cic decimator

4
Proceedings o f ISCIT2005 Efficient Technique fo r Improving t he Frequency Response o f C I C Decimation Filter Gordana Jovanovic-Dolecek Department f o r Electronics Institute INAOE, E . Erro 1, 72840 Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico Tel: +52-222-2470517, Fax: +52-222-2470517 E-mail: gordanaWinaoep.mx Abstract- CIC (cascaded-integrator-comb) filter i s widely used a s t h e decimation filter i n oversampled sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) d u e t o i t s simplicity which requires n o multiplication o r coefficient storage. However, t h e frequency response o f t h e C IC filter ha s a high passband droop n d l o w stopband attenuation. I n this paper we present two-stage structure based o n CIC a n d cosine filters which is multiplier-free. Besides t h e proposed filter does no t have a n y filtering a t t h e high input rate a n d exhibits t h e high attenuation a t the frequency point o f interest. Keywords- Decimation filter, C IC filter, Sharpening, cosine prefilters. I . INTRODUCTION Advanced developments i n Analogue t o Digital  AlD a n d Digital t o Analogue (D/A) conversion techniques, based o n delta sigma modulation a r e best example o f t h design trend o f shifting more a n d more signal processing tasks from t h e analog t o t h e digital domain [3]. I n this type o f converter t he analog signal i s sampled a t a rate much higher than t h e Nyquist rate, which permits t o u s e fast low-resolution A/ D converter. Finally,the digital output of t h e converter i s decimated to t h e Nyquist rate [14]. I n that w a y strong requirements f o r t he analog anti-aliasing filter a r e avoided, resulting in a simpler analog filter design while requiring fast more complex digital structure. C I C (cascaded-integrator-comb) filter [ 5 ] i s widely used as t h e decimation filter i n oversampled analog-to-digital converter (ADC) d u e t o i ts simplicity which requires n o multiplication or coefficient storage. This filter consists o f two main sections, cascaded integrators a n d differentiators, separated b y a down-sampler, a s shown in Fig.l. I n p I uT outpu Fig. 1 . C I C filter. T h e transfer function o f t h e C I C filter (recursive form), also known as a comb filter, i s given b y H(z) = I ( 1) while t he non-recursive form i s given as H(z)=[- 1 + z + ± z +...+z 1. ( 2 ) T h e differentiator section operates a t t h e lower data rate, while t h e integrator section works a t t h e higher input data rate thereby resulting i n higher chip area a nd higher power dissipation f o r this section. I n order t o resolve this problem t h e non-recursive structures have been proposed [1], [4]. Using t he polyphase decomposition o f ( 2) t h e filtering a t the high input rate ca n b e moved t o t h e lower rate [1]. T h e magnitude response of t h e C I C filter c an b e expressed a s ( 3) T h e magnitude response h a s nulls a t integer multiples o f (1/M) F s , where F 5 i s t h e high-rate sampling frequency. These nulls provide natural alias-rejections introduced by t h e down-sampling operation o f t he decimator. However t he magnitude response h a s a high passband droop and lo w stopband attenuation. Several techniques exist f o r compensating f o r t h e droop i n t h e passband and f o r a n increase o f th e stopband attenuation [2], [6-10], [12], [15]. I n this paper w e propose a two-stage structure i n which t h e first stage i s implemented non-recursively while t h e second o n i s implemented recursively. Consequently there i s n o filtering a t t h e high input rate. T h e magnitude response o f t he structure i s improved b y using a cosine prefilters a n d sharpening technique. T h e paper i s organized as follows. I n Section 2 w e define two- staged cascaded CIC-cosine filter and the corresponding efficient structure. Section 3 describes t h e proposed filter based on t h e filter introduced i n Section 2 , a n d t he sharpening technique. The efficient structure o f t h e proposed filter i s also given. 0-7803-9538-7/05/$20.00©2005 IEEE 2 91 I sin(coM / 2 - K H(ejo- ) L M sin(m / 2 ) _, debido de almacenamiento ademas avanzados desarrollo end encia d e dis eño dez pla zamie nto mas y mas procesamiento de señal baja resolucion convertidores requisitos de manera fuerte es evitar extensamente deese modo en multiplos enteros

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Page 1: Cic Decimator

7/25/2019 Cic Decimator

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cic-decimator 1/4

P r o c e e d i n g s o f I S C I T 2 0 0 5

E f f i c i e n t

Technique

f o r Improving

t h e

Frequency

Response

of

CIC

D e c i m a t i o n

F i l t e r

G o r d a n a

J o v a n o v i c - D o l e c e k

D e p a r t m e n t f o r

E l e c t r o n i c s

I n s t i t u t e

I N A O E ,

E .

