, advanced processing and manufacturing to derive maximum strength capacity from wood fiber and lumber

➢ Glulam

➢ Panels

➢ Wood trusses

➢ Wood I-Joists

➢ Structural Composite Lumber - SCL

➢ Laminated Veneer Lumber - LVL

➢ Laminated Strand Lumber – LSL

➢ Oriented Strand Lumber - OSL

➢ Parallel Strand Lumber – PSL

➢ Cross Laminated Timber - CLT

A WEALTH OF ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

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NAILED LAMINATED TIMBER (NLT) & DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER (DLT)

➢ The old is new again with Nail Laminated Timber (NLT)

➢ Dimensional lumber (ON EDGE) and mechanically fastened with nails

➢ Qualifies as Heavy Timber according to National Building Code of Canada - no “Alternate Solution” clauses needed

➢ Limitations – length, steel connections

➢ Modern approach can create curved profiles

➢ Automated nailing bridge

➢ Dowel Laminated Timber (DLT) developed with hardwood dowels to friction fit pre-drilled holes of the boards

Credit: TreeHugger

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MASS TIMBER

➢ Glulam, Glued Laminated Timber (GLT), Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), Dowel Laminated Timber (DLT), Nailed Laminated Timber (NLT) - each has its role to contribute with unique features

➢ Other structural composite materials such as LVL, LSL, PSL can also be considered as Mass Timber

➢ With these products, options will become available for specific design applications with different design challenges, performance

➢ How many modern Mass Timber buildings have been built to-date in Canada?

Stay tuned for new innovative mass timber products to be developed and introduced in the coming years!

19CASE STUDY:

➢ Petawawa Research Forest (PRF) is oldest research forest inCanada. The research influences forest policy, industry,silvicultural practices, and private forest managementpractices across Canada.

➢ An old section of the Meridian Road becomes impassabledue to failure of a multi-cell culvert system. The culvertfailure negatively impacted water flow and fish habitat.

➢ To provide road access and restore habitat, a single lanetimber bridge, Centennial Bridge, was installed. This is amodern logging road bridge constructed of EngineeredWood Products (EWPs) in Ontario.

➢ This experience should be of interest to Sustainable ForestLicense (SFL) Holders (and municipalities) looking to gainmore knowledge in logging road bridges constructed intimber.

➢ This case study provides background and information onthe construction of the Centennial Bridge.

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CANADIAN FORESTRY AND ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

➢ Glulam) is composed of layers of dimensional timber gluedtogether with moisture-resistant structural adhesives toform a large, strong, structural member and used asvertical columns or horizontal beams as well as curvedshapes.

➢ Nailed Laminated Timber (NLT) is a solid wood structuralelement consisting of dimensional lumber on edge withthe individual laminations fastened together with nails. It isan older method of construction that is realizing renewedinterest as mass timber construction gains renewedinterest.

➢ Wood is the only major renewable construction material and often has a lowerenvironmental impact than other construction building products. Canadian forestmanagement practices are among the most advanced in the world.

➢ Engineered Wood Products (EWPs) are manufactured with dimensional wood, veneer orfiber strands, by binding with structural adhesives or fixing with mechanical fastenings.They are engineered to precise design specifications to meet national or internationalstandards to maximize the performance of the wood fibre.

➢ The Meridian Road Bridge incorporates Glued-laminated Timber (Glulam) as girders,cribs and rails as well as Nailed Laminated Timber (NLT) as timber decks.

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TIMBER BRIDGE DESIGN OVERVIEW:

➢ Canadian Wood Council / Wood WORKS! ONTARIO published theOntario Wood Bridge Reference Guide in 2018 to provide updatedinformation for the designers of timber highway bridges.

➢ Timber bridges, with the latest preservative treatment, offer benefitsof lower cost, speed of construction with prefabrication, lighterfoundations, and quicker installation.

➢ The majority of bridges constructed on Crown Land in Ontario areconstructed by the forest industry. Logging road bridges must be builtto the standards set out in the Crown Land Bridge ManagementGuidelines, February 2008 (CLBMG). EWP bridges are pre-fabricatedand modular and can be installed quickly and economically.

➢ Bridges constructed on private or municipal lands or on Crown andused for purposes other than forest management must refer toCanadian Standard Association (CSA Group) CSA S6-14 CanadianHighway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC). It sets the safety and reliabilitystandards for the design and evaluation of these other bridges withminimum standards and loadings for bridges across Canada.

