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Internal clinical diagnosticsLectures for students, 6th semester
Examination of the digestive tract in swine and ruminants
Dr. Abonyi Tamás and Dr. Vörös Károly
Belgyógyászati Tanszék és Klinika
Examination of the digestive tract in swine
Peritonitis in swine
Gastric ulcer in swine
Zootrichobezoars from porcine stomach
Ascariosis, swine
Examination of the bovine digestive organsGeneral aspects
History
Process of eating and drinking, feeding and drinking probe
Bloat (tympany, meteorismus)
Defecation, amount of faeces
Macroscopic examination of faeces: quality, colour, smell,
undigested particles, foreign objects
+
Posture:
kyphosis, arched back, forelegs held wide apart, the elbows turned out
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Examination of the oral cavitiy, pharynx and oesophagus
Examination of the oral cavity:
Mucous membranes: lesions, vesicles, ulcers with round
edges, ulcers with irregular edges, teeth, tongue (size,
mobility), cheeks
Swallowing: swallowing disorders
(disorders on the mucous membranes)
Chewing, rumination, eructation
• Outer examination of the pharynx and the salivary glands• Examination of the pharyngeal cavity• Oesophagus: its course, probing the oesophagus
Footh-and-mouth disease,cattle, tongue
(Soós, 1992)
goat
sheep
Footh-and-mouth disease (Soós, 1992)
Bovine virus diarrhoea
BVD and IBR infection, calf
Rupture of the tongue, cattle
Actinomycosis
Obturation of the oesophagus
Anatomical features of the bovine stomach
rumen + reticulum + omasum + abomasum = 80 % of the whole abdominal cavity
Young calf: Reticulum small, rumen = 1/2 of the abomasum10-12 weeks age: rumen = abomasum 2x4 months: rumen + reticulum = 4x omasum + abomasum18 months: full capacity 135 - 180 liters
Localisation of the forestomachs and
abomasum
Rumen: 80 %, on the left side of the abdomen
Reticulum: 50 % in the middle of the abdomen and to the left, within the 6-9. intercostal spaces, in the xyphoid region
Omasum: 7-8 % on the right side of the abdomen, within the 6 - 9. intercost. spaces
Abomasum: 8 % is in contact with the abdominal wall, situated on the ventral part of the abdomen
Examination of the rumen
Inspection: size, presence and grade of bloat (distension)
Palpation: ruminal contractions ( left flank ),
a bendőtartalom konzisztenciája
Percussion:normal finding: upper 1/3: mild tympanic
ventral 2/3: dullIn frothy bloat: gases are finely dispersed, within the rumen content, the percussion sound is moderately tympanic
Auscultation: continuous mild crackling sounds,
rumen motility: gurgling fluid and booming gassy sounds
Additional examinations:rumen fluid, rumenography, rumenotomy, rectal examination
Ruminal bloat in calves
Free-gas bloat Frothy bloat
Hoflund syndromeAnterior functional stenosis
(hypermotility form)
Rumen fluid: frothy, cream-likeA: Hoflund syndrome, B: physiol. finding
(++) rumen, distended left flank
Acute lactacidaemia
Examination of the reticulum
Reticular pain probes
Kalchschmidt probe (zone test) back grip pressure test (knee-elbow probe) pain percussion pole test
Differential diagnosis:
- rarely traumatic hepatitis- rarely traumatic splenitis- nephritis- pleuritisAdditional examinations:- Blood: blood count, biochemical examinations, glutaraldehyde test- Abdominocentesis, rumenotomy
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis:frightened glance, positive reticular pain probes
Back grip
Pain percussion
Knee-elbow probe
Pole test
Video
Results of abdominocentsis in peritonitis, cattle
Examination of the omasum
Physical examination: inspection, palpation and percussion
of the region yields limited information
Direxct inspecion and palpation:
during surgical intervention
(rumenotomy, laparotomy)
Topography of the bovine abdominal
organs(Gyarmati 1954)
Examination of the abomasum
Inspection and palpation of the region are of diagnostic value only in severe abomasal disorders
Abomasal dislocation:
right-sided: in 10 % of the cases (right-sided abomasal displacement, RDA)
left-sided: in 90 % of the cases (left-sided abomasal displacement, LDA)
Auscultation: spontaneous tinkling sounds
Auscultation with ballotement: splashing sounds
Auscultation with percussion: metallic sounds (steel band effect)
Grades of LDA
Clinical sign of LDA:Spontaneous tinkling sounds
Diagnosis of LDA
Auscultation with
ballotement
Diagnosis of LDA
Auscultation with
percussion
Abomasocentesis
Examination of the intestines
Amount and quality of the faeces Diarrhoea Decreased amount or lack of faeces
Paratuberculosis
Melaena,caused by abomasitis and
abomasal ulcer in cattle
Detection of fluid- and gas-filled organs on the right side of the bovine abdomen
Auscultation with ballotement,
auscultation with percussion
Development of DRA and abomasal torsion
RDA Abomasal torsion
RDAAuscultation with percussion
Caecal dislocation and torsion
Thank you for your attention.