E r r o

1 ,

7 2 8 4 0

T o n a n t z i n t l a ,

P u e b l a ,

M e x i c o

T e l :

+ 5 2 - 2 2 2 - 2 4 7 0 5 1 7 , F a x : + 5 2 - 2 2 2 - 2 4 7 0 5 1 7

E - m a i l :

g o r d a n a W i n a o e p . m x

A b s t r a c t - CIC

( c a s c a d e d - i n t e g r a t o r - c o m b )

f i l t e r

i s

w i d e l y

u s e d

a s

t h e

d e c i m a t i o n

f i l t e r

i n

o v e r s a m p l e d s i g m a - d e l t a

a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l

c o n v e r t e r

( A D C )

d u e t o i t s

s i m p l i c i t y

w h i c h

r e q u i r e s

n o

m u l t i p l i c a t i o n

o r

c o e f f i c i e n t

s t o r a g e .

H o w e v e r ,

t h e

f r e q u e n c y

r e s p o n s e

o f

t h e

CIC

f i l t e r h a s a

h i g h p a s s b a n d

d r o o p

a n d l o w

s t o p b a n d

a t t e n u a t i o n .

I n

t h i s

p a p e r

we

p r e s e n t

t w o - s t a g e

s t r u c t u r e

b a s e d

o n CIC

a n d c o s i n e

f i l t e r s

w h i c h

i s

m u l t i p l i e r - f r e e .

B e s i d e s

t h e

p r o p o s e d

f i l t e r

d o e s

n o t

h a v e a n y

f i l t e r i n g

a t

t h e

h i g h

i n p u t

r a t e a n d

e x h i b i t s t h e

h i g h

a t t e n u a t i o n a t t h e

f r e q u e n c y p o i n t

o f

i n t e r e s t .

K e y w o r d s - D e c i m a t i o n

f i l t e r ,

CIC

f i l t e r ,

S h a r p e n i n g ,

c o s i n e p r e f i l t e r s .

I .

I N T R O D U C T I O N

A d v a n c e d

d e v e l o p m e n t s

i n

A n a l o g u e t o

D i g i t a l   A l D

a n d

D i g i t a l

t o

A n a l o g u e

( D / A ) c o n v e r s i o n

t e c h n i q u e s ,

b a s e d o n d e l t a

s i g m a

m o d u l a t i o n

a r e b e s t

e x a m p l e

o f

t h e

d e s i g n

t r e n d

o f

s h i f t i n g

m o r e

a n d m o r e

s i g n a l

p r o c e s s i n g

t a s k s

f r o m t h e

a n a l o g t o

t h e

d i g i t a l

d o m a i n [ 3 ] .

I n

t h i s

t y p e

o f

c o n v e r t e r

t h e

a n a l o g

s i g n a l

i s

s a m p l e d

a t

a

r a t e

m u c h

h i g h e r

t h a n

t h e

N y q u i s t

r a t e , w h i c h p e r m i t s t o

u s e f a s t

l o w - r e s o l u t i o n A / D

c o n v e r t e r .

F i n a l l y , t h e

d i g i t a l o u t p u t o f

t h e c o n v e r t e r

i s

d e c i m a t e d t o

t h e N y q u i s t r a t e

[ 1 4 ] .

I n

t h a t

w a y

s t r o n g r e q u i r e m e n t s

f o r

t h e

a n a l o g a n t i - a l i a s i n g

f i l t e r

a r e

a v o i d e d ,

r e s u l t i n g

i n

a

s i m p l e r

a n a l o g

f i l t e r

d e s i g n

w h i l e

r e q u i r i n g

f a s t

m o r e

c o m p l e x d i g i t a l

s t r u c t u r e . C I C

( c a s c a d e d - i n t e g r a t o r - c o m b )

f i l t e r

[ 5 ]

i s

w i d e l y u s e d

a s

t h e

d e c i m a t i o n

f i l t e r

i n

o v e r s a m p l e d

a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l

c o n v e r t e r

( A D C )

d u e

t o i t s

s i m p l i c i t y

w h i c h r e q u i r e s n o

m u l t i p l i c a t i o n

o r

c o e f f i c i e n t

s t o r a g e . T h i s f i l t e r

c o n s i s t s o f

t w o m a i n

s e c t i o n s ,

c a s c a d e d

i n t e g r a t o r s a n d

d i f f e r e n t i a t o r s ,

s e p a r a t e d b y

a

d o w n - s a m p l e r ,

a s

s h o w n

i n

F i g . l .