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NEED FOR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE

➢ Timber bridges can be of different shapes and forms, andevolved depending on the availability of material, skill andthe technology of the time. Traditional log girder bridgeshad limited span and load carrying capacity due to thelimitation of the length of the logs. Timber truss bridgesevolved with a complicated lattice, with much larger spansand much higher carrying capacity.

➢ Engineered Wood Products (EWPs) are now available withits own unique attributes and characteristics. The architectand engineer must take them into consideration in thestructural design and detailing as well as protection fordurability in installed environment.

➢ Crown Land Bridge Management Guidelines (CLBMG) andCanadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) require thattimber bridges and wood components to be pressuretreated with approved preservative treatments.

➢ Field treatments should must be carried-out for notches ordrilled holes made on site to provide maximum protection.

23MERIDIAN ROAD BRIDGE DESIGN

➢ The bridge is 13.2 m (43’-4”) long and 4.8 m (15’-9”) wide for singlelane traffic and designed in accordance to CSA S6-14 CanadianHighway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) with CL-625ON Truck Load.

➢ Preservative treated wood lumber and plywood should be inaccordance with CSA O70 series standards. Field applied CCApreservatives shall be applied following cutting and drilling of holes.

➢ The superstructure load carrying component consisted of 5structural Coastal Douglas Fir glulam girders with dimensions of 315mm (12.4”) by 1216 mm (47.9”), and built-in camber of 35 mm(1.4”).

➢ The glulam girders are supported by timber cribs at both ends of thebridge. The cribs are made with 241 mm x 241 mm treated CoastalDouglas Fir and stacked vertically.

➢ Timber deck is made-up of 184 mm (7¼”) nailed laminated timber(NLT) in a transverse orientation across the width of the bridge. The51 mm (2”) thick timber wearing boards are lagged onto the timberdeck.

➢ 140 mm x 356 mm (5” x 14”) Glulam rails to form the railing onstructure are supported by 152 mm x 152 mm (6” x 6”) timber postsat 1905 mm (75”) on center along the length of the bridge.

➢ Fasteners and bearings are either hot dip galvanized or stainlesssteel.

24WOOD VS STEEL: COMPARING KEY COSTS PARAMETERS

Parameter Meridian Road Timber Bridge Standard OMNRF Steel Bridge

Girder Material Costs

Glulam Girders:

30’ = $24,000

40’ = $38,000

50’= $58,000

70’ = $108,000

Steel Girders:

30’ = $15,000

40’ = $20,000

50’= $60,000

70’ = $100,000

CribsMeridian cribs were more expensive than OMNRF designs. OMNRF crib designs could be

modified for glulam girders to equalize the costs

DeckingMeridian road bridge used NLT, OMNRF uses 8”x8” timbers. Designers could choose the

decking that was most economical.

Engineering /Design

Costs

• 30% to 40% lower than a custom

designed steel or concrete bridge

• Standard designs could be developed

to save costs

• Using Standard MNRF Bridge Designs:

$4,000

• Custom design: 30% to 40% higher than

wood bridge

Lifespan

• 60 years with proper maintenance

• 40 years if designed similar to OMNRF

standards

• 40 years with proper maintenance

Areas with significant

similarity in materials,

design, cost, and/or

construction

Load capacity, hardware protection, wood protection, wearing boards, wood species

(Douglas Fir), bridge delivery and equipment float costs, material delivery lead time, heavy

equipment and labour required for construction.

Centennial bridge and standard MNRF design logging road bridges are built to differentstandards and therefore have some key similarities and differences in design, cost, andconstruction. Similarities are shown in the table below. Areas of meaningful difference werethe engineering costs, cribs, decking, and girders.

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FPINNOVATIONS INDUSTRY SUPPORT

➢ FPInnovations is working with and assisting Ontario Mass Timber manufacturers

❑ Timmerman Timberworks - NLT manufacturer, New Lowell, ON

▪ Testing of physical NLT panels to determine the Layup Factor using various nailing pattern, spacing – factor of 20 to 30% Bending and Stiffness

▪ Finger-jointed Lumber manufacturing line & Quality Control

▪ Potential adoption of Hardwood nail

❑ Element5 - CLT manufacturer, Toronto, ON- Plant @ St. Thomas, ON

▪ Developing Prefabricated Exterior Panels

❑ Glulam manufacturer in Ontario – earlier effort

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GET IN TOUCH/ COMMUNIQUEZ AVEC NOUS

Kenneth Koo, P. Eng

[email protected]

(647) 463-5782

fpinnovations.ca blog.fpinnovations.ca

mailto:[email protected]

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