Inp

I

uT

o u t p u

F i g .

1 .

C I C

f i l t e r .

T h e t r a n s f e r

f u n c t i o n

o f

t h e C I C

f i l t e r ( r e c u r s i v e

f o r m ) ,

a l s o

k n o w n a s

a

c o m b

f i l t e r , i s

g i v e n b y

H(z)

=

I

( 1 )

w h i l e

t h e

n o n - r e c u r s i v e

f o r m i s

g i v e n

a s

H(z)=[-

1 + z

+ ± z + . . . + z

1.

( 2 )

T h e d i f f e r e n t i a t o r s e c t i o n

o p e r a t e s a t

t h e

l o w e r d a t a

r a t e ,

w h i l e

t h e

i n t e g r a t o r s e c t i o n

w o r k s

a t

t h e

h i g h e r

i n p u t d a t a

r a t e

t h e r e b y

r e s u l t i n g

i n

h i g h e r

c h i p

a r e a

a n d h i g h e r

p o w e r

d i s s i p a t i o n f o r t h i s

s e c t i o n . I n o r d e r t o

r e s o l v e t h i s

p r o b l e m

t h e

n o n - r e c u r s i v e s t r u c t u r e s

h av e b e e n

p r o p o s e d

[ 1 ] ,

[ 4 ] .

U s i n g t h e

p o l y p h a s e d e c o m p o s i t i o n

o f

( 2 )

t h e

f i l t e r i n g a t

t h e

h i g h

i n p u t

r a t e c a n

b e m o v e d t o

t h e l o w e r r a t e

[ 1 ] .

T h e

m a g n i t u d e

r e s p o n s e o f t h e

C I C f i l t e r c a n

b e

e x p r e s s e d

a s

( 3 )

T h e

m a g n i t u d e

r e s p o n s e

h a s n u l l s

a t i n t e g e r

m u l t i p l e s o f

( 1 / M ) F s , w h e r e

F 5 i s t h e

h i g h - r a t e

s a m p l i n g

f r e q u e n c y .

T h e s e

n u l l s p r o v i d e

n a t u r a l

a l i a s - r e j e c t i o n s i n t r o d u c e d

b y

t h e

d o w n - s a m p l i n g

o p e r a t i o n o f

t h e

d e c i m a t o r .

H o w e v e r

t h e

m a g n i t u d e r e s p o n s e

h a s a

h i g h p a s s b a n d

d r o o p

a n d

l o w

s t o p b a n d

a t t e n u a t i o n .

S e v e r a l

t e c h n i q u e s

e x i s t f o r

c o m p e n s a t i n g

f o r

t h e

d r o o p

i n

t h e p a s s b a n d

a n d

f o r a n i n c r e a s e

o f t h e

s t o p b a n d a t t e n u a t i o n

[ 2 ] ,

[ 6 - 1 0 ] ,

[ 1 2 ] ,

[ 1 5 ] .

I n

t h i s

p a p e r w e

p r o p o s e

a

t w o - s t a g e

s t r u c t u r e

i n

w h i c h

t h e f i r s t

s t a g e

i s

i m p l e m e n t e d

n o n - r e c u r s i v e l y

w h i l e t h e

s e c o n d o n e

i s

i m p l e m e n t e d

r e c u r s i v e l y .

C o n s e q u e n t l y

t h e r e

i s

n o

f i l t e r i n g

a t

t h e

h i g h

i n p u t

r a t e .

T h e

m a g n i t u d e

r e s p o n s e

o f t h e

s t r u c t u r e

i s i m p r o v e d

b y

u s i n g

a

c o s i n e

p r e f i l t e r s

a n d

s h a r p e n i n g t e c h n i q u e .

T h e

p a p e r i s o r g a n i z e d a s

f o l l o w s . I n

S e c t i o n 2

w e

d e f i n e

t w o -

s t a g e d

c a s c a d e d

C I C - c o s i n e

f i l t e r a n d t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g e f f i c i e n t

s t r u c t u r e . S e c t i o n

3

d e s c r i b e s t h e

p r o p o s e d

f i l t e r b a s e d o n

t h e

f i l t e r i n t r o d u c e d

i n S e c t i o n 2 ,

a n d

t h e

s h a r p e n i n g

t e c h n i q u e . T h e

e f f i c i e n t s t r u c t u r e

o f t h e

p r o p o s e d f i l t e r i s a l s o

g i v e n .

0 - 7 8 0 3 - 9 5 3 8 - 7 / 0 5 / $ 2 0 . 0 0 © 2 0 0 5

I E E E

2 9 1

I

s i n ( c o M

/

2

-K

H ( e j o - )

L

M

s i n ( m

/

2 )

_,

debido

de almacenamiento

ademas

avanzados desarrollo

endencia de diseño dezplazamiento mas y mas procesamiento de señal

baja resolucion convertidores

requisitos de manera fuerte

es evitar 

extensamente

deese modo

en multiplos enteros

Page 2: Cic Decimator

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I I . C A S C A D E D C I C

AND

C O S I N E

F I L T E R S

C o n s i d e r i n g

t h e

c a s e w h e n

t h e

d o w n - s a m p l i n g

f a c t o r

c a n

b e

e x p r e s s e d

a s

M

=

M1M2,

w e

c a n r e w r i t e

E q u a t i o n

( 1 )

a s

H(z)

=

[ H 1 ( Z ) H 2

( Z M l

)

r

w h e r e

I

1 _ Z - M l

M ( z )

 

1

-1

H 2

j z

M2

I

-M

( 4 )

( 5 )

H c C o s ( Z ) r H C Z O S ( z

i )

i=1

C o n s i d e r i n g

M = 2 '

we

h a v e

i n

g e n e r a l c a s e

n I l

/

2

 

n

k l

± 2

n

k l c l

(6)

3 Z n l k

k = 1

2 k = 1

( 7 )

n O

=

n n

=

0.

I n o r d e r t o

o b t a i n more

f l e x i b i l i t y

i n t h e d e s i g n

we

p e r m i t

t h a t t h e

n u m b e r

o f

t h e c a s c a d e d

s u b f i l t e r s

( 6 )

a n d

( 7 )

can b e

d i f f e r e n t ,

t h e r e b y

r e s u l t i n g i n

a m o d i f i e d

C I C

f i l t e r

Hm(Z)

=

Hf

( z )  

H f

2

( z M 1 ) ( 8 )

U s i n g

t h e

n o b l e

i d e n t i t i e s [ 1 0 ] t h e

s u b f i l t e r

( 7 ) ca n

b e

m o v e d t o l o w e r

r a t e

a n d

b e c o m e s

l o w e r

o r d e r

C I C

f i l t e r

( t h e

l e n g t h

i s

M 2 ) as

s h o w n

i n F i g . 2 .

hIn

t

put

K 2 Z

F i g .

2 . T w o - s t a g e s t r u c t u r e .

A s

a consequence

we can

i n c r e a s e

K 1 a n d

K 2 i n o r d e r

t o

i m p r o v e

t h e

m a g n i t u d e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .

A d d i t i o n a l l y

i n

o r d e r

t o a v o i d t h e

f i l t e r i n g a t t h e

h i g h

r a t e t h e

comb

f i l t e r

a t

t h e f i r s t

s t a g e

ca n

b e

i m p l e m e n t e d

non-

r e c u r s i v e l y .

T o

i m p r o v e

f u r t h e r t h e

m a g n i t u d e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

o f

t h e

f i l t e r

( 8 )

we

use

t h e c a s c a d e d

c o s i n e

p r e f i l t e r [ 9 ]

i n t r o d u c e d

i n [ 1 3 ] ,

K

ni

N

HcCos(Z)= ( H c o s ( z

 

( 9 )

i = l

w h e r e

Hcos

( Z

N)

0 . 1 2 5 ( 1

+ z-2N

) ( l

+ z-N)2

( 1 0 )

M

N .

=

( I 1 )

N K = J .

( 1 2 )

a n d

n i

i s

t h e

n u m b e r

o f

c a s c a d e d

c o s i n e

p r e f i l t e r s .

For

example

f o r

M=1

6 ,

we have N 1 = 4 ,

N 2 = 2 ,

N 3 = 1 .

Hcos

( Z

) = 0 .

1 2 5 ( 1

+

z - 8

) ( 1

+

z - 4

) 2 .

( 1 3 )

Hcos(Z

) 0 . 1 2 5 ( l + z A ) ( + z - 2 ) 2 .

( 1 4 )

Hcos(Z

)

=

0 . 1 2 5 ( l

 

z - 2 ) ( I

+

z 2

( 1 5 )

T h e r e f o r e f r o m

( 9 )

a n d ( 1 3 ) - ( 1 5 )

i t f o l l o w s .

D e n o t i n g

n- I

k

~3

n k

Lk

=

M/2

;k

=

nk +

2 n k

; A

=

1 / 2

k = l

f r o m E q u a t i o n

( 1 7 )

we a r r i v e

a t

n

_ L

I

Hccos(Z)=A1I+Z

k

)

k = 1

( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( 1 9 )

F r o m

E q u a t i o n ( 1 9 )

we

h a v e

n ,

_ L

I

H C C O S O ( Z ) z =

H(1+Z

k

)

k

,L k

<M1,

( 2 0 )

k=1

and

H c C o s 1

(Z

M)

=

n ( l

- L k

)k

k = n 1 + 1

( 2 1 )

Lk

>M1.

A c c o r d i n g

t o

E q u a t i o n s

( 1 3 - 1 5 )

a n d

( 2 0 ) - ( 2 1 )

f o r

M 1 = M 2 = 4

we

h a v e

Hc

cosO

( z )

=(+

z -

) 2 n 3

( 1 +

z - 2

) 2 n 2

+ n 3

( 2 2 )

H c C o s I

( z 4 ) =

(1+

z - 4 )

2 n l

+2

(+

z - 8 )

( 2 3 )

U s i n g

( 1 9 ) - ( 2 1 ) we

r e w r i t e

( 9 )

a s

Hccos

( Z )

A ,

Hc

coso

( z )

Hc

C o s ,

( z

Ml )

,

( 2 4 )

T h e

t r a n s f e r f t m c t i o n

o f

t h e

c a s c a d e d

m o d i f i e d

comb

a n d

c o s i n e

p r e f i l t e r s

i s

Hmc

cos

( z )

=

Hm

( z ) H c

cos

(z )

F r o m E q u a t i o n s

( 8 )

a n d

( 2 4 ) - ( 2 5 ) we

a r r i v e

a t

Hmccos

( Z )

=

A

 

HK1

( z ) H22

( z

1

2

-

H c

c o s O

( z )

Hc

C O S 1

(ZM1

) .

We d e n o t e

G ( z )

=

Hf

( z ) H e c o s o

(z)

( 2 5 )

( 2 6 )

( 2 7 )

2 9 2

( 1 6 )

de ese modo

evitar 

para mejorar aun

por lo tanto

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F r o m

E q u a t i o n s

( 2 6 ) - ( 2 7 )

i t f o l l o w s

H m c C o s ( z )

=

G ( z ) H I

2

( z M 1

) H c c o s 1

( z M l

)

. ( 2 8 )

A c c o r d i n g

t o n o b l e

i d e n t i t i e s

[ 1 1 ]

we h a v e t h e e f f i c i e n t

s t r u c t u r e o f

E q u a t i o n

( 2 8 ) ,

s h o w n i n

F i g . 3 .

I n p u

E

t

F i g . 3 . E f f i c i e n t

s t r u c t u r e

( 2 8 ) .

N o t e t h a t b y

t h e

p o l y p h a s e

d e c o m p o s i t i o n

o f t h e f i l t e r

G ( z )

t h e

f i l t e r i n g

a t t h e

f i r s t

s t a g e

i s

m o v e d

t o

l o w e r

r a t e .

I n n e x t S e c t i o n we

i m p r o v e

t h e

m a g n i t u d e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

o f

t h e

f i l t e r

( 2 8 ) b y a p p l y i n g

t h e

s h a r p e n i n g t e c h n i q u e .

I I I .

S H A R P E N E D

C A S C A D E D

C I C AND C O S I N E

F I L T E R S

We

a p p l y

t h e

s h a r p e n i n g t e c h n i q u e [ 1 1 ] t o

i m p r o v e t h e

m a g n i t u d e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e

p r o p o s e d

f i l t e r

( 2 8 ) .

I n o r d e r t h a t we

c a n a p p l y t h e p o l y p h a s e

d e c o m p o s i t i o n

o f

t h e

f i l t e r

G ( z ) t h e s i m p l e s t

s h a r p e n i n g

g i v e n b y

S h { X }

 

3 X 2

-

2 X 3 ,

( 2 9 )

i s a p p l i e d o n l y

t o

t h e c o m b f i l t e r i n

t h e

s e c o n d

s t a g e .

C o n s e q u e n t l y

we

h a v e

S h { H m c

c o s ( z ) }

G ( z ) S h { H 2

2

( z M l

) } H c c o s 1 ( z M l )

( 3 0 )

U s i n g

t h e

n o b l e

i d e n t i t i e s

[ 1 0 ]

we

h a v e

t h e e f f i c i e n t

s t r u c t u r e o f

E q u a t i o n ( 3 0 )

s h o w n i n

F i g . 4 .

I n p u t O F

4 p u t

F i g .

4 .

E f f i c i e n t s t r u c t u r e

( 3 1 ) .

F i g u r e

5

a c o m p a r e s t h e

o v e r a l l m a g n i t u d e

r e s p o n s e s

o f

t h e

p r o p o s e d

s h a r p e n e d f i l t e r

a n d

t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g

s h a r p e n e d

C I C

f i l t e r f o r

M 1 = M 2 = 4 ,

K = 2 ,

K 1 = 4 ,

K 2 = 2

a n d

n 1 = n 2 = n 3 = l . F i g u r e

5 b

p r e s e n t s

t h e

s t o p b a n d

a t t e n u a t i o n

n e a r

t h e f i r s t

n u l l .

E x a m p l e

1 :

We

c o n s i d e r M=32

a n d

M 1 = 4

a n d

M 2 = 8 .

F i g u r e

6 a

c o m p a r e s t h e

m a g n i t u d e

r e s p o n s e s o f

t h e

p r o p o s e d

f i l t e r

w i t h

K 1 = 4 ,

K 2 = 2 ,

n l = n 2 = 2

a n d n 3 = n 4 = l w i t h

t h e s h a r p e n e d

c o m b

w i t h

K = 2 .

We

c o n s i d e r

t h e

s t o p b a n d

a t t e n u a t i o n a t

t h e

f r e q u e n c y

a t

w h i c h

t h e

w o r s t - c a s e

a l i a s i n g

o c c u r s

w i l l

b e

a t

t h e

n o r m a l i z e d

f r e q u e n c y [ 1 2 ]

2

1

_

15 _

f A

 

-

--~~

=-~

=0.

1

1

7 2 .

( 3 1 )

M

8M 8M

F i g u r e

6

b i l l u s t r a t e s t h e

a t t e n u a t i o n s

a t t h e f r e q u e n c y

( 3 1 ) .

T h e

a t t e n u a t i o n

a t f A

o f

t h e

p r o p o s e d ,

a n d

t h e s h a r p e n e d

c o m b

f i l t e r s

a r e - 2 2 1 . 8

d B a n d

- 8 5

d B ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y

I V . C O N C L U S I O N S

T h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s

a n e w

t w o - s t a g e

d e c i m a t i o n f i l t e r

w h e r e

t h e

d e c i m a t i o n

f a c t o r

M

c a n

b e

e x p r e s s e d

a s

M = M 1 M 2 .

T h e

f i r s t s e c t i o n i s

t h e

c a s c a d e o f

K 1 ,

M I - l e n g t h

c o m b

f i l t e r s

a n d t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g

c o s i n e f i l t e r s . A s a r e s u l t

o f

t h e

p o l y p h a s e

d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e f i l t e r s

i n t h e f i r s t

s t a g e

t h e r e i s

n o f i l t e r i n g i n t h e h i g h

i n p u t

r a t e .

T h e f i l t e r s

o f

t h e s e c o n d s e c t i o n

a r e

t h e

c a s c a d e o f

K 2 ,

M 2 - l e n g t h c o m b f i l t e r s

a n d

t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

c o s i n e f i l t e r s .

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r e s p o n s e s .

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K 1 = 4 , j

 

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6 .

E x a m p l e 1 .

T h e

s i m p l e s h a r p e n i n g

p o l y n o m i a l i s a p p l i e d t o t h e

c o m b s e c t i o n

a t

t h e

s e c o n d

s t a g e

i n

o r d e r t o

i m p r o v e

t h e

m a g n i t u d e

response o f t h e p r o p o s e d f i l t e r . A s

a

r e s u l t

t h e

h i g h a t t e n u a t i o n a t t h e

f r e q u e n c y

p o i n t

o f i n t e r e s t

i s

a c h i e v e d .

B e c a u s e t h e c o m b a n d c o s i n e f i l t e r s o n l y

e m p l o y u n i t y

c o e f f i c i e n t s

a n d

t h e i n t e g e r

v a l u e s o f t h e

s h a r p e n i n g

p o l y n o m i a l

ca n

b e

r e a l i z e d a s

s h i f t

a n d a d d

o p e r a t i o n s ,

t h e

p r o p o s e d f i l t e r i s

e s s e n t i a l l y m u l t i p l i e r f r e e .

T h e p a r a m e t e r

o f d e s i g n a r e t h e d e c i m a t i o n f a c t o r s M1

a n d

M2

a n d

t h e

n u m b e r

o f

c a s c a d e d

f i l t e r s ,

K i ,

a n d n k ,

i = l ,

2

a n d

k1,.

.

,

n - l .

C h o o s i n g

M1>M2

w i l l

r e s u l t

i n

l e s s power c o n s u m p t i o n

t h a n

i n

case w h e r e

M 1 < M c M

,

b e c a u s e

t h e

f i l t e r i n g o f t h e

f i r s t s t a g e i s m o v e d

t o t h e r a t e w h i c h

i s

M1

t i m e s

l e s s

t h a n

t h e

h i g h i n p u t

r a t e .

A s a consequence t h a t t h e

s h a r p e n i n g

i s a p p l i e d o n l y a t

t h e s e c o n d

s t a g e ,

c h o o s i n g M1<M2 w i l l r e s u l t i n

a n

i m p r o v e d m a g n i t u d e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

t h a n

i n t h e

o p p o s i t e

c a s e . T h e r e f o r e

t h e c h o i c e

o f M 1

a n d

M2

i s

b a s e d

o n t r a d e -

o f f

b e t w e e n t h e p o w e r

c o n s u m p t i o n

a n d

t h e

d e s i r e d

s t o p b a n d a t t e n u a t i o n .

REFERENCES

[ 1 ]

H . A b o u s h a d y , Y . D u m o n t e i x ,

M .

M .

L o e r a t ,

a n d

H .

M e h r e z z ,

  E f f i c i e n t p o l y p h a s e d e c o m p o s i t i o n

o f

c o m b d e c i m a t i o n

f i l t e r s

i n Z -

A a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l

c o n v e r t e r s ,

I E E E

T r a n s a c t i o n s o n C i r c u i t s

 

S y s t e m s -

I I :

A n a l o g

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D i g i t a l S i g n a l P r o c e s s i n g ,

v o l .

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p p .

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[ 2 ]

F .

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a n d

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 A n o v e l

c l a s s

o f

d e c i m a t i o n

f i l t e r s

f o r

E A

A/ D c o n v e r t e r s ,

W i r e l e s s

C o m m u n i c a t i o n s a n d

M o b i l e

C o m p u t i n g ,

v o l .

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N o .

8 , p p .

8 6 7 -

8 8 2 ,

2 0 0 2 .

[ 3 ]

G .

F i s c h e r ,   A / D C o n v e r s i o n , C h a p t e r

V

i n

J o v a n o v i c - D o l e c e k ,

G .

( e d i t o r ) .

M u l t i r a t e S y s t e m s : D e s i g n

a n d

A p p l i c a t i o n s ,

I d e a

0 .

P u b l i s h i n g , H e r s h e y , P A ,

a n d i n

t h e

U n i t e d

K i n g d o m

b y

I d e a G .

P u b l i s h i n g , L o n d o n ,

U K ,

2 0 0 2 .

[ 4 ]

Y .

G a o ,

L .

J i a ,

J .

I s o a h o

a n d H .

T e n h u n e n ,

 A

c o m p a r i s o n

d e s i g n

o f

c o m b

d e c i m a t o r s

f o r

s i g m a - d e l t a a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l c o n v e r t e r s ,

A n a l o g

I n t e g r a t e d

C i r c u i t s a n d

S i g n a l P r o c e s s i n g ,

v o l .

2 2 ,

p p .

5 1 -

6 0 ,

1 9 9 9 .

[ 5 ]

E .

B .

H o g e n a u e r ,

  A n e c o n o m i c a l c l a s s o f

d i g i t a l

f i l t e r s

f o r

d e c i m a t i o n a n d

i n t e r p o l a t i o n ,

I E E E

T r a n s a c t i o n s

o n

A c o u s t i c s ,

S p e e c h ,

a n d

S i g n a l

P r o c e s s i n g ,

v o l .

A S S P - 2 9 ,

N o . 2 ,

p p .

1 5 5 - 1 6 2 ,

1 9 8 1 .

[ 6 ]

G . J o v a n o v i c

D o l e c e k

a n d S . K . M i t r a ,   S h a r p e n e d

c o m b

d e c i m a t o r

w i t h

i m p r o v e d

m a g n i t u d e

r e s p o n s e

c l a s s o f

d i g i t a l

f i l t e r s

f o r d e c i m a t i o n

a n d

i n t e r p o l a t i o n ,

2 0 0 4

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e

o n

A c o u s t i c s , S p e e c h ,

a n d

S i g n a l P r o c e s s i n g , M o n t r e a l ,

C a n a d a , Ma y

2 0 0 4 ,

v o l .

2 ,

p p . 3 9 3 - 3 9 6 ,

2 0 0 4 .

[ 7 ]

G . J o v a n o v i c

D o l e c e k a n d S .

K .

M i t r a ,

 

E f f i c i e n t m u l t i s t a g e

c o m b -

m o d i f i e d r o t a t e d s i n c

( R S ) d e c i m a t o r , E U S P C O - 2 0 0 4 , V i e n n a ,

A u s t r i a , p p . 1 4 2 5 - 1 4 2 7 ,

2 0 0 4 .

[ 8 ]

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D o l e c e k

a n d

S . K .

M i t r a ,

 

E f f i c i e n t Comb

R o t a t e d

S i n c

( R S )

D e c i m a t o r

w i t h

S h a r p e n e d M a g n i t u d e

r e s p o n s e ,

I E E E

I n t e r n a t i o n a l M i d w e s t S y m p .

On C i r c u i t s

a n d

S y s t e m s , H i r o s h i m a ,

J a p a n ,

2 0 0 4 ,

v o l .

I I , p p . 1

1 7 - 1 1 9 ,

2 0 0 4 .

[ 9 ]

G .

J o v a n o v i c D o l e c e k ,

J , D i a z - C a r m o n a B .  A n e w c a s c a d e d

m o d i f i e d

d e c i m a t i o n

f i l t e r ,

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

I E E E

C o n f e r e n c e

I S C A S

2 0 0 5 , K o b e ,

J a p a n , p p .

3 7 3 3 -3 7 3 6 , 2 0 05 .

[ 1 0 ]

G .

J o v a n o v i c

D o l e c e k

( e d i t o r ) M u l t i r a t e

s y s t e m s : D e s i g n

a n d

A p i c a t i o n s ,

I d e a 0 .

P u b l i s h i n g ,

H e r s h e y ,

P A ,

a n d i n

t h e

U n i t e d

K i n g d o m b y

I d e a

G .

P u b l i s h i n g ,

L o n d o n ,

U K . ,

2 0 0 2 .

[ 1 1 ]

J . F .

K a i s e r

a n d R

W.

H a m m i n g ,   S h a r p e n i n g

t h e r e s p o n s e

o f

a

s y m m e t r i c

n o n r e c u r s i v e f i l t e r , I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s o n A c o u s t i c s ,

S p e e c h ,

a n d

S i g n a l

P r o c e s s i n g ,

v o l u m e

A S S P - 2 5 ,

p p . 4 1 5 - 4 2 2 ,

1 9 7 7 .

[ 1 2 ] K w e n t u s , Z . J i a n g ,

a n d A . W i l l s o n ,

J r . ,

  A p p l i c a t i o n

o f f i l t e r

s h a r p e n i n g

t o

c a s c a d e d i n t e g r a t o r - c o m b d e c i m a t i o n f i l t e r s ,

I E E E

T r a n s a c t i o n s o n S i g n a l

P r o c e s s i n g ,

v o l .

4 5 , p p . 4 5 7 - 4 6 7 ,

1 9 9 7 .

[ 1 3 ]

Y .

L i a n a n d Y . C . L i m ,

  N e w p r e f i l t e r

s t r u c t u r e f o r d e s i g n i n g F I R

f i l t e r s , E l e c t r o n i c l e t t e r s , v o l . 2 9 , No

1 1 ,

p p . 1 0 3 4 - 1 0 3 5 ,

1 9 9 3 .

[ 1 4 ]

S . K .

M i t r a ,   D i g i t a l

S i g n a l P r o c e s s i n g

-

A

C o m p u t e r -

B a s e d

A p p r o a c h ,

T h i r d

E d i t i o n ,

M c G r a w - H i l l

I n c . ,

New

Y o r k .

( 2 0 0 5 ) .

[ 1 5 ] L .

L P r e s t i ,   E f f i c i e n t m o d i f i e d - s i n c f i l t e r s

f o r

s i g m a - d e l t a A / D

c o n v e r t e r s , I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s

o n C i r c u i t s   S y s t e m s

-

I I : A n a l o g

a n d

D i g i t a l S i g n a l

P r o c e s s i n g , v o l .

4 7 , p p . 1 2 0 4 - 1 2 1 3 ,

2 0 0 0 .

2 9 4

70

a ;

i n

0

C, L

( 1

.

L-

. 1

- 5 0

C c

(D

- 1 0 0

o

i n

2

- 1 5 0

0 D

in

 

- 2 0 0

C o

- 2 5 0

I

- : - - - - - - - - - 1 1